治疗小儿脑性瘫痪的常用矫形器

本通过10年来的临床实践,对脑性瘫痪（脑瘫）患儿康复中应用矫形器及其它辅助器具的目的、常用种类、作用、流程、评定、应用注意事项等内容做了简介。临床实践表明矫形器及其它辅助器具的应用在脑瘫患儿康复中起到了应有的作用。     

小儿脑瘫康复常用矫形器及其他辅助器具的临床实践

随着我国康复事业的发展 ,对脑瘫儿童及其他残疾儿童的康复手段也不仅仅局限于手术矫形治疗、物理疗法、作业疗法及教育、心理治疗等 ,还逐渐加入了康复工程—矫形器及其他辅助器具疗法。要使脑瘫患儿获得明显的康复疗效 ,按照目前的医疗水平是非常困难的 ,还没有根本解决的办法。因此 ,在临床上必须采取综合手段进行全面康复 ,将脑瘫儿童的潜力最大限度地挖掘出来。全面康复是指以下 4个方面的康复 :①医疗康复 :在医学上为达到康复目的而应用的功能诊断、治疗、训练和预防残疾的技术和科学 ,主要有物理疗法、作业疗法、语言疗法、心理疗法…     

脑瘫患儿常用矫形器及辅助器具

随着康复工程技术的发展和康复理念的深入 ,矫形器和残疾人辅助器具在脑瘫康复方面的应用越来越广泛 ,使用人数呈逐年上升趋势。矫形器 (ｏｒｔｈｏｓｉｓ)是用于改变神经肌肉和骨骼系统的机能特性或结构的体外使用装置 ,过去称为支具。残疾人辅助器具亦称残疾人技术辅助器具或残疾人用品 ,是指能够辅助残疾人代偿其丧失的功能或能帮助其适应环境的各种器具、用品。矫形器和辅助器具首先要符合生物力学原理、具有较好的疗效 ,并尽可能地做到结构简单、穿戴方便、重量轻、耐用、安全可靠、无不良副作用、透气性好、易保持清洁、穿戴时不引人…     

脑性瘫痪儿童矫形器的应用特点

脑性瘫痪患儿多数均存在运动功能障碍。目前,对于运动功能障碍的治疗多采用包括矫形器在内的综合康复措施。可应用于脑性瘫痪患儿的矫形器分为上肢矫形器和下肢矫形器。上肢矫形器包括肘矫形器、腕关节伸展矫形器、拇指外展矫形器和伸指板;下肢矫形器包括长下肢矫形器、短下肢矫形器、髋关节矫形器和足矫形器。文章总结了常用矫形器的特点及矫形器的副作用,并重点介绍了针对脑性瘫痪儿童运动功能障碍进行改良后的踝足矫形器。     

脑性瘫痪患儿踝足矫形器的应用

目的踝足矫形器是小儿脑性瘫痪治疗中最常见的一种矫形器，探讨不同种类踝足矫形器的特点及有效性。方法应用计算机检索PubMed 1992—07／2004—05期间相关文章．检索词为“orlhoses，cerebral palsy”，并限定文章语言种类为English，同时计算机检索《中国临床康复》1990-01／2004-05期间相关文章，并限定语言种类为中文，检索词“矫形器，脑性瘫痪”。结果英文文献共检得19篇，除6篇为重复研究，选取13篇纳入；中文文献共检出2篇，全部纳入。结论不同设计的踝足矫形器对脑性瘫痪患儿的治疗作用各有侧重，最好据实际情况为患儿佩戴最适合的矫形器。踝足矫形器是脑性瘫痪治疗中一项重要的有效的治疗手段。     

脑性瘫痪患儿踝足矫形器的应用

目的踝足矫形器是小儿脑性瘫痪治疗中最常见的一种矫形器,探讨不同种类踝足矫形器的特点及有效性。方法应用计算机检索PubMed1992-07/2004-05期间相关文章,检索词为“orthoses,cerebralpalsy”,并限定文章语言种类为English,同时计算机检索《中国临床康复》1990-01/2004-05期间相关文章,并限定语言种类为中文,检索词“矫形器,脑性瘫痪”。结果英文文献共检得19篇,除6篇为重复研究,选取13篇纳入;中文文献共检出2篇,全部纳入。结论不同设计的踝足矫形器对脑性瘫痪患儿的治疗作用各有侧重,最好据实际情况为患儿佩戴最适合的矫形器。踝足矫形器是脑性瘫痪治疗中一项重要的有效的治疗手段。     

踝足矫形器在脑性瘫痪治疗中的应用及其改进

脑性瘫痪主要影响患儿的行走功能，出现异常的运动步态，矫形器可以通过限制异常运动，保持关节的稳定性，加强肢体的承重能力，通过三点力学原理矫正肢体的畸形或防止畸形加重，改善患儿坐、站和步行的能力，促进运动发育。作为治疗的一部分，矫形器的使用愈来愈受到重视，其中踝足矫形器的应用较为广泛。但踝足矫形器也存在限制机体肌肉活动，使躯干或肢体长时间受压等问题，为了解决上述问题，科研工作者从矫形器的结构设计对原有矫形器进行改进，并研制出了符合个体要求的、多功能的、舒适的踝足矫形器。同时越来越多的研究者将现代高分子材料应用于矫形器的制作，高分子材料固化前质软如泥，适型性好而易于成型，固化后具有很好的坚固度、韧性、透气性能、质地坚韧、不影响X射线检查，高分子材料制作的矫形器具有轻质、弹性好、强度大、透气性好、舒适、轻便美观等优点。     

辅助器具在小儿脑性瘫痪康复中的选用探讨

本文针对小儿脑性瘫痪（脑瘫）康复中辅助器具的作用和选用进行探讨,并介绍了60多种供个人使用和训练用的相关辅助器具。在小儿脑瘫的康复过程中需要应用辅助器具来改善脑瘫患儿的功能障碍、帮助建立正常的运动模式、防止畸形进一步加重和提高他们的生活自理能力。为此着重提出了小儿脑瘫肢体残疾辅助器具选用时要考虑的3个因素：即按照儿童运动发育规律、按照脑瘫儿功能障碍的身体部位、按照脑瘫儿的日常生活能力来选用。此外,有部分辅助器具将伴随脑瘫儿一生,成为他们回归社会的无障碍通道。     

辅助器具在小儿脑性瘫痪康复中的选用探讨

本文针对小儿脑性瘫痪(脑瘫)康复中辅助器具的作用和选用进行探讨,并介绍了60多种供个人使用和训练用的相关辅助器具。在小儿脑瘫的康复过程中需要应用辅助器具来改善脑瘫患儿的功能障碍、帮助建立正常的运动模式、防止畸形进一步加重和提高他们的生活自理能力。为此着重提出了小儿脑瘫肢体残疾辅助器具选用时要考虑的3个因素即按照儿童运动发育规律、按照脑瘫儿功能障碍的身体部位、按照脑瘫儿的日常生活能力来选用。此外,有部分辅助器具将伴随脑瘫儿一生,成为他们回归社会的无障碍通道。     

动态套装矫形器在脑性瘫痪康复中的研究进展

<正>脑性瘫痪(cerebral palsy, CP)简称脑瘫,是一组持续存在的中枢性运动和姿势发育障碍、活动受限综合征,这种综合征是由于发育中的胎儿或婴幼儿脑部非进行性损伤所致[1]。全球范围内脑瘫患病率约为0.15%～0.40%[2]。几乎所有脑瘫儿童都伴有不同程度的运动发育障碍,伴随终生,给儿童及其家庭带来严重影响。根据《国际功能、残疾和健康分类(儿童青少年版)》(international classification of functioning,disability and health children and youth version,ICF-CY）建议,     

小儿脑瘫的家庭康复

目的探讨小儿脑瘫的家庭康复。方法对 15例脑瘫患儿进行系统的家庭康复治疗 1年。结果基本正常 3例 ,有效10例 ,无效 2例。结论小儿脑瘫的家庭康复治疗是一种有效、经济、简单易行的康复治疗方法     

肉毒毒素肌注配合综合康复在小儿脑性瘫痪中的应用

目的探索肉毒杆菌毒素A(BTX－A)肌肉注射配合综合康复矫治小儿脑性瘫痪（脑瘫）功能畸形的疗效。方法48例脑瘫患儿随机分为两组,观察组24例,运用BTX－A和综合康复治疗;对照组24例,采用综合康复疗法。结果两组总有效率分别为100％和75％,观察组明显优于对照组(χ2=4.76;P<0.05)。结论BTX－A肌肉注射与综合康复疗法结合治疗小儿脑瘫能明显提高疗效。     

Measuring wearing time of knee-ankle-foot orthoses in children with cerebral palsy: comparison of parent-report and objective measurement

Purpose state: Orthotic wearing time may be an important confounder in efficacy studies of treatment in children with spastic cerebral palsy (SCP). Most studies measure parent-reported wearing time (WT_parent) with questionnaires, but it is questionable whether this yields valid results. This study aims to compare WT_parent with objectively measured wearing time (WT_obj) in children with SCP receiving orthotic treatment.

Method: Eight children with SCP participated in this observational study. For one year, they received knee-ankle-foot orthosis (KAFO) treatment. WT_parent was measured using questionnaires. WT_obj was measured using temperature sensor-data-loggers that were attached to the KAFOs. The 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles and median of differences between methods (per participant) were used to calculate limits of agreement and systematic differences.

Results: There was no systematic difference between WT_parent and WT_obj (0.1?h per week), but high inter-individual variation of the difference was found, as reflected by large limits of agreement (lower limit/2.5th percentile: ?1.7?h/week; upper limit/97.5th percentile: 11.1?h/week).

Conclusions: Parent-reported wearing time (WTparent) of a KAFO differs largely from objectively measured wearing time (WT_obj) using temperature sensors. Therefore, parent-reported wearing time (WT_parent) of KAFOs should be interpreted with utmost care.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• Low wearing time of orthoses may be a cause of inefficacy of orthotic treatment and incorrect reported wearing time may bias results of efficacy studies.

• Results of this study show that parent-reported wearing time is not in agreement with objectively measured wearing time.

• Parent-reported wearing time of KAFOs should be interpreted with utmost care.

• Objective methods are recommended for measuring orthotic wearing time.

     

脑性瘫痪病儿硬踝足矫形器的制作及应用

目的研究硬踝足矫形器对脑性瘫痪(脑瘫)病儿运动功能的影响。方法用高温聚乙烯板料为20例患儿制作并使用硬踝足矫形器,观察其对关节运动及痉挛的影响。结果硬踝足矫形器能够在三个平面提供合理的运动控制,能较好地控制踝跖屈、内外翻及抑制痉挛。结论硬踝足矫形器是脑瘫患儿改善步态较为理想的矫形器。     

脑性瘫痪康复的主要途径探讨

目的：探讨综合康复治疗脑性瘫痪（ 脑瘫） 的疗效。方法：在社区运用综合康复手段治疗脑瘫９０ 例,并与在资源中心治疗的７８ 例比较。结果：１６８ 例总有效率９０ ．５ ％ ,社区组９１．０％ ,资源组８９ ．９ ％ ,疗效相似;平均疗程社区组为６．３,资源组为３．５,后者疗程缩短优于前者（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０１） ;而显效率社区组为５８．８％ ,资源组为３２ ．１ ％ ,前者优于后者（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．０５） 。结论：社区康复和家庭参与为脑瘫康复的一种主要途径。     

The effect of hinged ankle-foot orthoses on sit-to-stand transfer in children with spastic cerebral palsy

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of the hinged ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) on sit-to-stand (STS) transfers in children with spastic cerebral palsy. DESIGN: Before-after trial. SETTING: University-affiliated hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Nineteen spastic diplegic children (age range, 2-6 y). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The transitional movement of STS was tested in random order with children while wearing the barefoot and hinged AFOs. The temporal, kinematic, and kinetic data during the task were collected by using a motion analyzer (with 6 infrared cameras). Statistical comparison between barefoot and hinged AFO was done with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS: Total duration of STS transfer was significantly shortened with the hinged AFO (P <.05). The initial knee flexion, the initial angle, and the final angle of ankle dorsiflexion were increased with the AFO, compared with when barefoot (P <.05). However, the increased pelvic tilt and hip flexion while barefoot was not reduced with the AFO. The maximal moment and power of hip and knee joints were significantly increased with the AFO (P <.05), whereas the maximal moment and power of the ankle joint were not significantly changed when wearing the AFO. CONCLUSIONS: Although proximal compensatory strategy of increased pelvic tilt and hip flexion did not change with the hinged AFO, some improvements of temporal, kinematic, and kinetic parameters were identified during the task. These findings suggest that a hinged AFO is beneficial for STS transfer activity for children with spastic diplegia.     

踝足矫形器对脑瘫患儿异常步态的影响

目的:研究踝足矫形器对改善痉挛型脑瘫患儿步态的影响。方法:对30例脑瘫患儿配戴踝足矫形器前、后进行步态分析。结果:脑瘫患儿配戴踝足矫形器后,跨步长、步速明显提高,其中跨步长由0.38±0.13m增加至0.45±0.17m,步速由0.36±0.19m/s增加至0.47±0.14m/s;首次着地时踝关节的跖屈角度明显减少,由-11.98±8.43°减至-3.94±4.31°;髋关节站立相最大伸展角度由-7.41±10.06°增加至-14.10±10.60°;迈步相踝关节最大背屈角度明显提高,平均由-8.19±9.63°增至-4.25±3.71°;矢状面踝关节角度活动范围明显降低,平均由14.44±9.99°减至9.40±5.77°。结论:配戴踝足矫形器可以明显减轻脑瘫患儿异常步态模式的程度。     

小儿脑性瘫痪康复治疗中新的量化评估方法

目的 探讨小儿脑性瘫痪康复的量化评估问题。方法 100例脑性瘫痪患儿康复治疗前后分别用修订的小儿脑性瘫痪运动评价量表 (GMFM)进行评估。结果 治疗 20 d后,脑性瘫痪患儿功能区得分和实际得分均显著高于治疗前 (P均     

A motor learning therapeutic intervention for a child with cerebral palsy through a social assistive robot

Abstract

Background: Children with cerebral palsy have difficulty to sit, stand, walk, run and jump independently. Therapy is an important factor in improving these aspects, and if applied in early intervention treatments, when the child is growing, it could have many benefits. These therapies require intensive and extended sessions, which in turn demand dedication and effort. New strategies that provide interesting and motivating interventions are often incorporated to improve the participation and performance of the children in the therapies. Therapies using social assistive robots can be alternative and complementary methods to promote the participation and motivation of children with cerebral palsy.

Methods: The objective of this work is to validate the effectiveness of a 16-session physical therapy program to improve the participation and fulfillment of therapeutic objectives on an 8 year-old boy with dyskinetic cerebral palsy for motor learning to walk using a social assistive robot. The therapy program was carried out through a methodological proposal that uses SMART objectives (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Timed), Goal-Directed Therapy (GDT) and its evaluation through Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS). Results: A NAO robot was used as a social assistive robot to support a physical therapy for a child with cerebral palsy. In this work, it was observed that the motivation generated by the interaction with the social assistive robot facilitated the persistence in the walking and the fulfillment of the objectives. Conclusion: Using humanoid robots as social assistive robots may benefit therapeutic processes on children with motor disabilities. The methodology developed provides a formal way to achieve objectives in therapeutic processes for children with cerebral palsy.

• Implications for rehabilitation

• It requires researchers to conduct more studies to validate the potential of the use of social robots in therapeutic interventions that promote development in children with motor disabilities, such as cerebral palsy.

• Promoting the use of new technologies in therapeutic processes such as humanoid robots allows us to create new strategies to know the impact of this technology in the area of rehabilitation.

• The use of formal methodologies focused on the patient, along with multidisciplinary teams, could increase the possibilities of using social robots to improve cognitive and motor outcomes in children with cerebral palsy.

• The formulation of SMART objectives and their quantification through the GAS scale can be used as recommendations to improve the formulation of goals in therapeutic interventions for children with cerebral palsy.