CK10、CK14、CK17、P16在宫颈不成熟鳞状化生及宫颈上皮内瘤变中的表达

目的探讨CK10、CK14、CK17、P16在宫颈不成熟鳞状化生（IM）及宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN）中的表达和意义。方法应用SP免疫组化法检测CK10、CK14、CK17、P16在宫颈45例IM及120例CIN标本中的表达情况,并对结果进行分析。结果 CK17、CK10在宫颈IM中的阳性表达率分别为100%、95.6%,明显高于LSIL和HSIL组（分别为CK17：11.3%、15%;CK10：20.0%、22.5%。P均〈0.01）;P16在LSIL和HSIL中的表达率均为100%,明显高于IM组（13.3%,P〈0.01）;CK14在IM组、LSIL和HSIL组的表达率分别为64.4%、61.2%、67.5%,三组间差别不显著（P〉0.05）;在LSIL和HSIL组,CK14、P16的表达率无明显差别,但在LSIL中,阳性细胞位于上皮下1/3层,在HSIL中,位于上皮上1/3或全层。结论①CK17、CK10、P16在宫颈IM和CIN病变中表达具有明显差异,有助于两种病变的鉴别诊断;②CK14、P16可用于LSIL和HSIL的辅助鉴别诊断。     

CK7、CK18、CK5／6及P63在不同类型肺癌组织中的表达分析

目的探讨CK7、CK18、CK5／6及P63在各类型肺癌组织中的表达情况。方法对104例肺癌手术标本进行免疫组化分析,联合检测CK7、CK18、CK5／6及P63的表达,同时分析它们在不同类型肺癌中的表达情况。结果CK7在腺癌、腺鳞癌及大细胞癌中的阳性表达率分别为91．07％、85．71％及50．00％,在鳞癌和小细胞癌中无阳性表达。CK18在腺癌、腺鳞癌、小细胞癌及大细胞癌中的阳性表达率分别为96．43％、85．71％、100％及100％,在鳞癌中无阳性表达。CK5／6在鳞癌中的阳性表达率为100％,在腺癌、腺鳞癌、小细胞癌及大细胞癌中无阳性表达。P63在鳞癌和腺鳞癌中的阳性表达率分别为100％及14．29％,在腺癌、小细胞癌及大细胞癌中无阳性表达。结论CK7及CK18可用于肺腺癌诊断,CK5／6及P63可用于肺鳞癌诊断。同时,CK18还可用于肺小细胞癌及大细胞癌的诊断。     

CK levels in unmedicated bipolar patients

Various reports have described increased serum creatine kinase (CK) activity in the majority of hospitalized acutely disturbed schizophrenics and patients with affective psychoses. We investigated CK serum levels of 52 unmedicated bipolar inpatients, in manic versus depressive states. Additional 17 patients were evaluated in both states. Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and Young Mania Rating Scale were used and blood samples were obtained from new admitted patients. Higher CK level was found in the manic patients compared with the depressed ones. Likewise, the CK level was higher in the manic phase than in the depressive one, when tested within the same patient. Our results suggest that the clinical differences between mania and depression states are supported by contrasting levels of CK. The lack of correlations between CK level and motor items suggest that CK level in mania versus depression could emphasize the “thinking speed” and not the motor one.     

Targeting CK2 for cancer therapy

Protein kinase CK2 is a highly ubiquitous and conserved protein serine/threonine kinase that has been found to be involved not only in cell growth and proliferation, but also in suppression of apoptosis. CK2 is capable of dynamic intracellular shuttling in response to a variety of signals. It is localized in both the nucleus and cytoplasm in normal cells, but is particularly predominant in the nuclear compartment in cancer cells. CK2 has been found to be uniformly dysregulated in all the cancers that have been examined. Downregulation of CK2 by chemical or molecular methods promotes apoptosis in cells. We have shown that antisense CK2alpha is particularly potent in inducing apoptosis in cancer cells in culture as well as in xenograft models of cancer such as prostate cancer and squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck. The antisense CK2alpha oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) mediates tumor cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner such that at an appropriate concentration of the antisense, a complete resolution of the xenograft tumor is observed. Interestingly, normal and benign cells (in culture as well as in vivo) demonstrate a relative resistance to the antisense CK2alpha ODN treatment, which raises the possibility of a significant therapeutic window for this therapy. Further, novel approaches such as the delivery of antisense CK2alpha ODN encapsulated in sub-50-nm tenascin nanocapsules have become available for its targeting specifically in cancer cells. Our studies minimize generally held concerns regarding suitability of CK2 as a target for cancer therapy and provide the first encouraging results for potential future application of this approach for cancer therapy.     

前列腺癌CK5^+CK8^+细胞的分选及其分子生物学特性

目的在人前列腺癌细胞系中分选CK5^+CK8^+细胞,了解其分子生物学特性。方法流式细胞术在人前列腺癌细胞系PC3和LNCaP中分选CK5^+CK8^+细胞,用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和蛋白质印迹法方法检测LNCaP细胞分选的CK5^+CK8^+细胞CK5、CK8、雄激素受体(AR)和前列腺特异抗原(PSA)的表达,细胞迁移实验检测CK5^+CK8^+细胞迁移能力,琼脂糖凝胶克隆形成实验检测CK5^+CK8^+细胞成瘤能力。采用t检验进行统计学分析。结果采用流式细胞术可以在PC3中分选出(21.3±4.6)%的CK5^+CK8^+细胞,在LNCaP中分选出(1.2±0.4)%的CK5^+CK8^+细胞。与非CK5^+CK8^+细胞相比,LNCaP中分选的CK5^+CK8^+细胞CK5 mRNA表达差异有统计学意义(t=10.435,P<0.001),CK8 mRNA表达差异无统计学意义(t=1.974,P=0.121),AR和PSA mRNA表达差异有统计学意义(t=4.317,3.232;P=0.016,0.037)。蛋白质印迹法检测得到类似结果。细胞培养7 d后,CK5^+CK8^+细胞和非CK5^+CK8^+细胞均可以在Transwell小室迁移生长,迁移细胞数分别为(60±7)个和(32±5)个,2者比较差异有统计学意义(t=6.031,P=0.004)。细胞培养14 d后,CK5^+CK8^+细胞和非CK5^+CK8^+细胞均可以在软琼脂糖凝胶中克隆性生长,阳性克隆数分别为(71±5)个和(27±3)个,差异有统计学意义(t=13.009,P<0.001)。结论人前列腺癌细胞系LNCaP和PC3都可以分选出CK5^+CK8^+细胞,LNCaP中CK5^+CK8^+细胞AR和PSA均有一定程度表达,迁移和成瘤能力增强。     

Structure-based design of novel potent protein kinase CK2 (CK2) inhibitors with phenyl-azole scaffolds

Protein kinase CK2 (CK2) is a ubiquitous serine/threonine protein kinase for hundreds of endogenous substrates. CK2 has been considered to be involved in many diseases, including cancers. Herein we report the discovery of a novel ATP-competitive CK2 inhibitor. Virtual screening of a compound library led to the identification of a hit 2-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole compound. Subsequent structural optimization resulted in the identification of a promising 4-(thiazol-5-yl)benzoic acid derivative.     

Carbofuran-induced alterations (in vivo) in high-energy phosphates,creatine kinase (CK) and CK isoenzymes

Male Sprague-Dawley rats administered with an acute sublethal dose of carbofuran (1.5 mg/kg, s.c.) developed the signs of peak hypercholinergic activity during 30–60 min. At this time, in hemidiaphragm muscle, a significant decrease in ATP (28%) and phosphocreatine (PC) (29%) occurred without concurrent change in AMP and creatine (CR). A significant decrease in the levels of total adenine nucleotides (ATP + ADP + AMP) (20%) and total creatine compounds (PC + CR) (17%) was evident. The decline in the corresponding ratios of ATP/ADP (26%), ATP/AMP (39%), and PC/CR (20%) was therefore suggestive of greater utilization of ATP and PC in response to their increased demand for high-frequency muscle fasciculations. The energy charge=ATP + 1/2 ADP/(ATP + ADP + AMP), an index of high-energy phosphate adequacy in hemidiaphragm, remained unchanged. A significant (p<0.01) increase in serum magnesium with no concurrent change in calcium was also evident. The observed higher activity (152%) of total CK (EC 2.7.3.2) in the serum induced by carbofuran was possibly a reflection of more than a twofold increase in CK-BB isoenzyme (CK-1) and 141% increase in CK-MM isoenzyme (CK-3), which also strengthens our findings of enhanced synthesis of ATP and PC. Increased levels of CK-MM isoenzyme in the brain (253%) and hemidiaphragm (195%); and depletion of CK-BB isoenzyme in the hemidiaphragm (0%), heart (42%), and brain (77%), and of CK-MB isoenzyme (CK-2) in the brain (4%) and hemidiaphragm (14%), appeared to be the major contributory factors leading to enhanced serum CK activity.Presented in part at the 29th Annual Meeting of Society of Toxicology, February 12–16, 1990, Miami Beach, Florida.     

Protein kinase CK2 in human diseases

Protein kinase CK2 (formerly referred to as casein kinase II) is an evolutionary conserved, ubiquitous protein kinase. There are two paralog catalytic subunits, i.e. alpha (A1) and alpha' (A2). The alpha and alpha' subunits are linked to two beta subunits to produce a heterotetrameric structure. The catalytic alpha subunits are distantly related to the CMGC subfamily of kinases, such as the Cdk kinases. There are some peculiarities associated with protein kinase CK2, which are not found with most other protein kinases: (i) the enzyme is constitutively active, (ii) it can use ATP and GTP and (iii) it is found elevated in most tumors investigated and rapidly proliferating tissues. With the elucidation of the structure of the catalytic subunit, it was possible to explain why the enzyme is constitutively active [1] and why it can bind GTP [2]. Considerable information on the potential roles of CK2 in various disease processes including cancer has been gained in recent years, and the present review may help to further elucidate its aberrant role in many disease states. Its peculiar structural features [3-9] may be advantageous in designing tailor-made compounds with the possibility to specifically target this protein kinase [10]. Since not all the aspects of what has been published on CK2 can be covered in this review, we would like to recommend the following reviews; (i) for general information on CK2 [11-18] and (ii) with a focus on aberrant CK2 [19-22].     

Pharmacokinetic characterization of CK2 inhibitor CX-4945

Over-expression of protein kinase CK2 is highly linked to the survival of cancer cells and the poor prognosis of patients with cancers. CX-4945, a potent and selective orally bioavailable ATP-competitive inhibitor of CK2, inhibits the oncogenic cellular events such as proliferation and angiogenesis, and the increase of tumor growth in mouse xenograft model. In this study, the pharmacokinetic information about CX-4945 was provided; at 10 μM, CX-4945 with high stability in human and rat liver microsome exhibited low percentage of inhibition (<10 %) in CYP450 isoforms (1A2, 2C19, 3A4), but considerable inhibition (~70 %) in CYP450 2C9 and 2D6. In hERG potassium channel inhibition assay, CX-4945 exhibited relatively low inhibition rate. Additionally, CX-4945 showed high MDCK cell permeability (>10 × 10^?6 cm/s) and above 98 % of plasma protein binding in the rat. After intravenous administration, Vss (1.39 l/kg) and extremely low CL (0.08 l/kg/h) were observed. Moreover, orally administrated CX-4945 showed high bioavailability (>70 %) and these data might be related to the MDCK cell permeability results.     

蛋白激酶CK2抑制剂的研究进展

蛋白激酶CK2又称酪蛋白激酶2,是一种高度保守的第二信使非依赖性丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,广泛分布于真核细胞的胞质及胞核中。全酶由两个催化亚基（α/α′）和两个调节亚基（β）所组成。在细胞内CK2具有基础酶活性,可使300多个底物磷酸化,在细胞生长、增殖、凋亡和癌变等过程中发挥重要的作用,参与多种疾病的发生和发展进程。因此,CK2已成为一个有前景的治疗靶点。不同作用模式的CK2抑制剂相继诞生,有ATP竞争性和非ATP竞争性抑制剂,而后者又包括底物靶向抑制剂、CK2α亚基外部靶向抑制剂、CK2β亚基靶向抑制剂及阻断亚基相互作用的抑制剂等。     

CK7、CK20、Villin、MOC-31和Ber-Ep4对浆膜腔积液转移性腺癌的鉴别作用

目的 探讨细胞角蛋白7(CK7)、CK20、绒毛蛋白(Villin)、MOC-31和Ber-Ep4在浆膜腔积液中判断肿瘤性质及来源的价值.方法 收集188例浆膜腔积液细胞蜡块;其中,腺癌91例,非肿瘤性积液97例.采用免疫细胞化学方法检测细胞蜡块切片中的CK7、CK20、Villin、MOC-31和Ber-Ep4的表达...     

Protein kinase CK2 inhibitors: a patent review

Introduction: CK2 is a pleiotropic, ubiquitous and constitutively active protein kinase, localized in both cytosolic and nuclear compartments, where it catalyzes the phosphorylation of hundreds of proteins. CK2 is generally described as a tetramer composed of two catalytic (α and/or α') and two regulatory subunits (β), however, the free α/α' subunits are catalytically active by themselves. CK2 plays a key role in several physiological and pathological processes and has been connected to many neoplastic, inflammatory, autoimmune and infectious disorders. In the last 20 years, several inhibitors of CK2 have been discovered though only one of these, CX-4945, has recently entered into Phase II clinical trials as potential anticancer drug. Areas covered: The main objective of the present review is to describe the development of CK2 activity modulators over the years according to the timeline of their patent registration. Expert opinion: CK2 was discovered in 1954, but the first patent on CK2 modulators was deposited only 50 years later, in 2004. However, in the last 5 years an increasing number of patents on CK2 inhibitors have been registered, reflecting an increased interest in this kind of drug candidates and their possible therapeutic applications.     

The dark side of protein kinase CK2 inhibition

Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a ubiquitous, highly pleiotropic and essential protein kinase whose abnormally high constitutive activity has been implicated in several human diseases. In the last decade, several ATP competitive inhibitors of CK2, characterized by an in vitro activity that ranges from micromolar to nanomolar, have been discovered. However, until now only one drug candidate has been entered in Phase I clinical trial as a potential anticancer drug. Why this constitutively active kinase is so undruggable? Can ATP competitive inhibitors be considered the most promising drug candidates for the near future? In this review, we would like to underline how targeting binding sites outside the conventional ATP-binding could represent a new promising strategy to inhibit CK2 activity and, consequently, bear a great potentiality in discovering new drug candidates.     

木犀草素对蛋白激酶CK2的抑制作用

目的观察体外以及细胞内木犀草素对蛋白激酶CK2活性的抑制效果及进行酶动力学分析以确定其抑制作用类型。方法将利用基因工程技术获得的重组人CK2α′及β亚基在体外等摩尔混合构成CK2全酶。通过测定药物作用后转移到CK2底物上的[γ3-2P]ATP的32P的放射性活度,探讨木犀草素对重组人CK2全酶以及HL-60细胞内CK2活性的抑制作用,并采用L ineweaver-Burk作图法分析其酶动力学机制。结果木犀草素能显著抑制重组人CK2活性(IC50=0.86μmol.L-1)以及HL-60细胞内的CK2活性,其对细胞内CK2的作用效果要强于阳性对照TBB。酶动力学分析表明,木犀草素与ATP呈竞争性抑制CK2的活性(Ki=0.19μmol.L-1),与酪蛋白则呈混合性抑制CK2的活性(Ki=0.11μmol.L-1)。结论木犀草素是一种有效的蛋白激酶CK2的抑制剂。     

Protein kinase CK2 inhibitors: a patent review

Introduction: CK2 is a pleiotropic, ubiquitous and constitutively active protein kinase, localized in both cytosolic and nuclear compartments, where it catalyzes the phosphorylation of hundreds of proteins. CK2 is generally described as a tetramer composed of two catalytic (α and/or α′) and two regulatory subunits (β), however, the free α/α′ subunits are catalytically active by themselves. CK2 plays a key role in several physiological and pathological processes and has been connected to many neoplastic, inflammatory, autoimmune and infectious disorders. In the last 20 years, several inhibitors of CK2 have been discovered though only one of these, CX-4945, has recently entered into Phase II clinical trials as potential anticancer drug.

Areas covered: The main objective of the present review is to describe the development of CK2 activity modulators over the years according to the timeline of their patent registration.

Expert opinion: CK2 was discovered in 1954, but the first patent on CK2 modulators was deposited only 50 years later, in 2004. However, in the last 5 years an increasing number of patents on CK2 inhibitors have been registered, reflecting an increased interest in this kind of drug candidates and their possible therapeutic applications.     

喉癌、喉咽癌患者CK19和CK20的表达及其临床意义

目的 探讨喉癌、喉咽癌患者外周血中细胞角蛋白(CK)19 mRNA、CK 20 mRNA的表达及临床意义.方法 采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测50例喉癌、喉咽癌患者(A组)和20例正常人群(C组)外周血CK19和CK20 mRNA的表达水平.结果 A组外周血中CK19和CK20 mRNA表达明显高于C组(0.4626±0.1220 vs.0.1712±0.0561和0.4817±0.1401 vs.0.2175±0.0704)(P＜0.01).A组晚期患者CK19和CK20 mRNA的表达高于早期患者(P＜0.05);淋巴结转移患者外周血中CK19和CK20 mRNA表达略高于无淋巴结转移患者(P＞0.05).结论 检测外周血CK19和CK20 mRNA表达有助于喉癌、喉咽癌的诊断.     

CK纤溶酶的分离纯化及其体外溶栓研究

目的:探索CK纤溶酶的分离纯化方法及观察其体外溶栓作用.方法:先用硫酸铵沉淀,然后通过羧甲基琼脂糖快速胶柱层析后进行分离纯化,并用SDS-PAGE测定纯度、相对分子质量,及其对人血凝块的水解活性.结果:得到了电泳纯的酶,其分子质量为27 000,且具有显著的体外溶栓作用.结论:CK纤溶酶有望开发成为一种新型口服溶栓药物.     

蛋白激酶CK2在细胞周期调控中的作用

细胞周期的研究是生物生长、发育、遗传及医学等相关领域中重大问题研究的基础,其运转的分子基础是以Cyc lin-CDK-CK I为中心的细胞周期网络调控系统。蛋白激酶CK2在进化过程中是最保守的蛋白激酶之一,大量的研究表明,其在细胞周期的调控中发挥着举足轻重的作用。