脑出血病人的家庭护理

脑出血见于原发性或自发性高血压病及颅脑外伤后,如脑挫裂伤及颅内血肿。原发性脑出血多指颅内血管病变破裂而引起的出血,绝大多数是高血压病并发脑小动脉病变,在血压骤升时发生。脑出血多数发生在大脑半球深部基底神经节,其次在桥脑、小脑等：自发性脑出血一般在体力或脑力紧张活动时容易发病,如用力抬举重物、心情激动、用力排便等。脑     

脑出血急救护理措施

正脑溢血,又称脑出血,它起病急骤、病情凶险、死亡率非常高,是急性脑血管病中最严重的一种,为目前中老年人致死性疾病之一。脑溢血,系指非外伤性脑实质内的出血。绝大多数是高血压病伴发的脑小动脉病变在血压骤升时破裂所致,称为高血压性脑出血。1护理要点1.1心理护理;脑出血病人常有忧郁、沮丧、烦躁、易怒、悲观失望等情绪反应。因此,家属应从心理上关心体贴脑出血病人,多与病人交谈,安慰鼓励病人,创造良好的家庭气氛,耐心的解释病情,消除脑出血病人的疑虑及悲观情绪,使之了解自己的病情,建立和巩固功能康复训练的信心和决心。     

脑出血的病因病理变化及治疗进展

脑实质内出血称为脑出血,引起脑出血的原因很多,临床常概括为损伤性和非损伤性两大类。损伤性颅内出血可发生于硬膜内、硬膜外,蛛网膜下腔和脑实质内。非损伤性脑出血又称原发性或自发性脑出血,系指颅内的血管病变、坏死、破裂而引起的出血,绝大部分是高血压病伴发的脑小动脉病变在血压骤升时破裂所致,称为高血压性脑出血。     

蛛网膜下腔出血患者的护理

自发性(即非损伤性)蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)系由于脑表面或实质的血管发生病变、破裂而使血液流入蛛网膜下腔[1] .最常见的病因为颅内动脉瘤、脑血管畸形.临床表现为急骤起病的剧烈头痛、恶心、呕吐、意识障碍和脑膜刺激征.患者常因大量出血、再出血和并发血管痉挛而死亡,做好急性期护理对制止出血或减少复发、缓解血管痉挛、改善预后有十分重要的意义.我科自2006年以来共收治自发性蛛网膜下腔出血患者18例,通过对患者实施饮食护理、心理疏导、严密观察病情及生命体征变化等护理,患者未发生再次破裂出血,均获得满意治疗效果出院,护理体会报告如下.     

自发性蛛网膜下腔出血护理体会

自发性(即非损伤性)蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)系由于脑表面或实质的血管发生病变、破裂而使血液流入蛛网膜下腔[1].最常见的病因为颅内动脉瘤、脑血管畸形.临床表现为急骤起病的剧烈头痛、恶心、呕吐、意识障碍和脑膜刺激征.患者常因大量出血、再出血和并发血管痉挛而死亡,做好急性期护理对制止出血或减少复发、缓解血管痉挛、改善预后有十分重要的意义.我科2011年01月～2011年08月共收治自发性蛛网膜下腔出血患者49例,通过对患者实施饮食护理、心理疏导、严密观察病情及生命体征变化等护理,患者未发生再次破裂出血,均获得满意治疗效果出院,护理体会报告如下.     

脑出血患者的观察护理

脑出血是指自发性的脑实质内出血,多数发生在大脑半球,少数发生在脑干和小脑,是死亡率最高的疾病之一[1],其预后有出血部位、出血量、全身情况及其是否有并发症决定,脑出血患者护理的好坏,直接影响日后康复的程度.现对117例脑出血患者采取良好、细致的护理措施,如密切观察病情变化,保护呼吸通畅,颅内血肿碎吸术后护理,积极防治感染,早期进行康复功能训练等,可明显减少患者并发症的发生,降低死亡率,为患者返回家庭、社会奠定了良好的基础.现总结报告如下.     

脑出血的家庭护理及注意事项

正脑溢血是中老年人的多发病,它是因血压突然升高,致使脑内微血管破裂而引起的出血。在出血灶的部位,血液能直接压迫脑组织,使其周围发生脑水肿,重则继发脑移位、脑疝等。1心理护理脑出血病人常有忧郁、沮丧、烦躁、易怒、悲观失望等情绪反应。因此,家属应从心理上关心体贴脑出血病人,多与病人交谈,安慰鼓励病人,创造良好的家庭气氛,耐心的解释病情,消除脑出血病人的疑虑及悲观情绪,使之了解自己的病情,建立和巩固功能康复训练的信心和决心。2预防并发症2.1每日定时:帮助病人翻身拍背4~6次,每次拍背10分钟左右。一旦发现病人咳黄痰、发热、气促、口唇青紫,应立即请医生诊治。鼓励病人多饮水以达到清洁尿路的目的并注意会阴部的清     

脑出血病人的急救与护理

脑出血为原发性脑实质出血,也称自发性脑出血,占全部脑卒中的20—30％。随着人们生活水平日益提高,脑出血的发病例也呈上升趋势,脑出血发病急、进展快,死亡率和致残率高,为了提高患者的抢救水平,降低死亡率、致残率,防止并发症发生。2008年12月-2009年1月抢救的38例脑出血患者进行统计;通过及时的建立静脉通道、脱水降颅压、利尿止血、吸氧、保护脑组织、保持呼吸道通畅、密切观察病情变化,严防并发症发生等急救护理措施,其中,一名脑干出血死亡,两名脑室出血因就医较晚死亡,其余病人病情好转出院。可见,脑出血患者通过及时有效的急救及得当的护理,可有效的提高抢救成功率,防止并发症发生。     

高血压性脑出血并发症的预防及护理

原发性或自发性脑出血多指脑内血管病变破裂而引起出血 ,绝大多数是高血压病伴发小动脉病变在血压骤升时发生 ,称之为高血压性脑出血 [1]。我院自 1996年 10月至 1999年 12月共收治高血压性脑出血患者 50例。入院后通过病情观察护理 ,促进了功能的恢复 ,现将护理体会报告如下。1　临床资料　　本组 50例 (系脑出血患者 ,既往均有高血压病史 ) ,其中男性 3 0例 ,女性 2 0例 ,年龄 2 6～ 72岁。经 CT检查确诊为脑出血。发病情况 :活动时发病 3 0例 ,安静发病 12例 ,原因不明 8例。治疗效果 :痊愈 10例 ,好转 2 5例 ,死亡 15例。治愈好转率 70…     

脑出血的临床护理

脑出血又称为脑溢血,是指原发性脑实质内的大量出血,主要由于高血压病引起,在高血压病的发生过程中,引起脑内动脉及小动脉发生硬化,引起脑组织缺血,脑软化和脑出血,多发生在内囊和基底核附近,脑出血发病快,病情危重,短时间内可发生急骤的变化.     

UniPron is A Fully Effective Non-hormonal Reversible Contraceptive in Baboon Model （Papio Anubis）

Objective To determine the safety and efficacy of UniPron as a reversible contraceptive.
Methods Vaginal swabs were obtained before and after UniPron administration, cultured onto appropriate culture media and bacteria identification was done based on type of media used, Gram stain reactions, colony morphology and biochemical tests. Vaginal biopsy tissues were processed using paraffin wax method, stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined under light microscopy to determine the effect of the product on vaginal tissues. The effect of UniPron on sperm was examined by mixing the product with electroejaculated spermatozoa in vitro at different concentrations. For efficacy studies, male baboons of proven fertility were mated with UniPron treated or untreated females of proven fertility during the fertile stages.
Results All the five females （100%） that were treated with UniPron did not conceive and they regained total fertility when the treatment was stopped while all the controls conceived. At a concentration of 40%, UniPron completely immobilized spermatozoa in an in-vitro system. UniPron mechanism of action was by lowering the vaginal pH and on application in baboon, the pH was lowered for at least 3 h after which it went back to normal.
Conclusions As we plan for a study to test UniPron as a microbicide to prevent STIs including HIV, our current study has established that this novel product is effective in contraception and harmless to vaginal tissues and vaginal microbial flora in a baboon model （Papio anubis）.     

Evaluation of diuretic and laxative activity of hydro-alcoholic extract of Desmostachya bipinnata （L,） Stapf in rats

OBJECTIVE： In continuation to the growing evidence for therapeutical potential of Desmostachya bipinnata （Linn） Stapf, the current pharmacological study was carried out to evaluate the diuretic and laxative activity of its hydro-alcoholic extract in rats. METHODS： The hydro-alcoholic extract of D. bipinnata whole plant was prepared by using Sox- hlet extractor and subjected to analysis by standard preliminary phytochemical tests. Evaluation of both diuretic and laxative activity was carried out using standard methods as reported earlier. Frusemide （20 mg/kg） was served as positive control for diuretic activity and sennosides （10 mg/kg） served as negative control for laxative activity. RESULTS： The hydro-alcoholic extract showed significant diuretic activity and was found to be the most potent in increasing the urinary output at 500 mg/kg when the effect was compared with that of the standard frusemide （P〈0.01）. Moreover, this extract was found to be most effective in increasing urinary electrolyte concentration （Na＋, K＋, and Cl-） at both doses tested. Whereas the results for laxative activity showed minimal increase of feces output at the dose of 500 mg/kg and the increase was negligible when compared with that of the standard drug sennosides. CONCLUSION： Altogether, the above significant findings validate and support its folkloric diuretic use and lend pharmacological credence to the ethno-medical use of this plant in traditional system of medicine, which demands further studies to investigate its active constituents, as well as its use and safety.     

Effect of the disruption of three cytoskeleton components on chondrocyte metabolism in rabbit knee cartilage

Background Chondrocytes＇ phenotype and biosynthesis of matrix are dependent on having an intact cytoskeletal structure.Microfilaments,microtubules,and intermediate filaments are three important components of the cytoskeletal structure of chondrocytes.The aims of this study were to determine and compare the effects of the disruption of these three cytoskeletal elements on the apoptosis and matrix synthesis by rabbit knee chondrocytes in vitro.Methods Chondrocytes were isolated from full-thickness knee cartilage of two-month-old rabbits using enzymatic methods （n=24）.The isolated cells were stabilized for three days and then exposed to low,medium,and high doses of chemical agents that disrupt the three principal cytoskeletal elements of interest：colchicine for microtubules,acrylamide for intermediate filaments,and cytochalasin D for actin microfilaments.A group of control cells were treated with carrier.Early apoptosis was assessed using the Annexin-FITC binding assay by flow cytometry on days 1 and 2 after exposure to the disrupting chemical agents.The components and distribution of the cytoskeleton within the cells were analyzed by laser scanning confocal microscopy （LSCM） with immunofluorescence staining on day 3.The mRNA levels of aggrecan （AGG） and type Ⅱ collagen （Col-2） and their levels in culture medium were analyzed using real-time PCR and enzymelinked immunosorbent serologic assay （ELISA） on days 3,6,and 9.Results In the initial drug-dose-response study,there was no significant difference in the vitality of cells treated with 0.1 μmol/L colchicine,2.5 mmol/L acrylamide,and 10 μg/L cytochalasin D for two days when compared with the control group of cells.The concentrations of colchicine and acrylamide treatment selected above significantly decreased the number of viable cells over the nine-day culture and disrupted significantly more cell nuclei.Real-time PCR and ELISA results showed that the mRNA levels and medium concentrations of AGG and Col-2 were significantly decreased for     

Liuwei Dihuang,a traditional Chinese herbal formula,suppresses chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in obese rats

OBJECTIVE： To investigate the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, and adipokine-ameliorating effects of Liuwei Dihuang （LWDH）, a traditional Chinese herbal formula, in obese rats. METHODS： After 2 weeks of acclimation with free access to regular rodent chow and water, obese-prone-caesarean-derived （OP-CD） rats were fed a modified AIN-93G diet containing 60% energy from fat. Treatment was performed twice daily by gavage feeding with 500, 1 500, or 3 500 mg/kg body weight LWDH suspended in water （n=12 rats per group）. Twelve obese-resistant-CD （OR-CD） rats were fed the atherogenic diet and gavaged with water, and served as the normal control. Blood biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and adiponectin were measured post-sacrifice and used to determine the treatment effect of LWDH and assess the suitability of OR/OP-CD rats for studying these parameters. RESULTS： After 9 weeks of treatment, LWDH lowered serum C-reactive protein （CRP） and tumour necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） levels. Serum interleukin-6 （IL-6） levels showed a tendency towards reduction, but were not significantly different from the OP-CD control. Liver superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity was increased in response to all three doses of LWDH, while the levels of reduced （GSH） and oxidized glutathione （GSSG） and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances （TBARS） were unchanged. Serum adiponectin levels were increased in response to oral administration of LWDH at the dose of either 500 or 1 500 mg/kg body weight. In addition, comparisons between OR-CD and OP-CD rats revealed differential, and for some biomarkers, conflicting characteristics of high-fat diet-fed OP-CD rats in reference to obese human subjects in terms of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers and circulating adiponectin levels. CONCLUSION： The results show, for the first time, the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress and adiponectin-ameliorating effects of LWDH in obese rats. The suitability of the OP-JOP-CD rat model as     

New Mechanism of Herb-herb Interaction between Ginseng and Trogopterus Based on CYPs in Rat Livers

The study was designed to investigate the potential mechanism of herb-herb interaction between ginseng and Trogopterus （Trg） based on Cytochrome P450 isozymes （CYPs） in rat livers. We estimated the influence on CYP1A2, CYP2E1, and CYP3A1/2 activity caused by ginseng and Trg used in combination. The CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 enzyme activity were induced by ginseng and Trg used in combination. And this induction effect was caused via inducing CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 protein expression which was supposed caused by inducing the gene expression of CYP1A2 and CYP2E1.     

Iloprost inhibits fracture repair in rats

Background Previous studies have shown that prostaglandins （PGs） dramatically stimulate healing processes in bone.However,the effect of prostaglandin l2 （PGI2） on fracture healing remains unclear.To investigate the effect of PGI2,a study on fracture healing process in closed tibia fractures was designed.Methods Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomized into two groups.On the first day,their right tibias were fractured by three-point bending technique.The study group （n=18） received a single injection of 10 μg/kg iloprost for 5 days,while the control group （n=18） received saline solution in the same way.On the 7th,14th and 28th days following the fracture,six rats were sacrificed and their right legs were harvested in each group.The progression of fracture healing was assessed for each specimen by the scores of radiography （by Lane-Sandhu） and histology （by Huo et al）.Results On the 7th day,the radiographic and histologic scores were equal.On the 14th day radiographic total score was 6 and histologic total score was 23 in the iloprost group,whereas radiographic total score was 11 and histologic total score was 33 in the control group.On the 14th day radiographic and histologic scores were significantly decreased in the iloprost group compared to the control group （P 〈0.05）.On the 28th day radiographic total score was 12 and histologic total score was 37 in the iloprost group,whereas radiographic total score was 15 and histologic total score was 40 in the control group.On the 28th day although there was a decrease in radiographic and histologic scores of the iloprost group acording to control group,it was not statistically significant （P 〉0.05）.Conclusion Iloprost delays fracture healing in early stage in rats.     

Effect of Shenfu on the Expression of Bcl-2 and Bax of Intestinal Mucosal Epithelial Cells after Ischemic Reperfusion in Rats

Objective To study the effect of Shenfu on the expression of bax and bcl-2 in small intestinal mucosal epithelial cells after ischemic reperfusion injury and explore the effect of Shenfu on small intestinal mucosal epithelial cells apoptosis. Methods 36 SD rats were randomized into three groups, each consisting of 12 rats： Sham group （S group）, Ischemic reperfusion group （IR group）, Shenfu group （SF group）, Ischemic reperfusion models were made by ligated the superior menseneric artery for 1 hour followed by 2 hrs reperfusion. Histological mucosal damage in each group was graded according to Chiu＇s score. Immunohistochemistry detected the expression of bax and bcl-2, and obtained the optical density （OD） value using a color image pattern analysis system, and then calculated the ratio of bcl-2/bax. TUNEL method measured apoptotic intestinal mucosal epithelial cells, and calculated the apoptotic index. Results There were edema and epithelial impairment in part of villus and the integral was higher in SF group than S group （P〈0.05）, but lower than IR group （P〈0.01）. Compared IR group with S group and SF group, the average OD value of bcl-2 and bax had significant statistic difference （P〈0.01）, and the average OD value of bcl-2 in SF group was higher than in S group （P〈0.05）, meanwhile bcl-2/bax was significantly lower in IR group than in S group and SF group （P〈0.01）, but that was higher in SF group than in S group （P〈0.05）. Apoptotic index in IR group was significantly higher than that in other two groups （P〈0.01）, and that in SF group was higher than in S group （P〈0.05）. Conclusion Shenfu can enhance the expression of bcl-2, decrease the expression of bax, meanwhile increase the ratio of bcl-2/bax, inhibit small intestinal mucosal epithetlial cells apoptosis, and protect small intestine mucosal epithetlial after ischemic reperfusion.     

补肾活血方对PCOS大鼠模型卵巢中PAI-1mRNA表达的影响

目的探讨补肾活血方对大鼠PCOS模型卵巢局部纤溶酶原激活物抑制因子-1（PAI—1mRNA）表达的影响。方法选用未成年24d龄SD雌性大鼠60只,随机分为模型组、克罗米酚组、补肾活血方高剂量组、补肾活血方低剂量组、正常对照组5组。用Bogovich法建立大鼠多囊卵巢病理模型。以克罗米酚为对照。用原位杂交法观察补肾活血方对多囊卵巢大鼠局部PAI—1mRNA的影响。结果模型组卵巢局部PAI—1mRNA存在卵泡膜间质细胞显著增高,用补肾活血方高、低剂量与克罗米酚药后,卵巢局部PAI-1mRNA的表达明显降低．差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05、P〈0．01）。补肾活血方高剂量组与克罗米酚组比较,差异具有显著统计学意义（P〈0．01）;低荆量组与克罗米酚组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,补肾活血方高、低剂量组比较,低剂量组卵泡膜间质细胞上PAI-1的基因表达增高更明显,但二者差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论PAI-1mRNA可能与多囊卵巢综合征的发病机制有关。以补肾活血立法的补肾活血方能降低多囊卵巢大鼠局部PAI—1mRNA的显著增高表达．降低PAI—1mRNA卵巢局部的作用。提示补肾活血方可能通过PAI—1mRNA途径促进卵巢排卵的机制。     

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂在非小细胞肺癌应用的瓶颈——获得性耐药

以表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor,EGFR-TKI）分子靶向治疗研究为肇始,转化性研究使基础实验和临床实践间的鸿沟迅速填平,改变着人们认识治疗肺癌的视角。无可否认,EGFR-TKI上市后极大地延伸了肿瘤学家治疗肺癌的手段,但不管从临床经验、临床研究数据、分子生物学层面还是文献计量学的角度,     

益智健脑颗粒联合针灸对阿尔茨海默病大鼠学习记忆的影响

目的观察益智健脑颗粒联合针灸对阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimers disease,AD）大鼠学习记忆的影响。方法将大鼠随机分为假手术组（A组）、模型组（B组）、针灸组（C组）、益智＋针灸组（D组）各10只,B、C、D 3组分别以海马CA1区注射β淀粉样蛋白25-35（Aβ25-35）造模,A组注射等量的双蒸水,各组分别治疗20 d后行Morris水迷宫试验,观察大鼠学习记忆能力变化。结果B组较A组的平均潜伏期明显延长,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;与B组比较,C组、D组的平均潜伏期明显缩短,过台次数增多,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）;与C组比较,D组的潜伏期缩短,过台次数增多,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论益智健脑颗粒联合针灸能够提高Aβ25-35介导的AD模型大鼠的学习记忆能力。