原位肝脏移植术后胆瘘的类型与治疗

目的探讨原位肝脏移植术后胆瘘的类型、方法选择及不同方式的治疗结果。方法回顾性分析2000年1月—2019年3月于西安交通大学第一附属医院住院治疗的24例肝移植术后胆瘘患者资料。根据是否合并狭窄将胆瘘分为4型。患者均接受内镜或介入治疗,包括经内镜鼻胆管引流术（endoscopic nasobiliary drainage,ENBD）、经内镜胆道内支架放置术（endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage,ERBD）或经皮经肝胆道引流术（percuteneous transhepatic cholangial drainage,PTCD）。观察指标为胆瘘发现时间、胆瘘位置、 经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)及PTCD并发症、腹腔或胆道引流管拔出时间、新发胆道狭窄等。结果24例胆瘘于肝移植术后（46.5±36.6） d（6~122 d）发现。Ⅰ～Ⅳ型胆瘘分别有6例、14例、2例和2例。22例胆瘘治愈,总体治愈率91.7%。24例均首先接受ERCP,技术成功率及治愈率分别为87.5%（21/24）和85.7%（18/21）。Ⅰ～Ⅳ型胆瘘ERCP的治愈率分别为6/6、84.6%(11/13)、1/2和0,ENBD与ERBD的胆瘘治愈比列分别为8/10和6/8。5例ERCP未成功者接受PTCD治疗,成功及临床治愈比例分别为4/5和3/4。术后胆道感染发生率为33.3%（8/24）,Ⅱ型胆瘘胆管炎发生率高于Ⅰ型 [35.7%(5/14)比16.7%(1/6)],合并非吻合口狭窄者比合并吻合口狭窄者更易发生胆管炎[83.3%(5/6)比16.7%(3/18)]。结论原位肝移植术后胆瘘首选ERCP,次选PTCD。Ⅰ～Ⅳ型胆瘘分别优选ENBD、ENBD联合ERBD、ENBD及PTCD治疗。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中肝外胆管变异的辨别与处理

目的探讨腹腔镜下胆囊切除术(LC)中肝外胆管变异的辨别及治疗方法,以减少胆道损伤的发生。方法回顾性分析2012年1月-2014年1月在武汉市蔡甸区人民医院行LC且术中发现肝外胆管结构变异的60例患者相关临床资料,总结术中及术后情况。结果术中发现胆囊管变异32例,胆囊管汇入肝外胆管位置异常20例,胆囊管与肝总管共一侧壁再汇入胆总管2例,胆囊床迷走胆管2例以及副肝管4例。顺利完成LC患者51例,成功率85%;中转开腹9例,中转率15%。所有患者均顺利完成手术,有2例发生术后并发症,其中1例存在胆管残留结石,另1例LC术后1周发生胆汁渗漏,再次手术后恢复。所有患者均痊愈出院,未出现腹腔内出血、感染及肠道损伤等严重并发症。结论掌握肝外胆管结构变异,术中细致分离解剖胆囊三角区,辨别肝外胆管变异的种类,针对性地给予合适的操作方法是LC的关键,可明显降低胆道损伤的发生率。     

经内镜胆管支架置入术治疗高龄梗阻性黄疸效果观察

目的 探讨高龄梗阻性黄疸患者经内镜胆管支架治疗的可行性及安全性.方法 选择高龄梗阻性黄疸患者53例,经内镜行胆管支架置入术治疗.结果 53例均成功置入胆管支架,术后黄疸逐渐消退,肝功能各项指标明显下降.术后出现高淀粉酶血症5例,急性水肿型胰腺炎2例,并发胆管感染1例,均经药物治疗治愈;1例术后3个月发作急性胆管炎,再入院后经保守治疗治愈.结论 对于高龄梗阻性黄疸患者,胆管支架置入术治疗创伤小、效果确切.     

急诊腹腔镜手术治疗胆总管结石合并轻、中度急性胆管炎的疗效

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术(common bile duct exploration,CBDE)联合胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)治疗胆总管结石(common bile duct stones,C B D S)合并轻、中度急性胆管炎的安全性及有效性.方法:对2009-01/2012-12收治的37例胆囊结石伴CBDS合并轻、中度急性胆管炎患者行腹腔镜CBDE联合LC.除外有重度急性胆管炎、上腹部手术史、严重心肺及其他影响全麻或手术等疾病的患者.常规四孔法完成经胆总管切开的腹腔镜CBDE、T管引流及LC.根据术前MRCP了解结石大小、数量和位置,用推挤、冲吸及胆道镜等方法取石,病情不稳定者,不行术中胆道镜取石.所有患者均不行术中胆道造影.Winslow孔处常规放置腹腔引流管.有胆道残余结石者,术后8 wk行胆道镜取石.结果:37例胆囊结石伴CBDS合并轻、中度急性胆管炎患者,均顺利完成腹腔镜CBDE及LC.手术时间105.54 min±6.30 min;胆总管直径12.86 mm±0.58 mm;单发CBDS 14例(37.8%),多发CBDS 23例(62.2%);术后胆囊病理结果,急性胆囊炎9例(24.32%),慢性胆囊炎28例(75.68%);术后住院天数为11.27 d±0.82 d;总住院天数16.41 d±1.03 d.腹腔镜CBDE术后胆管炎症状及体征明显缓解,实验室检查结果改善.无中转开腹、术后腹腔出血、胆道损伤、手术死亡及伤口感染.术后胆漏4例,经保守治疗治愈.术后胆道残余结石4例,术后经T管窦道胆道镜取净结石.结论:对部分CBDS合并轻、中度急性胆管炎患者,腹腔镜CBDE及LC治疗是安全、有效及可行的.     

选择性术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用价值

目的探讨选择性术中胆道造影（PTC）在腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）中的应用价值。方法回顾分析35例行LC的患者在术中经胆囊管插管进行胆管造影的结果。结果 35例LC术中胆管造影均成功,术中发现胆总管结石4例,行腹腔镜胆道探查、T型管引流术。结论 LC术中胆管造影操作方便可行,显影清晰,成功率高,能发现术前未能发现的胆总管结石有效的降低胆管残石率,通过造影还可以排除胆道结石,避免阴性探查,减少患者痛苦,在复杂胆囊切除术中可帮助辨别解剖关系、发现解剖变异,避免术中胆管损伤,提高了LC手术的质量和安全性。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中预防胆道损伤及出血的方法探讨

目的探讨在腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中预防胆道损伤及出血的方法。方法回顾性分析2010年9月-2013年6月在西安市第十二医院行LC的600例患者的临床资料,并结合相关文献资料总结预防胆道损伤及出血的经验和方法。结果 600例患者中2例中转开腹,1例LC术后发生胆瘘;无远期并发症发生,所有患者均临床治愈出院,无1例死亡。结论重视胆囊三角区的钝性分离和精细解剖;强调胆囊颈部三维结构的分离、辨认;灵活、合理处理急性、亚急性胆囊炎患者胆管结构的解剖;根据术中情况决定胆囊壁的切除与保留,是预防LC术中胆管损伤及出血的关键。     

胆囊切除术医源性胆管损伤的临床分析

目的 探讨医源性胆管损伤的原因及处理措施.方法 回顾分析近年来我院胆囊切除术致胆管损伤8例的病例资料.分析损伤的部位、类型、发现时间、手术方法 和治疗效果等.结果 术中发现胆管损伤并及时采用胆道端端吻合、胆肠吻合并引流6例,术后3 d内发现胆道损伤再次手术2例.结论 医源性胆管损伤关键是预防,术中及时发现、及时处理并采取有效的措施可减少并发症的发生.     

内镜治疗医源性胆道损伤27例临床总结

医源性胆道损伤是肝胆疾病中少见但后果严重的一种手术并发症。近年来随着腹腔镜在胆道手术中的应用,医源性胆道损伤的发生有所增加。本文分析总结2000～2005年收治的由外院转入我院,应用内镜微创治疗的医源性胆道损伤病人27例,报告如下。1临床资料本组共27例,男性10例,女性17例,年龄33～72岁,平均53岁。均因术后出现胆瘘、发热和黄疸而诊断医源性胆道损伤,诊断时间为术后3d至5个月。其中行电视腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)者15例,剖腹胆囊切除术7例,剖腹胆囊切除加胆道探查术3例,重症胰腺炎行胰腺被膜减张引流术1例,肝门部胆管占位切除胆管对端吻…     

胆管端端吻合治疗腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆总管横断伤的诊治体会

目的探讨胆管端端吻合治疗腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中胆总管横断伤的可行性。方法回顾性分析9例LC术中胆总管横断后及时中转开腹行胆管端端吻合术的患者的资料,其中2例为大部横断,7例完全横断,8例术中发现随即中转开腹手术,1例术后次日发现再次开腹治疗。结果 9例患者均顺利完成手术,术后常规留置T管6个月,2例出现术后胆管狭窄,经内窥镜胆道球囊扩张解除狭窄,无胆瘘、出血等严重并发症的发生。结论 LC术中横断胆管后及时中转开腹行胆管端端吻合是有效的治疗方法。     

老年结石性急性胆管炎患者腹腔镜手术的选择及并发症的预防

目的探讨腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术(LCBDE)及胆囊切除(LC)治疗老年急性胆管炎合并胆总管结石(CBDS)患者相关并发症的预防。方法将近年收治的部分老年CBDS患者72例根据有无非重度急性胆管炎分为胆管炎组(37例)及非胆管炎组(35例),并比较两组特点。结合围术期综合治疗。四孔法完成经胆总管切开的LCBDE、T管引流及LC。结果两组胆总管直径、结石数目、手术时间及住院天数相当;无中转开腹、胆道损伤、手术死亡及伤口感染。术后胆管炎、胆漏组4例,非胆管炎组3例,均经保守治疗治愈。术后胆管炎组、胆道残余结石4例,非胆管炎组2例,经T管窦道胆道镜取净结石,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。胆管炎组术后胆管炎症状及体征明显缓解。结论 LCBDE及T管引流术治疗非重度急性胆管炎安全、有效;把握好胆管炎LCBDE的指征、有效的围术期综合治疗、熟练的腹腔镜及胆道镜技术有助于并发症的预防及减少。     

慢性胰腺炎所致胆总管狭窄的内镜和外科治疗

目的 总结慢性胰腺炎（CP）所致胆总管狭窄（CBDS）患者的治疗方法.方法 汇总上海长海医院近10年临床资料,分析CP所致CBDS患者的内镜介入治疗和外科手术方法及其疗效.结果 514例CP,51例（9.9%）发生CBDS.其中成功随访且存活的41例CBDS患者,男33例,女8例;首发年龄和首次住院年龄分别为（46.3±14.0）岁和（49.8±11.9）岁;随访时间为（42.9±28.3）月.单纯内镜治疗13例,其中胆管支架置入术7例,6例为有胆管炎、胆汁淤积或黄疸患者;内镜＋手术的7例和单纯手术治疗的19例中14例查见胰头占位;未进行内镜和手术治疗2例.至随访结束,患者胆管炎及胆汁淤积或黄疸均消失,无新发及胆汁性肝硬化病例.结论 外科手术为治疗CP所致CBDS的主要方法,对不适合手术或拒绝手术的患者,内镜治疗为较好选择,尤其对有黄疸、胆汁淤积和胆管炎者.     

腹腔镜下胆道造影术

为探讨腹腔镜下胆道造影的方法和价值，对６００例胆囊结石并慢性或急性胆囊炎（其中４例伴阻塞性黄疸，６例为胆源性胰腺炎）病人行无选择性腹腔镜胆囊切除和常规术中经胆囊管插管胆道造影术。５６８例（９４．７％）完成了术中胆道造影。术中造影发现胆总管病变４２例，其中３２例为术前未曾检查出的胆管异常。全组共发生胆管损伤３例（０．５％）。表明腹腔镜下经胆囊管插管胆道造影成功率高，术中胆道造影具提高手术质量和防止或减少胆管损伤的作用。     

Treatment of complications of hepatic hydatid disease by ERCP

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of endoscopic sphincterotomy for preoperative and postoperative complications of hepatic hydatid disease. METHODS: Nineteen patients underwent endoscopic treatment for complications of hepatic hydatid disease. Indications for ERCP in 5 patients treated before surgery (Group A) were obstructive jaundice in 1 and acute cholangitis in 4. In 14 patients treated after surgery (Group B), the indication was acute cholangitis in 6, obstructive jaundice 2, and persistent external drainage in 6 patients. OBSERVATIONS: In group A, ERCP detected hydatid vesicles within the bile duct. All patients underwent endoscopic sphincterotomy and clearance of the duct with no complications. The 6 patients in Group B with persistent external drainage had biliary fistulas that resolved after endoscopic treatment within 10 to 20 days. Among the 8 patients with postoperative obstructive jaundice or acute cholangitis, 7 had cyst remnants obstructing the bile duct and 1 had findings of sclerosing cholangitis. All underwent endoscopic sphincterotomy and clearance of the bile duct without complications. After treatment, all patients, with the exception of the one with sclerosing cholangitis, remained asymptomatic. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic sphincterotomy is a safe and effective treatment for biliary complications of hepatic hydatid disease.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术导致胆管损伤的外科治疗

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)所致胆管损伤的外科治疗方法及疗效.方法 回顾性分析1992年1月～2005年12月间我院收治的LC导致胆管损伤的37例病人的临床资料,并结合随访结果进行分析总结.结果 37例病人中15例胆管损伤在我院发生,22例为外院发生.胆管修补(或端端吻合)+T管支撑引流术5例(13.5%),胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术29例(78.4%),经B超引导腹腔穿刺置管引流1例(2.7%),长期保留LC术中所置腹腔引流管2例(5.4%).术后无死亡病例,10例(27%)病人出现至少一个手术后并发症,其中包括切口感染5例(16.2%),吻合口狭窄3例(8.1%),腹腔脓肿5例(16.2%),手术后均经气囊扩张或经皮穿刺置管引流后好转,没有病人需要冉次手术治疗,远期随访有效率为100%.结论 胆管损伤是腹腔镜胆囊切除术中常见的严重并发症,采用恰当的外科治疗方法町获得较好的疗效.     

Laparoscopic Pancreatic Biopsy in Autoimmune Pancreatitis—Report of TWO Cases

Two cases of autoimmune pancreatitis that were diagnosed by laparoscopic pancreatic biopsy are reported. Patient 1 was a 71–year-old woman with obstructive jaundice and dry eyes. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) revealed stenosis of the distal common bile duct and proximal main pancreatic duct. Only the head of the pancreas was enlarged. The patient had associated Sjogren's syndrome and sclerosing cholangitis. Patient 2 was a 65–year-old man with obstructive jaundice that occurred after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. ERCP revealed a diffusely irregular and narrowed pancreatic duct and stenosis of the distal common bile duct. The whole pancreas was enlarged. Both patients underwent laparoscopic pancreatic biopsy to rule out pancreatic cancer. The definitive diagnosis in each case was autoimmune pancreatitis. The postoperative course in both cases was uneventful. Both patients recovered quickly with steroid therapy undertaken soon after the biopsy. In summary, a laparoscopic approach for the pancreatic biopsy in autoimmune pancreatitis appears to be feasible and useful in determining the therapeutic strategy. (Dig Endosc 1999; 11: 250–254)     

The acute vanishing bile duct syndrome (acute irreversible rejection) after orthotopic liver transplantation

The acute vanishing bile duct syndrome can be defined as an irreversible, rejection-related condition that affects hepatic allografts within 100 days after orthotopic liver transplantation and whose presence requires retransplantation. We have observed the acute vanishing bile duct syndrome in 5 of 48 consecutive patients (approximately 10%) who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation. In 4 cases, the condition progressed relentlessly within approximately 7 to 11 weeks after orthotopic liver transplantation from mild rejection to severe rejection to acute vanishing bile duct syndrome. A fifth patient had severe rejection in the first week and required retransplantation after 17 days because of thrombotic venoocclusive disease complicating the acute vanishing bile duct syndrome. Clinically, signs of impending acute vanishing bile duct syndrome included abrupt onset of fever and jaundice and marked elevation of serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels which persisted despite antirejection treatment. Biopsy specimens revealed destructive cholangitis (rejection cholangitis), ductopenia, and, if retransplantation was delayed, presence of noninflammatory, "burnt-out" portal tracts without bile ducts. We recommend to base the diagnosis of acute vanishing bile duct syndrome on documentation of severe ductopenia in at least 20 portal tracts which may require several consecutive needle biopsies. Rejection arteriopathy which was found in 3 of our 5 cases might have been another important diagnostic clue but could not be recognized prior to retransplantation. The pathogenesis of acute vanishing bile duct syndrome is not clear; until the condition had manifested itself, we found no qualitative differences between acute reversible and irreversible rejection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Migrated endoclip and stone formation after cholecystectomy： A new danger of acute pancreatitis

Endoclip migration into the common bile duct following laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is an extremely rare complication. Migrated endoclip into the common bile duct can cause obstruction,serve as a nidus for stone formation,and cause cholangitis. We report a case of obstructive jaundice and acute biliary pancreatitis due to choledocholithiasis caused by a migrated endoclip 6 mo after LC. The patient underwent early endoscopic retrog-rade cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with endoscopic sphincterotomy and stone extraction.     

Progress and Current Limitations of Materials for Artificial Bile Duct Engineering

Bile duct injury (BDI) and bile tract diseases are regarded as prominent challenges in hepatobiliary surgery due to the risk of severe complications. Hepatobiliary, pancreatic, and gastrointestinal surgery can inadvertently cause iatrogenic BDI. The commonly utilized clinical treatment of BDI is biliary-enteric anastomosis. However, removal of the Oddi sphincter, which serves as a valve control over the unidirectional flow of bile to the intestine, can result in complications such as reflux cholangitis, restenosis of the bile duct, and cholangiocarcinoma. Tissue engineering and biomaterials offer alternative approaches for BDI treatment. Reconstruction of mechanically functional and biomimetic structures to replace bile ducts aims to promote the ingrowth of bile duct cells and realize tissue regeneration of bile ducts. Current research on artificial bile ducts has remained within preclinical animal model experiments. As more research shows artificial bile duct replacements achieving effective mechanical and functional prevention of biliary peritonitis caused by bile leakage or obstructive jaundice after bile duct reconstruction, clinical translation of tissue-engineered bile ducts has become a theoretical possibility. This literature review provides a comprehensive collection of published works in relation to three tissue engineering approaches for biomimetic bile duct construction: mechanical support from scaffold materials, cell seeding methods, and the incorporation of biologically active factors to identify the advancements and current limitations of materials and methods for the development of effective artificial bile ducts that promote tissue regeneration.     

Right hepatic lobectomy for bile duct injury associated with major vascular occlusion after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

A 57-year-old woman underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for cholelithiasis. Continuous bile leak was observed beginning on the first postoperative day. Postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiography revealed bile leak through the common hepatic duct, and severe stenosis of the hepatic confluence. A total of three percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) catheters were inserted to treat obstructive jaundice and cholangitis. The patient was referred to our hospital for surgery 118 days after LC. Cholangiography through the PTBD catheters demonstrated a hilar biliary obstruction. Celiac arteriography revealed obstruction of the right hepatic artery, and transarterial portography showed occlusion of the right anterior portal branch. On the basis of the cholangiographic and angiographic findings, we performed a right hepatic lobectomy with hepaticojejunostomy to resolve the bile duct obstruction and address the problem of major vascular occlusion. The patient's postoperative recovery was uneventful and she remains well 25 months after hepatectomy. We discuss a treatment strategy for bile duct injury suspected after LC, involving early investigation of the biliary tree and prompt intervention.     

Endoscopic stenting for common bile duct stenoses in chronic pancreatitis: results and impact on long-term outcome.

OBJECTIVES: The overall incidence of common bile duct strictures due to chronic pancreatitis is reported to be approximately 10-30%. It remains a challenging problem for gastroenterologists and surgeons. The exact role of endoscopic stenting has not yet been clearly defined. DESIGN AND METHODS: Thirty-nine patients with chronic pancreatitis and symptomatic common bile duct stenoses underwent endoscopic stenting and were studied retrospectively. We were particularly interested in how many patients would achieve resolution of the stricture and tolerate removal of the stents in the long term. RESULTS: Indications for endoscopic stenting were symptomatic cholestasis, jaundice or cholangitis. The initial serum bilirubin was 8.3 mg/dl and the diameter of the common bile duct was 14.2 mm before stenting. Within 3-7 days of stenting, all patients presented improvement of jaundice and cholestasis. After a median stenting time of 9 months (range 1-144 months), 46% of the patients demonstrated regression of the stricture and clinical improvement, 26% required further stenting, and 28% were referred to surgery. Five patients received a self-expandable metal Wallstent. Thirty-one per cent demonstrated complete clinical recovery of the stricture as well as 10.2% a complete, radiologically verified stricture regression in a median follow-up of 58 months. CONCLUSIONS: There seems to be a therapeutic benefit for short-term endoscopic treatment but medium-term and long-term outcome remains questionable. Endoscopic stenting should be applied as an initial therapy before surgery, but it can be the definitive approach for older and morbid patients or cases with complete stricture regression after stent removal. Overall, it should not be considered as a routine procedure for symptomatic cases.