超声在气道管理中的应用进展

超声在气道管理领域的研究不断取得的进展,为临床上将超声应用于气道管理提供了理论依据和新思路,拓宽了超声在气道管理方面的应用范围。超声能够实时显影和测量全气道的几乎所有组织结构,保证气道解剖结构的准确定位及测量,为气道评估提供客观的理论支持。超声可实时成像的特点有助于引导气管插管、确定气管导管及喉罩位置、评估胃内容量等。人工智能提高了超声识别解剖结构的准确率和效率,促进超声在气道管理的拓展应用。本文简述超声在实时引导气管插管、确定气管插管位置、确认喉罩准确对位、预测成功拔管、预测困难气道、定位气道解剖结构、评估胃内容物误吸风险等方面的应用进展,并讨论超声结合人工智能在气道管理领域的应用。     

视频喉镜在气道管理中应用的进展

视频喉镜是能够提供上呼吸道间接视野的新型气管插管设备。在困难气道管理处理方面．与直接喉镜相比．视频喉镜能够改善声门显露的Cormack—Lehane分级,并能在较短时间内达到相同或更高的气管插管成功率。尽管视频喉镜可获得非常好的声门显露．但是应用视频喉镜时插入和推进气管导管有时可发生失败。到目前为止,尚无确切证据表明在正常或困难气道患者视频喉镜应取代直接喉镜。     

拔管困难时气道通路的维持：气道交换导管的应用

背景尽管没有足够的文献基础来评估拔管方案的优劣，美国麻醉医师协会困难气道管理小组认为拔管方案是插管过程的合理延续。只有有限的文献报道了使用气道交换导管（AEC）来维持气道通畅。方法作者回顾性分析了所收集到的困难气道拔管使用AEC病情得到改善的病例数据，这些患者在ICU病房已知或预测为困难气道。本研究内容包括再次插管的时间、尝试再次气管内插管的次数、保证气道通畅的方法、再插管期间低氧血症的发生率，以及重新建立气道时出现的并发症。结果51例放置AEC的患者在尝试拔管时失败。其中有47例AEC期间重新插管成功（92％），一次成功的人数为41／47（87％）。使用AEC重新插管失败的4例中有3例是因为在再插管过程中AEC意外从声门脱出；另外一例是出现了严重的喉水肿妨碍了气管内导管置入。结论困难气道患者通过AEC维持拔管后气道通畅是拔管策略的重要组成部分。对于已知或预测为困难气道的患者，AEC能提高一次通过的成功率，减少不耐受拔管患者并发症发生率和再次气管内插管的发生率。     

Cookgas气管插管型喉罩在困难气道处理中的应用

Cookgas气管插管型喉罩(CILA)是Daniel Cook医师研制的一种新型气管插管型喉罩,该喉罩不仅具有操作简单、引导插管成功率高等优点,还能直接使用普通气管导管进行插管[1]。本文报道我院在30例困难气道患者使用的临床体会。资料与方法一般资料择期在全麻下行整形手术的困难气道患     

Shikani在临床气道管理中的应用

背景 作为一种新型可视光导芯,Shikani Optical Stylet(SOS)既具有纤支镜的可视优点,又具有硬性管芯的特点,已成为常规气管插管和困难气道处理的重要工具.目的 介绍SOS气管插管的操作技术要点,对该工具目前在临床气道管理中的应用情况进行了总结.内容 系统阐述了SOS的结构特性、操作技术、临床应用和临床评价,并简短介绍了其在临床应用的局限性.趋向 SOS在临床气道管理中发挥越来越重要的作用,但其并不是解决困难气道的“万能钥匙”,在临床中应根据具体情况选择不同的气管插管设备.     

人工气道吸痰管插入困难的原因分析与处理

目的:探讨人工气道吸痰管插入困难的原因及紧急处理能力.方法:回顾性分析38例人工气道吸痰管插入困难情况及其原因.结果:发生吸痰管插入困难原因有摩擦阻力、导管内口斜面贴气管壁、导管扭曲、痰痂堵塞、导管套囊滑脱等,气管切开和气管插管发生吸痰管插入困难的百分率经统计学处理无明显差异.结论:防止人工气道吸痰管插入困难,必须正确区分吸痰管插入困难的原因,及时对症处理,确保人工气道病人的护理质量,提高抢救成功率.     

困难气道患者的拔管策略

背景 困难气道患者拔管失败率相对较高,易出现严重的并发症.目的 对于困难气道患者,拔管前进行充分的气道评估,制定安全、可控的拔管策略非常重要.内容 重点介绍了困难气道或可疑困难气道患者拔管前的气道评估,以及针对不同的困难气道患者所应该采取的拔管处理策略.趋向 困难气道患者拔管前应该进行全面的气道评估,熟悉困难气道插管、拔管的操作流程、掌握气管导管交换器等困难拔管工具的操作技术以及插管失败后其他的可能选择,以提高困难气道患者围拔管期的安全.     

魏氏喷射气管导管用于患者气管插管术的效果

目的 评价魏氏喷射气管导管用于患者气管插管术的效果.方法 择期全麻气管插管术患者102例,性别不限,年龄15～50岁,体重40～99 kg,ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,Cormack&Lehane分级Ⅰ～Ⅳ级(Ⅰ或Ⅱ级为非困难气道,Ⅲ或Ⅳ级为困难气道).采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为2组(n=51):常规导管组(C组)和魏氏喷射气管导管组(WJ组).2组根据Cormack&Lehane分级分为2个亚组:困难气道组(n=16)和非困难气道亚组(n=35).C组使用普通Kendall气管导管进行插管;WJ组使用相同内径的魏氏喷射气管导管,在喷射通气同时行气管插管.记录机械通气即刻PETCO2;记录首次气管插管成功情况及气管插管时间;记录气管导管拔除后24h内的并发症发生情况.结果 与C组比较,WJ组气管插管时间延长,困难气道患者气管插管首次成功率升高(P＜0.01).与非困难气道患者比较,WJ组困难气道患者机械通气即刻PETCO2、气管插管时间和首次成功率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),C组困难气道患者机械通气即刻PETCO2升高,气管插管首次成功率降低(P＜0.01).WJ组未出现气胸、纵隔气肿及皮下气肿等严重气压伤;2组喉痉挛、咽喉痛和胃胀气发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 魏氏喷射气管导管不仅能安全有效地为气管插管全麻患者提供通气,还可提高困难气道气管插管成功几率.     

S形导管芯塑形气管导管在困难气道中的应用

目的研究利用导管芯将气管导管塑形成S形在直视喉镜下声门暴露不佳患者经口气管插管中的应用。方法将50例麻醉诱导时意外发现的Cormack-Lehane喉镜暴露Ⅲ级的患者随机分为两组（每组25例），由同一名高年资医师使用J形或S形气管导管行经口气管插管，记录插管情况。手术后24h随访患者是否出现气管插管相关并发症。结果使用S形气管导管一次插管成功率、总插管时间均优于使用J形气管导管（P＜0．05）。结论将气管导管塑形成S形行经口气管插管在意外出现的困难气道情况，插管成功率高，可能减少损伤和并发症，使麻醉诱导过程更为平稳、安全。     

超声检查术在临床气道管理中的应用进展

背景 超声检查术用于气道成像具有几方面的优势:安全、快捷、携带方便、重复性强和应用广泛,并可提供实时动态图像.已经在临床气道管理的许多方面进行了研究. 目的 介绍超声检查术在气道管理方面的应用及其前景. 内容 重点综述超声检查术在临床气道管理方面的应用,包括手术患者困难喉镜显露的预测,影响气道管理技术选择的病理情况评价,餐后状况评价,确定气管导管、支气管导管或气管切开套管的合适直径,气管和环甲膜定位,气道神经阻滞,气管导管位置的确认,经皮扩张气管切开术,鼻胃管位置的确认,气胸的诊断和成功拔管的预测等. 趋向 超声检查术是一项可改善气道管理的有用技术,极具临床价值.     

Indirekte Laryngoskopie

Endotracheal intubation remains the gold standard for securing the airway in emergency medicine. However, difficult endotracheal intubation and complications are common during emergency intubation. In contrast to conventional direct laryngoscopy, the new generation of devices does not require direct visualization of the vocal cords for endotracheal tube placement. These devices allow a better glottic view and successful endotracheal placement of the tube, especially if direct laryngoscopy is difficult. Recent studies showed that utilization of these devices can be easily learned. The technique of indirect laryngoscopy is currently used for securing the airway in daily anesthesia routine as well as for managing the difficult airway in the operating room. This article gives an overview of available devices for indirect endotracheal intubation as well as the current literature.     

Airway management in pediatric anesthesia

Airway management in newborns, infants, and children is a challenge to anesthesia practitioners due to the particular anatomic and physiological characteristics. The larynx is positioned more cephalad, the occiput is protuberant, and the neck is short, which makes a special position for anesthesia induction necessary. The high respiratory frequency due to high oxygen demand and carbon dioxide production has to be taken into consideration during manual as well as mechanical ventilation. Different devices are available for airway management. Simple mask ventilation can be improved by a Wendl tube. The classic laryngeal mask can be recommended as a safe airway device in many indications, specifically in children with an upper respiratory airway infection. If intubation is indicated, an optimal size and position of the endotracheal tube has to be provided. Fiberoptic endotracheal intubation is recommended if a difficult airway is known or anticipated due to a craniofacial syndrome.     

Atemwegsmanagement in der Kinderanästhesie

Airway management in newborns, infants, and children is a challenge to anesthesia practitioners due to the particular anatomic and physiological characteristics. The larynx is positioned more cephalad, the occiput is protuberant, and the neck is short, which makes a special position for anesthesia induction necessary. The high respiratory frequency due to high oxygen demand and carbon dioxide production has to be taken into consideration during manual as well as mechanical ventilation. Different devices are available for airway management. Simple mask ventilation can be improved by a Wendl tube. The classic laryngeal mask can be recommended as a safe airway device in many indications, specifically in children with an upper respiratory airway infection. If intubation is indicated, an optimal size and position of the endotracheal tube has to be provided. Fiberoptic endotracheal intubation is recommended if a difficult airway is known or anticipated due to a craniofacial syndrome.     

Infraglottic airway devices and techniques

Infraglottic airway management techniques, such as intubation of the trachea with a cuff-sealed endotracheal tube, offer significant advantages for the anaesthetized patient, especially for patients in critical condition.There are numerous ways of intubation of the trachea; the most common and popular is direct laryngoscopy. The variety of laryngoscope blades offers choices to solve difficult intubations, but all different techniques and devices need experience in routine clinical use.In case of failure, unsuccessful attempts to intubate the trachea should be limited to three, in order to use different—e.g. supraglottic or fibreoptic—techniques.Nasotracheal intubation causes an inherent risk of severe epistaxis, which may severely compromise airway management options and endangers the patient's life. Prior to passing the tube through the nose, direct laryngoscopy should be performed to estimate the Cormack–Lehane score.Rigid intubation fibrescopes—as flexible ones—do improve the view of the larynx and permit tracheal intubation with less head and cervical spine movement than direct laryngoscopy. Success with these devices requires considerable experience and clinical practice.The use of retrograde intubation has reduced during recent years, mainly due to the availability of flexible and rigid intubation fibrescopes.The EasyTube—a relatively new device—combines the advantages of both an endotracheal tube with a supraglottic airway device.The Combitube is a well-established emergency airway used widely for solving unanticipated and anticipated difficult airways. International guidelines recommend the use of Combitube following the number of studies and reports associated with its use.     

Use of a tracheoscopic ventilation tube for endotracheal intubation in the difficult airway

Difficult endotracheal intubation is a clinical challenge for anesthesiologists and other practitioners of airway management. The use of a tracheoscopic ventilation tube, a novel airway device, for endotracheal intubation during general anesthesia in two patients with difficult airways after unsuccessful direct laryngoscopy is presented.     

Alternative techniques for tracheal intubation

Conventional direct laryngoscopy with the curved Macintosh blade is a fundamental skill for all anaesthetists and has been the cornerstone of airway management for many years. This technique relies on the operator aligning the oro-pharyngo-laryngeal structures and inserting an endotracheal tube into the trachea under direct vision. There is a recognized failure rate with this technique and thus alternative techniques for tracheal intubation should be available for use in difficult situations. Awake fibreoptic intubation (AFOI) remains the ‘gold standard’ method for securing the airway in an anticipated difficult intubation. Advances in optical technology over recent years have lead to the development of several rigid indirect devices, which improve glottic visualization by enabling the operator to ‘see around the corner’. With improved views at laryngoscopy these videolaryngoscopes are emerging as important tools in airway management and useful teaching and training aids.     

Alternative techniques for tracheal intubation

Conventional direct laryngoscopy with the curved Macintosh blade is a fundamental skill for all anaesthetists and has been the cornerstone of airway management for many years. This technique relies on the operator aligning the oro-pharyngo-laryngeal structures and inserting an endotracheal tube into the trachea under direct vision. There is a recognized failure rate with this technique and thus alternative techniques for tracheal intubation should be available for use in difficult situations. Awake fibreoptic intubation (AFOI) remains the ‘gold standard’ method for securing the airway in an anticipated difficult intubation. Advances in optical technology over recent years have lead to the development of several rigid indirect devices, which improve glottic visualization by enabling the operator to ‘see around the corner’. With improved views at laryngoscopy these videolaryngoscopes are emerging as important tools in airway management and useful teaching and training aids.     

The use of the intubating laryngeal mask endotracheal tube with intubating devices

IMPLICATIONS: Despite adequate visualization of the vocal cords using specialized airway devices, anatomical factors and the physical characteristics of the tube may cause difficulty when performing endotracheal intubation. The endotracheal tube designed for use with the intubating laryngeal mask airway may facilitate intubation in these circumstances.     

Video-laryngoscopes in the adult airway management: a topical review of the literature

The aim of the present paper is to review the literature regarding video-laryngoscopes (Storz V-Mac and C-Mac, Glidescope, McGrath, Pentax-Airway Scope, Airtraq and Bullard) and discuss their clinical role in airway management. Video-laryngoscopes are new intubation devices, which provide an indirect view of the upper airway. In difficult airway management, they improve Cormack-Lehane grade and achieve the same or a higher intubation success rate in less time, compared with direct laryngoscopes. Despite the very good visualization of the glottis, the insertion and advancement of the endotracheal tube with video-laryngoscopes may occasionally fail. Each particular device's features may offer advantages or disadvantages, depending on the situation the anaesthesiologist has to deal with. So far, there is inconclusive evidence indicating that video-laryngoscopy should replace direct laryngoscopy in patients with normal or difficult airways.