呼吸训练器辅助预康复对肥胖患者腹腔镜下胆囊切除术后早期恢复的影响

目的 探讨呼吸训练器辅助预康复对肥胖患者腹腔镜下胆囊切除术后早期恢复的影响。方法 选择2019年6—12月全麻下行腹腔镜下胆囊切除手术的肥胖患者90例,男42例,女48例,年龄25～55岁,BMI 28～35 kg/m²,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。采用随机数字表法将患者分为三组：对照组(C组)、预康复组(P组)和呼吸训练器辅助预康复组(M组),每组30例。C组仅采用传统术前宣教,P组术前两周采用预康复方案,M组术前两周采用呼吸训练器辅助预康复方案。于预康复前1 d(T₀)、拔管后6 h(T₁)、拔管后7 d(T₃)测定用力肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力呼气量(FEV₁)和肺超声评分(LUS)。于T₀、拔管后3 d(T₂)、T₃行6 min步行测试记录6 min步行距离(6MWD)。记录术后24 h内PCIA有效按压次数、PCIA总按压次数、补救镇痛例数。记录术后自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间、PACU停留时间、术后首次下床活动时...     

肺移植受者术后肺功能的变化特点

目的 分析肺移植受者术后肺功能的变化特点。方法 收集81例行双肺移植及心肺联合移植受者的临床资料,分析受者术后一般情况。分析肺移植受者术后1个月、3个月、每3个月(术后3～18个月)以及每6个月(术后18～36个月)肺通气及弥散功能指标。分析受者术后的最佳肺功能特点。结果 受者术后机械通气时间为4(2,9)d,术后重症监护室入住时间为10(7,20)d。81例受者中,27例术后发生原发性移植物功能障碍(PGD),发生率为33%。受者术后用力肺活量(FVC)占预计值百分比(FVC%pred)、第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV₁)占预计值百分比(FEV₁%pred)、FEV₁/FVC占预计值百分比(FEV₁/FVC%pred)、校正后肺一氧化碳弥散功能占预计值百分比(D_LCOc%pred)随时间发生变化(均为P<0.001)。FVC%pred、FEV₁%pred在术后9个月内逐渐上升,D_LCOc%pred在术后3个月内逐渐上升(均为P&l...     

竖脊肌平面阻滞在老年全麻髋部手术中的应用效果

目的 探讨老年人全麻髋部手术前行L₄横突竖脊肌平面阻滞(erector spinae plane block, ESPB)减轻围术期疼痛和应激从而减少阿片类药用量和提高术后苏醒质量的效果。方法 选择2023年1～12月65岁及以上单侧髋关节手术60例,按随机数字表法分为2组(n=30),阻滞组诱导前在超声引导下于L₄横突水平行ESPB(局麻药为0.3%罗哌卡因0.5 ml/kg),对照组未行ESPB。2组均采用喉罩全麻,诱导、麻醉维持方法一致。使用数字评价量表(Numerical Rating Scale, NRS)评价术后8、24 h疼痛程度,记录术后24 h内镇痛泵按压次数;观察2组术中各时点血流动力学变化;记录手术结束至患者完全苏醒时间、拔除喉罩时间;记录术中和麻醉后恢复室(Postanesthesia Care Unit, PACU)的阿片类药物使用量;记录术后躁动、恶心呕吐、头晕发生率及苏醒质量评分。结果 术后8、24 h静息及运动疼痛NRS评分阻滞组均明显低于对照组,24 h镇痛泵按压次数阻滞组明显少于对照组(P<0.05)...     

超声引导下胸骨旁胸大肌肋间肌平面阻滞与胸横肌平面阻滞用于全麻冠状动脉旁路移植术效果的比较

目的比较超声引导下胸骨旁胸大肌肋间肌平面(PIFP)阻滞与胸横肌平面(TTP)阻滞用于全麻冠状动脉旁路移植术的效果。方法择期冠状动脉旁路移植术患者90例, 性别不限, 年龄50～79岁, ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级, 采用随机数字表法分为3组(n=30):PIFP阻滞联合全麻组(PG组)、TTP阻滞联合全麻组(TG)和单纯全麻组(G组)。麻醉诱导后, PG组和TG组在超声引导下分别进行双侧PIFP阻滞和TTP阻滞。3组全麻方法相同。术后均采用PCIA。于术后6、12、18和24 h时记录静态和动态(咳嗽、体位变动等)VAS评分;记录术中舒芬太尼总用量、气管拔管时间、ICU停留时间、补救镇痛率、镇痛泵有效按压次数、术后恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒发生情况以及神经阻滞相关不良事件发生情况;记录PG组和TG组神经阻滞操作时间、超声下穿刺针显像清晰度评分。结果与G组比较, PG组和TG组术中舒芬太尼总用量减少, 气管拔管时间和ICU停留时间缩短, 术后6、12、18 h时静态和动态VAS评分降低, 补救镇痛率降低, 镇痛泵有效按压次数减少(P<0.05);PG组和TG组上述指标比较差异无统计学意义(P&g...     

不同麻醉开始时间对机器人辅助下前列腺癌根治术患者术后昼夜节律的影响

目的 分析不同麻醉开始时间对机器人辅助下前列腺癌根治术患者术后昼夜节律的影响。方法 选择2022年1—10月行机器人辅助下前列腺癌根治术患者103例，年龄50～85岁，BMI 18～30 kg/m²,ASAⅠ—Ⅲ级。根据麻醉开始时间将患者分为两组：上午8∶00—11∶59组(M组，n=53)和下午12∶00—18∶00组(A组，n=50)。记录前列腺癌D’Amico危险分级、麻醉时间、镇痛泵有效按压次数(D₁)和实际按压次数(D₂),计算D₁/D₂。记录入室后5 min(T₀)、麻醉诱导后5 min(T₁)、手术开始后5 min(T₂)、手术开始后60 min(T₃)、手术结束时(T₄)、拔管后5 min(T₅)的HR、MAP、SpO₂,T₁—T₄时BIS。通过阿森斯失眠量表(AIS...     

超声引导下竖脊肌平面阻滞对胸腔镜肺叶切除术患者术后肺功能的影响

目的观察超声引导下竖脊肌平面阻滞(erector spinae plane block, ESPB)对胸腔镜肺叶切除术患者术后肺功能的影响。方法选择择期全麻下行胸腔镜肺叶切除术患者130例,男65例,女65例,年龄40～75岁,BMI 18～25 kg/m~2,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为ESPB组(E组)和对照组(C组),每组65例。E组于术毕即刻行手术侧超声引导下ESPB,在竖脊肌深面注入0.375%罗哌卡因25 ml。C组不行神经阻滞。两组术后均行PCIA。记录麻醉诱导前(T_0)、术后拔除气管导管后(T_1)、拔除胸腔引流管后(T_2)的一秒种用力呼气容积(FEV_1)、用力肺活量(FVC)和最高呼气流速变异率(PEFR),记录T_1、T_2时术后限制性通气障碍、阻塞性通气障碍、混合型通气障碍的发生情况和Prince-Henry疼痛评分。记录PCIA泵有效按压次数(D_1)、实际按压次数(D_2)和术后补救镇痛次数。记录术后恶心呕吐(PONV)、呼吸困难等发生情况;记录拔气管导管时间(拔管时间)、胸腔引流管留置时间、住院时间。结果 T_1时E组FVC、PEFR明显高于C组(P0.05),术后限制性通气障碍、阻塞性通气障碍、混合型通气障碍发生率和Prince-Henry评分明显低于C组(P0.05)。T_2时E组FEV1、FVC、PEFR明显高于C组(P0.05),Prince-Henry评分明显低于C组(P0.05)。E组D_2明显少于C组(P0.05),补救镇痛次数明显低于C组(P0.05)。E组PONV、呼吸困难等并发症发生率明显低于C组(P0.05),胸腔引流管留置时间、住院时间明显短于C组(P0.05)。结论超声引导下ESPB明显改善胸腔镜肺叶切除术患者术后肺功能,降低并发症,可能与充分的术后镇痛作用有关。     

鞘内注射吗啡对胸腔镜肺叶切除术患者术后疼痛和恢复质量的影响

目的 评价鞘内注射吗啡对胸腔镜肺叶切除术患者术后疼痛和恢复质量的影响。方法 选择择期行全麻下胸腔镜肺叶切除术患者90例，男39例，女51例，年龄18～64岁，BMI 18～30 kg/m²,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。采用随机数字表法分为三组：吗啡联合无背景剂量镇痛泵组(QA组)、吗啡联合有背景剂量镇痛泵组(QB组)和对照组(C组),每组30例。QA组和QB组于术前在L_2-3间隙单次注射吗啡5μg/kg,术后QA组连接无背景剂量静脉镇痛泵(PCIA),QB组连接1 ml/h背景剂量的PCIA,C组仅在术后连接1 ml/h背景剂量的PCIA。记录术中瑞芬太尼用量、血管活性药使用率、术后48 h PCIA有效按压次数、术后舒芬太尼用量和补救镇痛情况。记录术后1、3、6、12、24、48、72 h静息和活动时疼痛数字评分(NRS评分),在术后1～2 d评估患者恢复指标和康复质量评分量表(QoR-15)。记录术后呼吸抑制、恶心呕吐、尿潴留、皮肤瘙痒等相关并发症的发生率。结果 与C组比较，QA组术后舒芬太尼用量明显减少，QA和QB组术后48 h PCIA有效按压次...     

膈肌厚度比在肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞致膈肌麻痹中的诊断价值

目的 评价膈肌厚度比(DTI)在肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞导致膈肌麻痹中的诊断价值。方法 选择择期行肱骨中段、桡骨骨折内固定或取内固定术的患者51例,男27例,女24例,年龄18～64岁,BMI 18～30 kg/m²,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。所有患者采用0.5%罗哌卡因20 ml在超声引导下行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞。以用力呼吸时膈肌移动度(DE)作为标准将患者分为两组：麻痹组(n=11,DE≥25%)和非麻痹组(n=40,DE<25%)。记录阻滞前、阻滞后15 min阻滞侧DE、吸气末膈肌厚度(DTei)、呼气末膈肌厚度(DTee)、用力肺活量(FVC)、第一秒用力呼气容积(FEV₁)、SpO₂,感觉、运动阻滞时间和恢复时间,并记录芬太尼用量,给药24 h内恶心、呕吐、声音嘶哑、头痛、霍纳综合征、低血压、呼吸困难等不良反应发生情况。绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,分析DTI、FVC下降幅度对诊断臂丛神经阻滞所致急性膈肌麻痹的曲线下面积(AUC)和95%可信区间(CI)、界值、敏感性和特异性。结果 两组阻滞前DE、DTI、FVC、F...     

全麻联合硬膜外阻滞对老年衰弱患者胃肠肿瘤术后睡眠的影响

目的评价全麻联合硬膜外阻滞对老年衰弱患者胃肠肿瘤术后睡眠的影响。方法择期行开腹胃肠肿瘤手术的衰弱患者(衰弱筛查量表评分>2分)90例, 性别不限, 年龄65～80岁, BMI 18～30 kg/m2 , ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级。采用随机数字表法分为2组(n=45):全麻组(GA组)和全麻联合硬膜外阻滞组(GE组)。GA组实施静吸复合全麻, GE组麻醉诱导前行硬膜外阻滞, 全麻实施方式同GA组, 术中根据BIS值及流汗流泪、心率、血压调整丙泊酚与瑞芬太尼用量。术后进行静脉镇痛, 维持VAS评分≤3分。于术前1 d和术后1、3、7 d夜晚采用可穿戴设备监测睡眠参数。于术前1 d与术后1、3、7、30 d记录匹兹堡睡眠指数(PSQI)及术后15项恢复质量量表(QoR-15)评分, 记录术中丙泊酚、舒芬太尼与瑞芬太尼用量;记录术后48 h内补救镇痛情况和镇痛泵按压总次数;采用免疫比浊法测定术前1 d与术后1 d血清C反应蛋白(CRP)浓度;记录术后7 d内不良反应发生情况。结果与GA组比较, GE组瑞芬太尼用量减少, 术后1和3 d睡眠总分、深睡比例和快动眼睡眠比例、QoR-15评分升高, ...     

弓状韧带上腰方肌前侧阻滞用于胸腔镜肺叶切除术患者术后镇痛的效果

目的 观察弓状韧带上腰方肌前侧阻滞(SA-AQLB)用于胸腔镜肺叶切除术患者术后镇痛的效果。方法 选择2021年9月至2022年1月择期行单侧胸腔镜肺叶切除术患者80例,男39例,女41例,年龄36～74岁,BMI 20.6～27.1 kg/m²,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。采用随机数字表法将患者分为两组：弓状韧带上腰方肌前侧阻滞镇痛组(SA组)和静脉镇痛组(IV组),每组40例。SA组在气管插管后行术侧弓状韧带上腰方肌-膈肌对合区向头侧穿刺置管,于手术结束前30 min经腰方肌-膈肌对合区留置的导管注射0.33%罗哌卡因负荷量30 ml,术毕时行患者自控神经阻滞镇痛(PCNA);IV组于手术结束前30 min静脉注射舒芬太尼负荷量0.1μg/kg,术毕时行患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)。记录术后12、24、48、72 h时的Prince-Henry疼痛评分。检测入室后和术后12、24、48、72 h的血浆皮质醇、血糖、C-反应蛋白(CRP)和降钙素原(PCT)浓度。测定入室后和术后72 h的用力肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力呼气量(FEV₁)和最大呼气中期...     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.