迟发型先天性肾上腺皮质增生合并睾丸结节分析(附7例报告)

目的提高对迟发型先天性肾上腺皮质增生(CAH)合并睾丸结节的认识和早期诊治水平。方法对我院近10余年诊断的7例迟发型CAH合并睾丸结节患者的临床资料进行分析。结果7例男性患者平均年龄(21.4±5.3)岁,血促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)(17.2±2.5)pmol/L,17-羟孕酮(17-OHP)(1.9±0.4)pmol/L,24 h尿游离皮质醇(UFC)(25.0±9.0)nmol/24 h。其中有5例患者先诊断为迟发型CAH,行双侧睾丸B超检查发现双侧睾丸结节,1例因为疑诊Leydig细胞肿瘤行单侧睾丸切除,病理证实良性睾丸结节,另1例在B超下穿刺病理确诊。B超检查示双侧结节为6例而且均为多个结节,仅有1例为单侧结节。结节均为圆形或椭圆形,质地中等,仅有1例患者有压痛。共有3例患者治疗前进行精液常规检查,均表现为无精子症,经过足量糖皮质激素替代治疗12个月后,1例患者精液检查示精子总数达80×109/L,另2例患者无明显改善,但其睾丸结节缩小。结论迟发型CAH患者中,在高水平ACTH持续刺激下导致睾丸结节,但经过足量糖皮质激素替代治疗可使生精功能恢复正常,睾丸结节缩小甚至消退。在肾上腺性征综合征患者中睾丸结节往往被误认为肿瘤,甚至有患者行双侧睾丸切除术,因此要求临床医生增加对该病的认识,以免误诊误治。     

先天性肾上腺皮质增生伴睾丸间质细胞腺瘤性增生一例报告并文献复习

目的提高对先灭性肾上腺皮质增生伴睾丸间质细胞腺瘤性增生的认识。方法总结1例先天性肾上隙皮质增生伴睾丸间质细胞腺瘤性增生患者资料。患者，男，25岁。以双侧睾丸结节就诊。查体见双侧睾丸、附睾结节感，右睾丸增大，表面凹凸不平，质地硬。实验审检查睾酮（T）18．7nmol／L、17α-羟化酶（17α-（OH）P）〉20．0ng／ml、快速ACTH兴奋试验阳性、中剂量地塞米松抑制试验阳性。B超提示双睾丸弥漫性病变合并部分占位，示双侧肾上腺皮质增生。睾丸活枪结果为间质细胞增生结节，免疫组化α-inhibin（＋）。结果结合病史、实验室、影像学及病理学检查诊断为先大性肾上腺皮质增生伴睾丸间质细胞腺瘤性增生。口服氢化可的松替代治疗，40mg／d，2周后30mg／d维持治疗，8个月后超声检查双侧睾丸结节消退。随访2年，肿物无复发。结论双侧睾丸肿块应结合病史和内分泌检查除外先天性肾上腺皮质增生伴睾凡间质细胞腺瘤性增生，经口服皮质激素替代治疗，激素敏感型睾丸间质细胞腺瘤性增生可以消退。     

先天性肾上腺皮质增生伴睾丸肾上腺残余肿瘤研究进展

先天性肾上腺皮质增生(CAH)是一种肾上腺激素合成紊乱的遗传性疾病.＞90%病例是由21-羟化酶缺乏引起,导致糖皮质激素缺乏,多数情况下醛固酮不足,垂体代偿性分泌促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)增多,引起肾上腺皮质增生,同时肾上腺皮质激素前体堆积合成脱氢表雄酮和雄烯二酮增多,游离睾酮产生过量,临床表现为性早熟、睾丸结节、不育、失钠等.     

单侧肾上腺切除作为促肾上腺皮质激素非依赖性肾上腺大结节增生首选治疗方法的可行性分析

目的:本研究拟对促肾上腺皮质激素(adrenocorticotropic hormone,ACTH)非依赖性肾上腺大结节增生(ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia,AIMAH)患者行单侧肾上腺切除术后的临床价值进行评估,以探讨该方法作为治疗AIMAH首选方法...     

肾上腺手术在治疗皮质醇增多症中的疗效评价(附90例报告)

目的：提高皮质醇增多症的治疗水平。方法：总结90例皮质醇增多症的临床资料以及随访情况。90例患者均有库欣综合征的临床表现，内分泌检查提示高皮质醇状态。71例患者影像学检查发现肾上腺肿块，其中左侧32例，右侧34例；双侧肾上腺肿块5例。19例患者显示双侧肾上腺结节样增生。结果：90例患者均行肾上腺手术，其中60例行肾上腺肿块切除加同侧肾上腺部分切除；6例行肾上腺肿块切除加同侧肾上腺全切除；4例行同时行双侧肾上腺全切除术，6例行先后双侧肾上腺全切除术；11例行单侧肾上腺全切除术；3例行先后双侧肾上腺次全切除。病理显示6例原发性色素性皮质结节状肾上腺皮质增生（PPNAD）；5例大结节样肾上腺皮质增生（AIMAH）；57例肾上腺皮质腺瘤；5例肾上腺皮质癌；17例肾上腺皮质结节样增生，其中7例考虑异位ACTH综合征所致。结论：肾上腺皮质腺瘤切除术效果最好，库欣症状改善最显著。迁延难愈的库欣病，单侧肾上腺全切除，在短期内能缓解代谢症状。分时分侧行肾上腺全切除术，对治疗AIMAH和PPNAD更安全、稳定；根据异位ACTH综合征患者症状和病程，可同时行双侧肾上腺全切除或单侧肾上腺全切除。     

肾上腺

后腹腔镜治疗肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤的安全性和实用性探讨；先天性肾上腺皮质增生伴睾丸间质细胞腺瘤性增生一例报告并文献复习；后腹腔镜解剖性肾上腺切除术；乙酰肝素酶和端粒酶在肾上腺皮质癌中的表达     

肾上腺性征异常症的外科治疗

目的探讨肾上腺性征异常症(女性男性化)的外科治疗方法。方法总结1998年至2006年收治21例肾上腺性征异常症患儿的临床资料。患者均为女性,年龄6～15岁,平均9.5岁,其中先天性肾上腺皮质增生(CAH)17例,肾上腺腺瘤4例。CAH中行双侧肾上腺切除术加肾上腺自体组织种植6例,行带蒂肾上腺背部皮下移位术治疗11例;肾上腺腺瘤均采用单纯切除治疗。结果CAH患儿失访1例,近期手术2例.余14例随访4～7年,症状明显改善,13例出现女性第二性征,11例于青春期后月经来潮,术前血清睾酮(1264.8±1 27.1)ng/ml,术后(5.2±5.1)ng/ml(P<0.05);肾上腺腺瘤患儿意外死亡1例,术后1年症状消失3例。结论双侧肾上腺切除加肾上腺自体种植术与带蒂肾上腺背部皮下移位术治疗CAH效果满意,肾上腺腺瘤单纯患侧肾上腺腺瘤切除术效果良好。     

ACTH非依赖性双侧肾上腺皮质增生所致库欣综合征的外科治疗

目的探讨促肾上腺皮质激素（adrenocorticotropic hormone,ACTH）非依赖性双侧肾上腺皮质增生的临床特点与诊治经验。方法回顾性分析1980年1月至2011年5月诊治21例ACTH非依赖性双侧肾上腺皮质增生患者资料,包括8例ACTH非依赖性肾上腺皮质大结节样增生（AIMAH）和13例原发性色素性肾上腺结节增生（PPNAD）。男6例,女15例。年龄12～58岁,平均34.3岁。临床表现为典型库欣综合征（Cushings syndrome,CS）者18例,表现为体重增加、高血压等非特异性症状者3例。CT检查提示双侧肾上腺结节样增生改变者14例,2例提示左肾上腺占位;5例肾上腺未见明显异常。双侧肾上腺全切3例;双侧肾上腺次全切除术2例,为初次手术行单侧肾上腺切除,术后库欣症状复发,再次行对侧肾上腺次全切除术;单侧肾上腺切除16例。结果手术标本病理结果报告8例为AIMAH,13例为PPNAD。随访16～120个月,CS症状消失。16例单侧肾上腺切除术后血尿皮质醇、血钾、血糖等均恢复正常,对侧肾上腺无明显增大;3例行双侧肾上腺全切者术后醋酸可的松终身替代治疗,无尼尔森综合征发生;2例肾上腺次全切除者系一侧肾上腺全切术后随访中库欣症状复发,行对侧肾上腺次全切术后症状完全缓解。结论 AIMAH和PPNAD均为库欣综合征中罕见的特殊类型,首次手术可行单侧肾上腺切除术缓解症状。术后应密切随访,对症状不缓解或复发者可行对侧肾上腺切除或次全切除。     

男性肾上腺生殖综合征的治疗体会(附17例报告)

目的:探讨男性肾上腺生殖综合征的治疗特点。方法:对我院10年收治的17例男性肾上腺生殖综合征患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中先天性肾上腺增生(CAH)15例,肾上腺肿瘤2例;21羟化酶缺陷(21-OHD)与11β羟化酶缺陷(11-βOHD)患者服用皮质激素,17羟化酶缺陷(17-OHD)者除了服用糖皮质激素外,还服用雌激素及接受性腺切除,肾上腺肿瘤患者行手术切除肿瘤。结果:坚持服药的5例21-OHD患者的性早熟症状与实验室检查恢复正常,早期治疗的2例身高改善明显,1例患者的睾丸肾上腺残余肿块服药后明显缩小,3例精液检查显示有精子,但是数量与质量较差,1例停药的患者随诊时发现左睾丸有结节,恢复药物后结节质地变软。1例11β-OHD患者药物治疗后性早熟体征与血压恢复正常,6例17-OHD患者药物治疗与睾丸切除后的女性体征维持较好。肾上腺肿瘤患者随诊未见复发。结论:补充激素治疗可以改善CAH患者的身高与睾丸功能,肾上腺肿瘤需行手术切除肿瘤。     

肾上腺皮质增生类疾病的诊断及外科治疗(附180例报告)

目的 探讨肾上腺皮质增生类疾病的临床诊断及外科治疗方法. 方法 肾上腺皮质增生患者180例.男74例,女106例.年龄6～76岁,平均40岁.其中皮质醇增多症152例,醛固酮增多症28例.180例均行肾上腺手术治疗,术后病理检查均符合肾上腺皮质增生诊断.回顾分析患者临床表现特点、实验室检查结果、肾上腺CT影像特点及疗效. 结果 180例中库欣病(CD)107例,促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)非依赖性肾上腺大结节增生(AIMAH)22例,异位ACTH所致肾上腺皮质增生(EAAH)19例,原发性色素结节样肾上腺皮质增生(PPNAH)4例,特发性醛固酮增多症(IHA)28例.实验室检查前4组平均24 h尿游离皮质醇(24 h UFC)分别为287.6(95.2～535.7)、307.9(24.8～808.2)、852.5(102.5～3127.0)、564.3(243.8～1124.6)μg,皮质醇分泌节律消失比例分别为99%(102/103)、92%(11/12)、100%(17/17)、100%(4/4);AIMAH、EAAH、PPNAH组大、小剂量地塞米松抑制试验(DDST)均不被抑制,CD组大剂量DDST可被抑制.28例IHA患者中血钾降低(<3.5 mmol/L)17例,尿钾升高(>30 mmol/24 h)15例,肾素及醛固酮测定符合诊断.180例患者肾上腺CT检查均提示病变侧肾上腺体积增大.102例皮质醇增多症患者行单侧肾上腺切除,术后1周内CD、AIMAH、EAAH、PPNAH组平均24 h UFC分别为157.4(56.2～233.5)、117.9(22.5～418.5)、756.7(116.5～1137.0)、164.3(124.6～422.6)μg.21例IHA患者行单侧肾上腺病灶切除,术后血压恢复正常8例(38%),较术前下降13例(62%).57例行双侧肾上腺手术治疗(双侧全切39例,一侧全切一侧次全切16例,双侧次全切除2例),其中皮质醇增多症患者术后1周复查24 h UFC为12.8～98.5μg,平均77.6μg;IHA患者血压正常.106例(59%)随访4～158个月,平均32个月,库欣病症状及高血压症状均有改善. 结论 需要手术治疗的肾上腺皮质增生类疾病首选单侧肾上腺全切治疗,后期根据临床观察可选择对侧肾上腺次全切除或全切除,可获得较好治疗效果.     

Prevalence and ultrasound patterns of testicular adrenal rest tumors in adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia

BackgroundTesticular adrenal rest tumors (TARTs) are benign neoplasms affecting patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). The prevalence of TART in adult patients with CAH is not well known. Ultrasonography (US) is the main tool for diagnosing TART and the role of contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) is never investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the TART prevalence in adults with CAH, by stratifying patients according to disease phenotype and assessing the diagnostic performance of US, color Doppler (CD) US and CEUS.MethodsMale patients >16 years old with certain diagnosis of CAH who underwent US for TARTs, between December 2015 and September 2019 were prospectively enrolled. The control group included patients without CAH affected by testicular lesions at US other than TARTs.ResultsTARTs were identified in 16 of 52 patients (31%), of whom 15 (93.8%) displayed the salt-wasting (SW) form (P<0.001). The prevalence of TARTs in patients with the SW form was 54%. One patient with the non-classic (NC) form (6%) showed TART (likely the first documented case). The mean age of patients upon detection of TARTs was significantly younger compared with the control group (P<0.001); moreover, TARTs were bilateral in 15/16 patients (93.8%; P<0.001) and the largest lesion was more frequent in the medium third of testis in the TART group (87.5%), statistically different from the control group (P=0.013).ConclusionsTARTs almost exclusively affected patients with the SW form of CAH. Age at diagnosis and bilateralism are useful factors for achieving a correct diagnosis of TARTs in CAH adult patients.     

Bilateral tumors of the testis in 21-alpha hydroxylase deficiency without adrenal hyperplasia

Congenital 21-alpha hydroxylase deficiency is a syndrome characterized by a cortisol synthesis deficiency and, rarely, by testicular masses. We present a case of bilateral nodular hyperplasia of the testis without adrenal hyperplasia in a patient affected by 21-alpha hydroxylase deficiency. This mass mimicked a testicular tumor and made differential diagnosis with a Leydig cell tumor extremely difficult. Multiple hard nodules (1 cm in diameter) could be palpated in both testes but were more prominent on the right. After an unsuccessful 30-day trial of an adrenocorticotropic hormone suppression regimen with dexamethasone (0.5 mg/qid), a right total orchifunicolectomy was performed. The final histological diagnosis was that of multiple, well-circumscribed nodules consisting of cord-like and microalveolar-like gonadal stroma, typical of an adrenogenital syndrome, and fibrosis. Differential diagnosis between testicular nodules in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and Leydig cell tumors is a major clinical challenge. In cases of cortisol suppression resistant testicular masses, a serum adrenal hormone profile obtained from the gonadal vein and histology of the testicular nodule (with parenchyma sparing surgery) are recommended to obtain a correct diagnosis.     

Benign testicular tumors in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

The association between testicular tumors/nodules and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) has been previously reported. From 1960 to 1989, three patients (13 to 18 years old) with long-standing CAH developed testicular masses. Two patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency were diagnosed in the neonatal period while one other with 11-hydroxylase deficiency was diagnosed at 3 years of age when he presented with sexual precocity. In all three patients, medical compliance was poor. The testicular masses were bilateral in two patients and unilateral in one, measured 1 to 2 cm, and occupied only the upper half of the testicle. Testicular biopsy specimens were obtained after at least 6 months of evidence of compliance with the adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) suppressive medication and failure of the nodules to regress. On gross examination the masses appeared to be firm yellow brown nodules. Light microscopy showed interlacing strands, cords, and rests of cells resembling interstitial (Leydig) cells but with no Reinke crystalloids. Electronmicroscopy in all patients showed variable amounts of both smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, the later with occasional dilated cisternae. Follow-up ranged from 6 months to 6 years. No further surgical treatment has been necessary. There has been no evidence of recurrence, distant metastases, or secondary malignancies during the time of follow-up. These findings suggest that testicular tumors may develop from chronic excessive ACTH stimulation of a putative pluripotential testicular cell, a Leydig cell, or an adrenal cortical rest. Unlike other testicular tumors these do not require orchiectomy as the initial form of therapy.     

Testicular adrenal rest tumours in young adult males with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: prevalence and impact on testicular function

Testicular adrenal rest tumours (TARTs) have been described in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of TARTs in patients with CAH, the associated factors and their impact on gonadal function. It is a prospective study concerning six young adult men with CAH, four cases with 21‐hydroxylase deficiency and two cases with 11‐hydroxylase deficiency. All patients were under glucocorticoid therapy. The mean age was 25 years (range: 20–31). All patients underwent a physical examination with testicular palpation, scrotal ultrasonography, a blood sample for serum testosterone, FSH, LH, inhibin B, ?4‐androstenedione and 17‐OH‐progesterone measurements and a semen analysis. Ultrasound revealed TARTs in four patients; three were bilateral. The mean tumour size was 6.3 ml (range: 0.02–14.1). The tumours were palpable in two cases. 17‐OH‐progesterone was <10 ng/ml in all cases. Decreased testosterone level was found in one case. The semen analysis revealed azoospermia in one case and poor semen quality in four patients. TARTs were common and associated with impaired spermatogenesis.     

A case of bilateral testicular tumors with congenital adrenal hyperplasia

We report a case of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) occurring in a 21-year-old man. He was found to have 21-hydroxylase deficiency shortly after birth in search for the cause of vomiting and adrenal insufficiency, and placed on steroid therapy. He had an uneventful childhood with normal onset of puberty. At the age of 21 years he was hospitalized with bilateral testicular masses. They were non-tender, firm and nodular on palpation. The levels of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17 alpha-OHP) were found to be elevated. Testicular biopsy revealed that the nodule comprised mainly eosinophilic sheets and nests and polygonal cells with abundant, granular cytoplasm, but no crystals of Reinke were seen. Testicular tumor with congenital adrenal hyperplasia is typically bilateral and develops in untreated or inadequately treated males with CAH.     

ACTH-independent bilateral macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia (AIMAH): a case report]

We report a case of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-independent macronodular adrenocortical hyperplasia (AIMAH). A 54-year-old Japanese man was admitted to our hospital for further examination of obesity and hypertension. Endocrinological studies showed that plasma cortisol was high (22.5 micrograms/dl) without diurnal rhythm, and plasma ACTH was low. Two or 8 mg of dexamethasone did not suppress the plasma cortisol levels. Abdominal computed tomography revealed nodular hyperplasia of bilateral adrenal glands. Adrenal scintigraphy showed the positive uptake of 131I-adosterol to bilateral adrenal glands. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed no abnormalities. He was diagnosed as having Cushing's syndrome with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, and bilateral adrenalectomy was performed. Left and right adrenal glands were 52 g and 35 g, respectively, and were occupied by yellow nodular lesions. Histologically, hyperplastic lesions were composed of clear cells. Finally he was diagnosed with AIMAH.     

ACTH非依赖性大结节样肾上腺增生(附三例报告)

目的 探讨ＡＣＴＨ非依赖性大结节样肾上腺增生（ＡＩＭＡＨ）的临床病理特点。方法 回顾性分析３例ＡＩＭＡＨ临床资料,结合文献进行讨论。结果 ３例ＡＩＭＡＨ均有主加兴综合征的临床表现及生化异常,特点是小剂量、大剂量地塞米松抑制,血浆ＡＣＴＨ水平低,ＣＴ示双侧肾上腺结节样增在。３例均行双侧肾上腺切除,病理诊断双侧肾上腺结节样或腺瘤样增生,随诊４２～１０８个月库兴综合征未复发,未发生Ｎｅｌｓｏｎ综合征。结     

促肾上腺皮质激素非依赖性肾上腺皮质大结节样增生的外科治疗

目的 探讨促肾上腺皮质激素(adrenocorticotropic hormone,ACTH)非依赖性肾上腺皮质大结节样增生(ACTH independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia,AIMAH)的诊治经验. 方法 回顾性分析1972年8月至2010年7月诊治14例AIMAH患者资料.男5例,女9例.年龄26～58岁,平均45岁.临床表现为典型库欣综合征( Cushing syndrome,CS)者10例,表现为体质量增加、高血压或高血糖等非特异性症状者4例.生化检查示皮质醇分泌昼夜节律消失,大、小剂量地塞米松抑制试验均不被抑制.CT检查示双侧肾上腺弥漫性增大伴多发结节.14例均行开放手术治疗,其中单侧肾上腺切除5例;一侧肾上腺全切,对侧肾上腺次全切除6例;双侧肾上腺同时切除3例. 结果 14例病理诊断均为肾上腺大结节样或腺瘤样增生.随访12～120个月,平均69个月,CS症状消失.5例单侧肾上腺切除者术后血、尿皮质醇值恢复正常,对侧肾上腺无明显增大.3例双侧肾上腺切除患者中,1例术后7d发生肾上腺皮质功能危象而死亡,2例术后出现皮质功能减退症状,给予糖皮质激素替代治疗.其他患者病情稳定,无Nelson综合征出现. 结论 AIMAH具有独特的临床症状特点,是CS的一种独立罕见类型.首次手术多行单侧肾上腺切除术,可获较长时间的症状缓解.术后应密切随访患者的皮质醇水平、症状和体征,对症状不缓解或复发者可行对侧肾上腺切除或次全切除.     

成龄大鼠肾上腺同种异体肾被膜下种植的实验研究

将１２０只成龄雌性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠双侧肾上腺全切除后，将异体肾上腺组织块种植于肾被膜下（ＳＲＣ）。结果显示：种植组织可存活及再生。单纯种植组术后早期种植组织有淋巴细胞浸润，而应用环孢素Ａ（ＣｓＡ）能抑制排斥反应，再联用ＡＣＴＨ则可促进移植体再生。一定程度再生后停用ＣｓＡ，种植体可长期存活，并发挥正常的分泌功能，其效果与吻合血管的异体肾上腺移植相同。本法技术简单，取材方便，为临床肾上腺同种异体移植提供一简便有效的方法。