肠外营养一般护理及并发症护理进展

从心理护理、无菌技术操作、体温监护、切口护理等方面介绍了肠外营养的一般护理;并阐述了肠外营养常见并发症(代谢性并发症、导管相关性并发症和感染性并发症)的护理。     

肠外营养过程中糖代射紊乱的预防与护理

目的：探讨肠外营养过程中糖代谢紊乱的预防与护理方法。方法：实施肠外营养过程中加强了对糖代谢紊乱的预防、监测与护理。结果：接受肠外营养治疗430例．26例发生并发症，发生率为6．05％，其中糖代谢紊乱5例，占并发症的19．23％。结论：糖代谢紊乱是肠外营养过程中常见的并发症之，严重影响患者对营养的吸收和康复，在临床护理中应密切注意监测，使用正确的静脉输注技术，尽可能地避免或预防并发症的发生，一旦发生及时处理，以确保肠外营养得以继续和安全实施。     

肠外营养在大肠癌术后患者中的应用及护理

总结了104例大肠癌术后患者应用肠外营养的效果及护理措施,包括肠外营养的配制、心理护理、术后加强病情观察、预防感染和空气栓塞等并发症,认为严格无菌操作,加强临床护理,有效的预防了术后并发症的发生,促进患者康复。     

27例超低出生体重儿肠外营养的护理

总结了27例出生体质量＜1000g的超低出生体重儿(extremely low birth weight infant,ELBWI)肠外营养的护理经验.通过脐静脉通路建立肠外营养,加强对生长发育和并发症的观察和护理,尤其是对高血钾、低血糖及肠外营养相关性胆汁淤积症的预防和护理,本组惠儿顺利过渡到肠内营养.     

原发性肝癌围手术期的营养护理

总结了53例原发性肝癌患者的围手术期营养护理,包括营养方法;术前饮食护理、肠内营养护理、肠外营养护理;术后肠外营养护理、肠内营养护理。认为加强原发性肝癌患者的围手术期营养护理,能纠正术前营养不良,可提高机体免疫力和对手术的耐受性,及时发现营养支持是否有效及相关并发症,减少营养支持的不良反应,为营养支持提供了安全保障,有利于肝癌患者术后早日康复。     

胃癌根治136例围手术期肠外营养支持的护理

目的 观察围手术期肠外营养的应用效果及总结护理经验,方法 对136例胃癌根治患者围手术期实施肠外营养并进行观察.结果 患者术后均顺利进行了7～10 d的肠外营养,营养状况明显改善.结论 肠外营养保证了机体对营养的需求,有利于减少术后吻合口瘘、切口感染,切口裂开等并发症.     

实用重症监护护理

重症患者的营养支持2胃肠外营养2.6胃肠外营养的护理胃肠外营养的护理可分为静脉置管操作护理、导管护理、输液护量、患者监测和并发症的观察等方面。2.6.1静脉置管操作护理2.6.1.1置管前的护理(1)心理护理在置管前,护理人员应了解患者的病情和营养状况,向其解释应用胃肠外营养的重要性和进行静脉置管的过程,消除患者的顾虑和紧张。同时,告诉患者配合的方法,以减少并发症的发生。(2)环境的准备最好在手术室或换药室内进行,在床边操作时应尽量减少人员走动,避免扫地等清洁工作,减少来自环境的污染;使用围帘或屏风遮挡,注意保护患者隐私。(3)…     

ICU危重患者肠内营养支持及护理发展现状

现代营养治疗学指出,营养支持治疗并不是单纯提供营养、维持氮平衡,更重要的作用是保持机体组织、器官的结构功能,维持细胞代谢,参与生理功调控与组织恢复,改善机体免疫功能[1].长期全肠外营养会导致肠黏膜萎缩、通透性增高、免疫功能障碍及肠道细菌易位,肠内营养较肠外营养并发症少,合理的护理管理能减少肠内营养所致肠道并发症[2].     

经鼻肠管对重症胰腺炎肠内营养支持的护理

我科对重症胰腺炎早期开展肠外营养，同时实施肠内营养支持治疗，患的营养状态得钊较好改善，避免了肠外营养深静脉穿刺不当造成损伤及感染等并发症。本将对经鼻肠管重症胰腺炎的肠内营养支持护理介绍如下：     

鼻空肠喂养管在儿童重症胰腺炎中应用的护理体会

营养治疗在重症急性胰腺炎综合治疗中具有重要意义,治疗方案包括肠内营养(EN)和肠外营养(PN),而早期肠内营养较肠外营养更安全、有效、经济,且并发症较PN少。本研究对鼻空肠三腔喂养管应用于儿童急性胰腺炎中的护理经验进行总结,认为只要加强护理,正确处理各种相关并发症,鼻空肠喂养管在儿童重症胰腺炎中应用可达到满意的效果。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.