小盾纤恙螨自然感染肾综合征出血热病毒和恙虫病立克次体的调查

目的：为有效控制肾综合征出血热（HFRS）和恙虫病提供科学依据。方法：采用龙笼法捕活鼠，收集鼠体外恙螨，分别用Vero-E6细胞和小鼠接种分离HFRS病毒（HFRSV）与恙虫病立克次体（R.t).结果：1995年5月至1996年4月，捕活鼠421只，鼠体外收集恙螨11762只，其中小盾纤恙螨出现在9－12月，高峰为11月，是当地10－11月鼠体外绝对优势螨种，分别从小盾纤恙螨分离到5株HFRSV和10株R.t.结论：小盾纤恙螨分别存在HFRSV和R.t的自然感染，具备HFRS和恙虫病传染媒介的先决条件。     

山东地区秋冬型恙虫病传播媒介的调查研究

目的：探讨山东地区恙虫病传播媒介。方法：1995年5月～2002年4月在山东恙虫病疫区捕鼠。观察鼠体外恙螨季节消长，分离恙虫病东方体(Ot)。结果：室内外共捕捉到的527只活鼠(黑线姬鼠335只，大仓鼠119只，黑线仓鼠6只，小麝鼩2只，褐家鼠63只，小家鼠2只)，从活鼠体外共检获15467只恙螨，其中太平洋无前恙螨最多5720只，其它螨数量依次为小盾纤恙螨4175只，临淮岗纤恙螨3090只，须纤恙螨1687只，泰山纤恙螨466只，脆弱无前恙螨329只。恙螨季节变化：小盾纤恙螨主要出现在9～12月，高峰在11月，是秋季鼠体外绝对优势种；须纤恙螨出现在10～翌年4月，高峰在12月，为冬季优势螨种，临淮岗纤恙螨5月出现，11月消失，高峰在8月，为夏季优势种；泰山纤恙螨主要出现在6～10月，数量较少，且起伏较大；太平洋无前恙螨、脆弱无前恙螨全部采自仓鼠，主要出现在4～12月，高峰期在7月。Ot分离：小盾纤恙螨共接种11批，分离到5株Ot；须纤恙螨、临淮岗纤恙螨和太平洋无前恙螨分别接种4批，分离到4株、2株和2株Ot。小盾纤恙螨是恙虫病发病季节疫区鼠体外优势螨种，季节消长与当地人群恙虫病季节分布基本一致；能自然感染、叮刺传播和经卵传递恙虫病东方体；被恙螨叮刺或悬液接种的小白鼠血清中能检测到特异性抗体，以上结果证明小盾纤恙螨为当地秋冬型恙虫病的传播媒介。血清学分型：除从临淮纤恙螨分离到的1株为Karp型外，其余分离株均为Gilliam型。从不同材料中分离到的Ot毒力相差不大，均属弱毒株，分离株与标准株间有交叉免疫保护能力。现场和实验室杀螨实验表明，小盾纤恙螨对敌敌畏和以二氯苯醚菊酯为主的杀虫剂均很敏感，且防治效果至少可维持1个月以上。结论：小盾纤恙螨为当地秋冬型恙虫病的主要传播媒介，同时其它螨种也有充当恙虫媒介的可能。     

小盾纤恙螨经卵传递病原体研究

目的　探索快速取得大量小盾纤恙螨未食子代幼虫的方法 ,以适应研究恙螨经卵传递病原体的需要。方法　将小黑板放置在肾综合征出血热 (HFRS)及恙虫病疫区草地上 ,10min后取回计算螨数并鉴定螨种。该法可收集到大量小盾纤恙螨未食子代幼虫。 2 0～ 3 0只幼虫为 1批叮刺 1只小白鼠乳鼠以分离汉坦病毒 (HV)或叮刺 1只小白鼠以分离恙虫病东方体 (Ot)。结果　 2 4批恙螨幼虫叮刺乳鼠 ,分离到 5株HV ;6只小白鼠被恙螨幼虫叮刺 ,分离到 2株Ot。试验中所用幼虫未曾叮刺过 ,但鼠被这些幼虫叮刺后能感染上HV和Ot ,表明这些螨所带病原体系由母代螨经卵传递而来。结论　小黑板可采集到疫区草地上大量小盾纤恙螨未食幼虫 ,为研究恙螨经卵传递病原体提供了一种快速、简便、经济的方法。研究结果证明小盾纤恙螨可经卵传递HV和Ot,可作为HFRS和恙虫病的传播媒介。     

秋冬型恙虫病病人、恙螨、鼠东方体基因型研究

目的 了解秋冬型恙虫病流行季节黑线姬鼠、小盾纤恙螨、病人体内恙虫病东方体(Orientia tsutsugamushi，Ot)基因型的一致性。方法采用Nested PCR结合限制性内切酶片段长度多态分析(RFLP)技术对山东地区恙虫病流行季节病人、野外优势鼠种黑线姬鼠、鼠体外优势螨种小盾纤恙螨标本中Ot-Sta56基因型进行分析。结果 应用PCR／RFLP分析了12株分离自山东秋冬型恙虫病流行季节病人、黑线姬鼠、小盾纤恙螨体内的ot，2份采自黑线姬鼠体外的小盾纤恙螨匀浆及10份恙虫病人全血中的Ot-sta56目的基因，24份标本酶切图谱经与已知序列的ot内切酶图谱相比，与日本地方株-Kawasaki株具有相似的酶切图谱，但缺乏HhaⅠ的酶切位点；24份标本提取的Ot-DNA扩增产物分别经型引物扩增，均出现相应分子量的扩增片段，皆属日本地方株Kawasaki型。结论 秋冬型恙虫病流行季节病人、野外优势鼠种黑线姬鼠、鼠体外优势螨种小盾纤恙螨体内所分离的恙虫病东方体Sta56基因型是一致的，并在病人、黑线姬鼠、小盾纤恙螨间构成相互传播关系，这对当地恙虫病疫源地的维持有重要作用。     

小盾纤恙螨自然感染、叮刺传播和经卵传递流行性出血热病毒的研究

为查明小盾纤恙螨在传播流行性出血热(EHF)上的媒介意义,我们于1988年10~11月,在陕西EHF疫区捕鼠,取459份鼠肺用IFAT检测EHFV抗原,阳性26份,阳性率为5.7%,并从鼠体采集的小盾纤恙螨分离到EHFV6株。1989年10月,将捕自非疫区的黑线姬鼠28只置放于疫区草地上,所有的鼠均诱集到游离的小盾纤恙螨幼虫,并从鼠分离到EHFV3株。以上结果证明小盾纤恙螨能自然感染和叮刺传播EHFV,并提示有经卵传递EHFV的能力,表明小盾纤恙螨具有作为EHF传播媒介的条件。     

山东费县地区秋冬型恙虫病传播媒介小盾纤恙螨的研究

费县于1986年发现有恙虫病流行,为查明该病的媒介,于1995.5～1997.4在费县方城镇进行了调查研究.发现小盾纤恙螨是恙虫病疫区鼠体外的优势螨种;季节消长与当地人群恙虫病季节分布基本一致;能自然感染、叮刺传播和经卵传递恙虫病立克次体(Rt);被恙螨叮刺或悬液接种的小白鼠血清中能检测到特异性抗体,血清学分型属Gilliam型.证明小盾纤恙螨为当地秋冬型恙虫病的传播媒介.     

小盾纤恙螨在传播人类疾病中的作用

为查明小盾纤恙螨在传播人类疾病中的作用，于１９８８～１９９０年和１９８６～１９９３年分别对陕西省肾综合征出血热（ＨＦＲＳ）和江苏省秋季型恙虫病进行了研究。结果表明：小盾纤恙螨是鼠体恙螨的优势种，其季节消长与这两种病在居民中的发病季节一致；它能自然感染ＨＦＲＳ病毒和恙虫病立克次体，并能经叮刺传播和经卵传递ＨＦＲＳ病毒和恙虫病立克次体。证明小盾纤恙螨可作为ＨＦＲＳ和秋季型恙虫病的传播煤介。     

宁德市恙虫病自然疫源地调查

「目的」了解宁德市恙虫病自然疫源地情况。「方法」捕抓农田活鼠检恙螨,用ＰＣＲ技术检测病原体;采取人和鼠血清检测恙虫病抗体。「结果」地里纤恙螨出现５～１０月,是夏秋季鼠体外绝对势种;小板纤恙螨１０月至翌年４月,高峰在１１月,是冬春季鼠体外优势种。鼠血清抗体阳性率１１．８％（４３／３６３）,小板纤恙螨ＰＣＲ扩增阳性率４．２％（２／４８）。「结论」宁德市存在恙虫病的疫源地,夏秋季流行的恙虫病,地里纤螨为主要传播媒介;冬春季以小板纤恙螨为主要传播媒介。     

我国秋冬型恙虫病媒介恙螨的研究概况

1986年前,我国恙虫病仅知流行于浙江省及其以南地区,主要属夏季型,以地里纤恙螨为主要媒介。1986年在江苏、山东发生恙虫病流行,属秋冬型。此后,在天津、山西、河北、河南、安徽、北京发现流行,吉林、辽宁、黑龙江有病例报告。在江苏和山东,小盾纤恙螨为恙虫病疫区鼠体的优势螨种,季节消长与居民恙虫病的季节分布相一致,能自然感染、叮刺传播和经卵传递恙虫病东方体（Orientiatsutsugamushi,Ot）,以上结果证明小盾纤恙螨是我国秋冬型恙虫病的主要传播媒介。山东的须纤恙螨和临淮岗纤恙螨,山西的姬鼠纤恙螨,吉林的东方纤恙螨是可疑的媒介。     

山东费县地区秋冬型恙虫病传播媒介小盾纤恙螨的研究

费县于１９８６年发现有恙虫病流行，为查明该病的媒介，于１９９５．５～１９９７．４在费县方城镇进行了调查研究，发现小盾纤恙螨是恙虫病疫区鼠体外的优势螨种，季节消长与当地人群恙虫病季节分布基本一致，能自然感染，叮刺传播和经卵传递恙虫病立克次体（Ｒｔ）；被恙螨叮刺或悬液接种的小白鼠血清吧有检测到特异性抗体，血清分型属Ｇｉｌｌｉａｍ型，证明小盾纤恙螨为当地秋冬型恙虫病的传播媒介。     

Pharma in the bedroom . . . and the kitchen. . . . The pharmaceuticalisation of daily life

This paper examines the consequences of a new emphasis on lifestyle in the production, marketing and consumption of pharmaceuticals. Over the past decade, a range of medicines have become available that address aspects of lifestyle, while others have been the subject of lifestyle marketing. We argue, with recourse to a broad literature from the social sciences, economics and health services research and from our study of pharmaceutical consumption, that two processes can be discerned. First, there is a domestication of pharmaceutical consumption, with drugs available via home computers, and marketing of pharmaceuticals that focuses upon private or personal conditions and addresses domestic activities such as sex and cooking. Secondly, there is a pharmaceuticalisation of everyday life as the pharmaceutical industry introduces profitable medicines for a range of daily activities and pharmaceuticals come to be seen by consumers as a 'magic bullet' to resolve problems of daily life. We suggest that the pharmaceuticalisation of daily life links the economics and politics of pharmaceutical production to the private lives of citizens.     

Proceedings of the 2014 A.S.P.E.N. Research Workshop

The human and earth microbiomes are among the most important biological agents in understanding and preventing disease. Technology is advancing at a fast pace and allowing for high‐resolution analysis of the composition and function of our microbial partners across regions, space, and time. Bioinformaticists and biostatisticians are developing ever more elegant displays to understand the generated megadatasets. A virtual cyberinfrastructure of search engines to cross‐reference the rapidly developing data is emerging in line with technologic advances. Nutrition science will reap the benefits of this new field, and its role in preserving the earth and the humans who inhabit it will become evidently clear. In this report we highlight some of the topics of an A.S.P.E.N.‐sponsored symposium held during Clinical Nutrition Week in 2013 that address the importance of the human microbiome to human health and disease.     

Violence-related outcomes of the D.A.R.E. plus project.

The objectives of this study were to examine outcomes of the Minnesota D.A.R.E. Plus Project on violence-related behaviors among middle school students and mediation analyses that test how the intervention was effective in reducing physical and verbal violence. Twenty-four schools were randomly assigned to the D.A.R.E. middle school curriculum, the D.A.R.E. Plus multicomponent intervention, or control. The study cohort completed a self-report questionnaire at baseline and two follow-ups. The results showed that boys had higher rates of violence and victimization than girls. The D.A.R.E. Plus program was more effective in preventing violence among boys than among girls. It appears that the small behavioral effect that D.A.R.E. Plus did demonstrate on physical and verbal violence among boys was entirely mediated by a decrease of norms that support violence, an increase in outcome expectancies about being violence-free, and an increase in parental consequences for fighting.     

L.I.F.E. and D.E.A.T.H

In this short, rhetorical article, I offer a thought experiment that seeks to make an analogy between ‘life’ and ‘disease’. This article was written whilst under the influence of Nietzsche, and I hope that readers will not mistake the polemical style and the occasional nod towards humour for flippancy. This is a serious subject, and this article attempts to ask, inexplicitly, a serious question. If we do suspend our subjective value judgements about life, and strip away what might be considered the ‘dogma’ of value in life, what effect might this have on our feelings towards voluntary euthanasia, and what can our reaction to that thought experiment tell us?