The psychometric evaluation of Korean translation of the Personal Resource Questionnaire 85-Part 2

BACKGROUND: Although the Personal Resource Questionnaire (PRQ 85-Part 2) has been widely used to measure perceived level of social support, results of psychometric evaluation of the measure with a Korean population are not currently available in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To assess the psychometric properties of the Korean language version of the PRQ 85. METHOD: An empirical validation of the theoretical relationships among the construct, social support, as measured by the PRQ 85, and other related constructs was conducted. In addition, factor structure comparison with a cross-validation technique was utilized on a combined sample of 555 Korean adults from three independent studies. RESULTS: Construct validity for the Korean PRQ 85 was evidenced by statistically significant correlations of perceived social support with the theoretically relevant variables such as depression and psychosocial adjustment. Using principal axis factoring with an oblique rotation, the two-factor solution was found to be most satisfactory in the first random sample and was cross-validated in the second sample, accounting for 52% and 54.1% of the total variance, respectively. Inspecting the distribution of variables within the factors, however, only the first factor appeared to be a construct-related factor; the second factor, which was exclusively represented by negatively keyed items, was method-related. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that a one-factor solution can be used to accurately describe a substantive (or construct-related) factor pattern of the Korean version of the PRQ 85. Although researchers generally agree that negatively worded questions are important in order to minimize the "response bias," this approach appeared to be problematic for Koreans who used the translated PRQ 85. Further research is warranted to explicate this important methodological issue in cross-cultural instrumentation.     

Measuring resource utilization in patient-oriented comparative effectiveness research: a psychometric study of the Resource Utilization Questionnaire

In the United States, rising health care costs have led to discussion about bending the cost curve. To understand the true burden of disease and its treatment, costs of care, including those incurred by patients and their families, must be comprehensively assessed using psychometrically sound instruments. The Resource Utilization Questionnaire (RUQ) is a 21-item self-report questionnaire first developed to measure the costs incurred by families of infants who had required intensive care during the newborn period. The purpose of this article is to describe the conceptualization of resource utilization and costs and other methodological issues in conducting economic analyses, the process of adapting the RUQ for use in children and families with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and the psychometric evaluation to establish content and criterion validity of the instrument. The finalized modified RUQ for T1DM (mRUQ-T1DM) contained 25 items reflecting direct (5 items) and nondirect (3 items) health care, patient/family time (8 items), and patient/family productivity (9 items) costs using a 3-month recall. The mRUQ-T1DM validly measures cost incurred by children and families with T1DM and is easily completed by parents. Furthermore, the mRUQ-T1DM may be adapted for use in other populations using a similar process.     

The Duke-UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire. Measurement of social support in family medicine patients

A 14-item, self-administered, multidimensional, functional social support questionnaire was designed and evaluated on 401 patients attending a family medicine clinic. Patients were selected from randomized time-frame sampling blocks during regular office hours. The population was predominantly white, female, married, and under age 45. Eleven items remained after test-retest reliability was assessed over a 1- to 4-week follow-up period. Factor analysis and item remainder analysis reduced the remaining 11 items to a brief and easy-to-complete two-scale, eight-item functional social support instrument. Construct validity, concurrent validity, and discriminant validity are demonstrated for the two scales (confidant support--five items and affective support--three items). Factor analysis and correlations with other measures of social support suggest that the three remaining items (visits, instrumental support, and praise) are distinct entities that may need further study.     

The revised Personal Lifestyle Questionnaire for early adolescents

The purposes of this study were to revise the Personal Lifestyle Questionnaire (PLQ), a measure of positive health practices, for use with early adolescents and to provide evidence of reliability and validity for the revised PLQ instrument. The sample consisted of 224 seventh and eighth graders who responded to the revised PLQ and instruments measuring three theoretically relevant variables. Relative to the revised PLQ, content validity was established, construct validity was determined by support of three hypotheses derived from theoretical propositions, and a two-factor solution was accepted in factor analysis procedures using principal components analysis with Varimax rotation. Acceptable reliabilities were obtained on the total revised PLQ and Factor 1; the reliability for Factor 2 fell slightly below the acceptable standard.     

Understanding social support for patients with cancer

This article considers some of dimensions of social support that can impact on the quality of life of people with cancer, their carers and their family.     

Personality predicts perceived availability of social support and satisfaction with social support in women with early stage breast cancer

Goals of work  

This study examines the relationships between personality, on the one hand, and perceived availability of social support (PASS) and satisfaction with received social support (SRSS), on the other hand, in women with early stage breast cancer (BC). In addition, this study examined whether a stressful event (i.e., diagnosis) is associated with quality of life (QOL), when controlling for PASS and SRSS.     

Measuring quality of life with the German Osteoporosis Quality of Life Questionnaire in women with osteoporosis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate quality of life in women suffering with osteoporosis with or without vertebral fractures for the first time with the German version of the osteoporosis quality of life questionnaire (OQLQ) and to correlate the German OQLQ with the medical outcome survey short-form health survey 36 (MOS SF-36). METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, the OQLQ and the MOS SF-36 were randomly administered to 100 postmenopausal osteoporotic women with a median age of 73.5 (quartiles 65.0; 80.0) years in order to evaluate their quality of life. RESULTS: Of the total number, 56 women had osteoporosis with at least one vertebral fracture and 44 women had osteoporosis without vertebral fracture. All items of the OQLQ as well as the MOS SF-36 showed significantly worse values for the women with vertebral fracture compared to those without vertebral fracture. Both questionnaires' domains evaluating physical wellbeing correlated strongly with each other, supporting the concept of convergent construct validity. The OQLQ domain "emotional function" showed higher correlations with different MOS SF-36 subscores than the MOS SF-36 subscore "role emotional" with the different OQLQ domains. CONCLUSION: The German version of the OQLQ was demonstrated to be feasible. Significantly, worse results in the German OQLQ for postmenopausal osteoporotic women compared to those without vertebral fracture revealed discriminant validity. The disease-targeted OQLQ seems to better reflect problems associated with low emotional wellbeing because of osteoporotic vertebral fracture.     

Clarifying the social support theory-research linkage

Social support is a multi-faceted concept that has been difficult to conceptualize, define and measure. Although this concept has been extensively studied, there is little agreement among theoreticians and researchers as to its theoretical and operational definition. As a result, the concept remains fuzzy and almost anything that infers a social interaction may be considered social support. Social support researchers have consistently ignored the complexity of the concept and have measured the variable in a simplistic manner. The purpose of this article is to analyse the linkage between theory and research related to social support by categorizing definitions of social support, exploring the theoretical aspects and conceptualizations of the concept, proposing models of social support, and examining how social support is measured in current social support research (1993–1996). The inadequacy of current research and directions for future study are discussed.     

老年人心理健康状况及与社会支持的相关性

目的：调查老年人心理健康基本状况，分析其与社会支持的关系。 方法：于2004-07采取方便取样方式对182名60岁及60岁以上的老年人进行老年人心理健康问卷和社会支持问卷调查，包括基本人口学资料、心理健康和社会支持的调查。①人口学资料有性别、年龄、受教育程度、婚姻状况、居住场所等。②老年心理健康问卷包括性格、情绪、社会适应、人际关系和认知功能5个维度50道题。要求选择“是”、“否”其中一个符合自己实际情况的答案。回答“是”记1分，“否”记0分，总分为5个维度得分之和。③采用社会支持量表调查社会支持状况，包含客观支持、主观支持和对支持的利用度3个维度10个项目，总分等于各个维度之和。在问卷调查、资料收集、数据录入和分析各个环节都进行严格的质量控制。对数据主要采用t检验、方差分析和Pearson相关分析。 结果：发放问卷200份，回收合格问卷182份，有效率91．0％。①老年人心理健康状况量表总分（30．82&;#177;9.19），心理健康各因子性格、情绪、适应、人际，认知5个方面的评分分别为（5．35&;#177;1．97），（4．92&;#177;2．37），（8．27&;#177;3．18），（8．19&;#177;2．66），（4．08&;#177;2．28）；与北京城区老年人心理健康状况的百分等级常模进行比较处于中等水平。②男性老年人情绪和认知维度的得分均高于女性，性别差异显著（t=-2．42，P〈0.05；t=-2.76，P〈0．01）。③低年龄组老年人在认知方面好于高年龄组老年人，差异达到显著水平（t=2．01，P〈0．05）。④城市老年人在适应方面好于农村老年人（t=-2．72，P〈0．01）。⑤受教育程度不同，老年人总的心理健康状况差异非常显著（F=7．44，P〈0．001）。高学历者好于低学历者和不识字者。⑥老年人客观支持、主观支持和对支持的利用度3个维度的评分分别为（10．24&;#177;3．26），（16．23&;#177;3．95），（7．38&;#177;1．84），而社会支持总分为（33．86&;#177;6．85），与国内人群常模（34．56&;#177;3．73）进行t检验，差异无显著性意义（t=1．03，P〉0．05）。⑦心理健康与总体社会支持显著相关，并与主观支持、客观支持和支持的利用度显著相关。性格、情绪与主观支持相关，适立、认知与主客观支持相关，人际与社会支持3个维度均呈正相关。 结论：老年人的心理健康状况良好，男性老年人好于女性。有文化老年人好于没有文化者。主观支持和对支持的利用度与老年人心理健康显著相关，其中主观支持的相关性最高：是提高老年人心理健康的关键。     

老年人心理健康状况及与社会支持的相关性

目的:调查老年人心理健康基本状况,分析其与社会支持的关系。方法:于2004-07采取方便取样方式对182名60岁及60岁以上的老年人进行老年人心理健康问卷和社会支持问卷调查,包括基本人口学资料、心理健康和社会支持的调查。①人口学资料有性别、年龄、受教育程度、婚姻状况、居住场所等。②老年心理健康问卷包括性格、情绪、社会适应、人际关系和认知功能5个维度50道题。要求选择“是”、“否”其中一个符合自己实际情况的答案。回答“是”记1分,“否”记0分,总分为5个维度得分之和。③采用社会支持量表调查社会支持状况,包含客观支持、主观支持和对支持的利用度3个维度10个项目,总分等于各个维度之和。在问卷调查、资料收集、数据录入和分析各个环节都进行严格的质量控制。对数据主要采用t检验、方差分析和Pearson相关分析。结果:发放问卷200份,回收合格问卷182份,有效率91.0%。①老年人心理健康状况量表总分(30.82±9.19),心理健康各因子性格、情绪、适应、人际、认知5个方面的评分分别为(5.35±1.97),(4.92±2.37),(8.27±3.18),(8.19±2.66),(4.08±2.28);与北京城区老年人心理健康状况的百分等级常模进行比较处于中等水平。②男性老年人情绪和认知维度的得分均高于女性,性别差异显著(t=-2.42,P<0.05;t=-2.76,P<0.01)。③低年龄组老年人在认知方面好于高年龄组老年人,差异达到显著水平(t=2.01,P<0.05)。④城市老年人在适应方面好于农村老年人(t=-2.72,P<0.01)。⑤受教育程度不同,老年人总的心理健康状况差异非常显著(F=7.44,P<0.001)。高学历者好于低学历者和不识字者。⑥老年人客观支持、主观支持和对支持的利用度3个维度的评分分别为(10.24±3.26),(16.23±3.95),(7.38±1.84),而社会支持总分为(33.86±6.85),与国内人群常模(34.56±3.73)进行t检验,差异无显著性意义(t=1.03,P>0.05)。⑦心理健康与总体社会支持显著相关,并与主观支持、客观支持和支持的利用度显著相关。性格、情绪与主观支持相关,适应、认知与主客观支持相关,人际与社会支持3个维度均呈正相关。结论:老年人的心理健康状况良好,男性老年人好于女性。有文化老年人好于没有文化者。主观支持和对支持的利用度与老年人心理健康显著相关,其中主观支持的相关性最高,是提高老年人心理健康的关键。     

社交焦虑障碍患者人格特征及社会支持研究

目的探讨社交焦虑障碍患者的人格特征及社会支持特征。方法对38例社交焦虑障碍患者（研究组）及30名正常人（对照组）采用艾森克个性问卷和社会支持评定量表进行评定,并进行对比分析。结果研究组艾森克个性问卷的N、L维度分均显著高于对照组,E维度分显著低于对照组（P〈0．01）,社会支持评定量表总分及主观支持和对支持利用度因子分均显著低于对照组（P〈0．05或0．01）。结论社交焦虑障碍患者具有神经质、内向和过度掩饰的个性特征;且主观支持和对支持的利用度较低,需社会给予关注。     

腹膜透析患者社会功能与社会支持的相关性研究

目的探讨腹膜透析患者社会功能和社会支持之间的相关性。方法应用社会功能缺陷筛选表和社会支持评定量表对171例终末期肾病患者进行评定。结果 129例患者存在社会功能缺陷,占75.44%;社会功能缺陷得分与社会支持总分(r=-0.289,P0.05)、主观支持得分(r=-0.189,P0.05)、对支持的利用度(r=-0.569,P0.01)呈负相关。结论临床护理中应加强腹膜透析患者的社会支持,促进其社会功能的改善。