彩色多普勒超声和数字减影血管造影检测颅外颈动脉狭窄的临床对比研究

目的 评价血管超声检查在颅外颈动脉粥样硬化斑块并狭窄检测中与全脑数字减影血管造影（digital subtraction angiography,DSA）检查的一致性.方法 对80例脑梗死或者有慢性脑供血不足包括短暂性脑缺血发作和高度怀疑有血管狭窄的患者颈部105条动脉颅外段同时进行血管超声及DSA检查,以DSA检查结果为金标准,分析血管超声检查对血管狭窄程度为轻度、中度、重度及闭塞的颈部动脉病变检出的敏感性、特异性及准确性.并分别对超声强回声组和非强回声组,有症状组和无症状组的敏感性、特异性及准确性进行比较.结果 血管超声检查对血管狭窄程度为轻、中度、重度及闭塞的颈部动脉病变检出的敏感性分别79.4％、47.2％、57.1％、92.9％,特异性分别为71.8％、85.5％、94.0％、98.9％,准确性分别为73％、72.4％、86.7％、98.1％.强回声组血管超声的一致性较非强回声组的好,症状性动脉狭窄组血管超声的一致性较无症状性动脉狭窄组好,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 血管超声技术对颈部动脉病变,特别是在严重狭窄或闭塞性病变的检测中有较高的准确性,可以应用于临床上动脉狭窄的筛查.     

Quantitative assessment of carotid stenosis: comparison between Doppler ultrasound, spiral computed tomography angiography, magnetic resonance angiography and digital angiography

BACKGROUND: The North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial has confirmed the benefit of carotid endarterectomy in comparison to medical treatment in stroke prevention in symptomatic patients having a carotid stenosis of 70% or more. The Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study has concluded that the benefit of surgical treatment remains significant in asymptomatic patients with 60% (or more) stenosis of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery, when mortality rate remains inferior to 3%. In these two trials, angiography has been used to quantify the stenosis. Though this test is carrying some neurological and renal risks, replacing the angiography stenosis grading for a non or less invasive test, seems to be permissible. METHODS: In our retroprospective study, the assessments of the carotid stenosis by several non-invasive tests findings were compared to the angiography results. Nineteen carotid arteries of fifteen patients, both symptomatic and asymptomatic, having a carotid stenosis at least 60% or more and being detected by the Doppler ultrasound were explored either by magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), spiral computed tomography angiography (SCTA) and angiography. RESULTS: The ultrasonography and angiography findings were well correlated (r=0,88; p<0.002) according to the Spearman test. The assessments of the MRA were better correlated to the angiography than to the SCTA (respectively r=0.91, p<0.0001 and r=0,68, p<0.001). Using both ultrasonography and MRA as a confirmatory test, the rate of injustified carotid endarterectomy was 25%. And this rate rose up to 33% when the ultrasonography was used with the SCTA. It is noteworthy that negative predictive value of ARM was 100%. To reduce the mortality rate, several surgical teams managed the carotid stenosis without angiography. CONCLUSION: MRA could replace angiography, on condition that the rate of unjustified carotid endarterectomy lowers and becomes acceptable. Far reaching complementary studies are necessary to confirm the fiability of those non-invasive tests. In order to raise the benefit to carotid endarterectomy, the research studies should turn to the predictive score determination of a surgical international risk and towards the "High benefit" patients groups after endarterectomy.     

冠状动脉计算机断层扫描血管造影双低扫描对冠状动脉狭窄的诊断性能

目的观察分析冠状动脉(冠脉)计算机断层扫描血管造影(CTA)双低扫描对冠脉狭窄的诊断性能。方法选取2017年7月至2018年7月于宝鸡市妇幼保健院经心电图诊断疑似冠脉狭窄的患者94例,分别进行计算机断层扫描血管造影双低扫描检查和数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查,将接受计算机断层扫描血管造影检查的患者纳入观察组(n=114),数字减影血管造影检查的为对照组(n=108)。记录两组患者的诊断结果,分析两组检查方法的灵敏度、特异度、准确度,以及对冠脉狭窄程度的检测结果。结果计算机断层扫描血管造影双低扫描检查的灵敏度为96.67%,特异度为80.00%,准确度95.74%。在对狭窄程度诊断结果的比较中,计算机断层扫描血管造影双低扫描与DSA的诊断结果比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论冠脉计算机断层扫描血管造影双低扫描能够清晰显示冠脉狭窄的部位、程度,准确性较好,且对患者辐射量小,可以应用于对冠脉狭窄的诊断。     

Integrated single-photon emission computed tomography and computed tomography coronary angiography for the assessment of hemodynamically significant coronary artery lesions.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the physiologic significance of coronary artery lesions with an integrated single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) device. BACKGROUND: Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with SPECT is of value for assessing the physiologic significance of coronary lesions. Computed tomography coronary angiography is a new technique to noninvasively detect coronary stenosis, with high sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) but lower specificity and positive predictive value (PPV). The experimental SPECT/CTCA hybrid imaging device (Infinia gamma camera and LightSpeed16 CT, General Electric, Milwaukee, Wisconsin) enables concurrent assessment of coronary anatomy and myocardial perfusion. METHODS: Fifty-six patients with angina pectoris underwent single-session SPECT-MPI and CTCA with the hybrid device and coronary angiography (CA) within 4 weeks. The ability of fused SPECT/CTCA images to diagnose physiologically significant lesions showing >50% stenosis and reversible perfusion defects in the same territory was determined and compared with CTCA stand-alone. RESULTS: Of a total of 224 coronary segments in 56 patients, 12 patients and 54 segments (23%) were excluded from further analysis of CTCA. Overall, 170 coronary segments were evaluated. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of CTCA were 96%, 63%, 31%, and 99%, respectively, as compared with 96%, 95%, 77%, and 99%, respectively, for SPECT/CTCA. CONCLUSIONS: Hybrid SPECT/CTCA imaging results in improved specificity and PPV to detect hemodynamically significant coronary lesions in patients with chest pain. Single-photon emission computed tomography/CTCA might play a potentially important role in the noninvasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease and introduce an objective decision-making tool for assessing the need for interventions in each occluded vessel.     

Assessment of renal artery stenosis: side-by-side comparison of angiography and duplex ultrasound with pressure gradient measurements.

AIMS: A ratio of distal renal pressure to aortic pressure (P(d)/P(a)) <0.90 can be considered a threshold for defining a significant renal artery stenosis (RAS). The aim of this study was to compare renal angiography (QRA) and colour duplex ultrasound (CDUS) to pressure measurements in assessing RAS. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 56 RAS, percent diameter stenosis (DS(angio)), minimal luminal diameter (MLD), Doppler-derived peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), and renal-to-aortic ratio (RAR) were obtained and compared with the P(d)/P(a) measured with a 0.014" pressure wire. P(d)/P(a) correlated with angiography- and CDUS-derived parameters. The best correlation was observed with EDV (R = -0.61). To identify stenosis associated with a P(d)/P(a) < 0.90, the diagnostic accuracy of DS(angio) > 50%, MLD < 2 mm, PSV > 180 cm/s, EDV > 90 cm/s and RAR > 3.5 were, respectively, 60%, 77%, 45%, 77% and 79%, yet, with a high proportion of false positives (38%, 15%, 55%, 11% and 15%, respectively) indicating an overestimation of the severity of the RAS by both QRA and CDUS. New cut-off values for QRA- and CDUS-derived indices were proposed. CONCLUSION: Generally accepted QRA and CDUS-derived indices of RAS severity overestimate the actual severity of RAS. This 'overdiagnosis' is likely the main cause of the disappointing results of renal angioplasty for renovascular hypertension.     

64层螺旋CT与冠状动脉造影诊断冠状动脉狭窄的对比研究

目的评价64层螺旋CT冠状动脉成像(64-slice spiral computed tomographic coronary angiography,64-SCTCA)对冠状动脉各节段狭窄病变的诊断价值。方法85例疑诊为冠状动脉性心脏病(冠心病)患者,先后行64-SCTCA和冠状动脉造影(coronary angiography,CAG)检查,评价64-SCTCA诊断冠状动脉各节段狭窄病变的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确性。结果①在CAG可清晰显影的744个节段中,64-SCTCA造影可清晰显示和评价的占639段(85.89%),另外105段(14.11%)显影不清。左主干和前降支可评价节段的比例显著高于左回旋支和右冠状动脉(P0.001),同一支血管中近段可评价的比例显著高于远段(P0.001);②64-SCTCA诊断冠心病的敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性和阴性预测值分别为96.23%、90.63%、94.44%、93.55%、94.12%。按可评价节段计算,64-SCTCA诊断冠状动脉各节段有意义狭窄病变总的敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性和阴性预测值分别为89.06%、95.89%、84.44%、95.33%、94.32%;③按可评价节段计算,64-SCTCA对诊断左主干、左前降支、左回旋支和右冠状动脉各节段病变的价值相似,但检测冠状动脉近中段病变的价值高于远段(χ2=4.66,P=0.03)。结论64-SCTCA对冠状动脉狭窄病变有较好的诊断价值,其检测左主干和左前降支病变的价值高于左回旋支和右冠状动脉,对冠状动脉近段病变的诊断价值高于远段,适合于冠心病的筛查。     

Noninvasive assessment of renal artery stenosis by combined conventional and color Doppler ultrasound

We describe four angiographically-proven patients in whom Doppler color flow imaging in conjunction with conventional Doppler correctly diagnosed significant renal artery stenosis in three and ruled out stenosis in the fourth case.     

Color‐coded duplex ultrasound for diagnosis of renal artery stenosis and as follow‐up examination after revascularization

Currently, angiography is still considered to be the gold standard for the diagnosis of a renal artery stenosis (RAS). However, angiography is invasive and carries the potential risk of haematoma, pseudoaneurysm, contrast agent induced nephropathy, and athermanous embolization. Color‐coded duplex ultrasound is a noninvasive frequently repeatable bed‐side examination and is currently the only diagnostic method to reliably differentiate between a hemodynamically relevant or irrelevant stenosis using the side‐to‐side difference of the intrarenal resistance index (RI). There is a highly specific correlation between a side difference of the RI of >0.05 and an at least 70% angiographic diameter stenosis. All other duplex parameters like a peak systolic flow velocity >200 cm/sec or a renal aortic flow velocity ratio >3.5 are correlated to a 50 or 60% angiographic diameter stenosis and offer therefore indeed a high sensitivity in terms of detecting a RAS; however, the specificity detecting a hemodynamically relevant RAS is low. Provided that duplex ultrasound is performed by an experienced physician with an adequate machine it should be the preferred imaging method. The present article gives an overview about the literature related to duplex based diagnosis of RAS and as a follow‐up diagnostic procedure following RAS revascularization. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Non-invasive assessment of coronary artery bypass grafts by computed tomography: comparison with conventional coronary angiography

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Although it has been demonstrated that the diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography in the non-invasive assessment of major epicardial coronary arteries is high, only a few studies have evaluated the technique's reliability in assessing coronary artery bypass grafts. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of multidetector computed tomography in the assessment of coronary grafts. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We prospectively evaluated 117 coronary grafts in 38 patients who had undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery and who had a clinical indication for angiographic graft assessment. All patients were in sinus rhythm and had a heart rate below 75 bpm. A 16-detector scanner was used for non-invasive assessment of the coronary grafts at a slice thickness of 1.2 mm. The diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography in the non-invasive assessment of significant lesions (i.e., occluded lesions or those with a stenosis greater than 50%) in coronary artery bypass grafts was evaluated by comparison with the results of conventional angiography. RESULTS: Of the 117 grafts evaluated, 99 (84.6%) were visualized by conventional angiography and 109 (93.2%) by computed tomography. Overall, 98 grafts were analyzed using both techniques. The sensitivity and specificity of computed tomography in detecting significant lesions were: 92% and 97.3%, respectively, for all grafts; 89.5% and 97.6%, respectively, for venous grafts; and 100% and 96.8%, respectively, for arterial grafts. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic accuracy of multidetector computed tomography in coronary artery bypass graft assessment was high.     

16排CT对冠状动脉桥血管病变评估的临床应用价值

目的探讨16排计算机断层扫描技术对冠状动脉桥血管病变评估的临床应用价值。方法本研究共入选62例冠状动脉旁路移植术后患者,其中6例因心率控制不佳被排除。对其余56例共152条桥血管(其中内乳动脉桥48条,隐静脉桥104条)分别用16排CT造影(CTA)和常规冠状动脉造影(CAG)进行检查。CTA检查均通过回顾性心电图门控方法进行。患者平均心率(58±6)次/min。在CTA检查过程中以4ml/s速度静脉注入120ml的Visipaque320造影剂。冠状动脉桥血管的通畅和狭窄程度由两位有经验的医师来评估。结果在本研究中,CTA方法能显示所有冠状动脉桥血管;CTA还能显示所有桥血管近端吻合处以及71%的远端吻合处。并且,经CTA检查发现有29条桥血管发生闭塞,13条桥血管有显著狭窄病变。通过CAG检查比较CTA结果证实:在所有42条CTA检查发现闭塞或狭窄的冠状动脉桥血管中,CAG显示有34条桥血管有闭塞或狭窄;在所有110条CTA检查显示正常的冠状动脉桥血管中,CAG显示有108条桥血管正常,有8例假阳性和2例假阴性发生。CTA检查的敏感性94%,特异性95%;阳性预测值86%,阴性预测值99%。结论CTA可提供清晰的冠状动脉桥血管图像以及较高的诊断准确性。CTA可作为评估冠状动脉桥血管病变的一种无创检查方法。     

Clinical utility of computed tomography and magnetic resonance techniques for noninvasive coronary angiography

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive review of the literature relating to electron beam angiography (EBA), magnetic resonance angiography, and spiral computed tomography, currently the three most promising noninvasive methods to visualize obstructions in the coronary tree. BACKGROUND: Given the high costs and invasiveness of coronary angiography, there is increased interest in noninvasive coronary angiography, which has made great strides to become a clinically useful tool to augment conventional coronary angiography (CCA). METHODS: MEDLINE searches were performed to include all articles related to noninvasive angiography utilizing either magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), multi-row detector spiral computed tomography (MDCT), and electron beam tomography (EBT). Weighted analysis was performed to define the published sensitivity and specificity for each technique. RESULTS: Electron beam angiography (EBA) provides an overall sensitivity of 87% and specificity of 91% for the detection of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). Four-level MDCT data demonstrated an overall sensitivity of 59% and specificity of 89%, with higher accuracy in two recent studies of 16-level detector devices. Magnetic resonance angiography demonstrated sensitivity for detection of obstructive CAD of 77% and specificity of 71%. CONCLUSIONS: Noninvasive coronary angiography is a rapidly developing technique and currently not an alternative to CCA in all cases. All three methods are currently used clinically in certain centers with appropriate expertise. Selective use should prove both cost-effective and provide a safer, less-invasive method for patients to determine the need for medical versus revascularization therapy.     

Effective radiation dose of three diagnostic tests in cardiology: Single photon emission computed tomography,invasive coronary angiography and cardiac computed tomography angiography

IntroductionDiagnostic tests that use ionizing radiation play a central role in cardiology and their use has grown in recent years, leading to increasing concerns about their potential stochastic effects.The aims of this study were to compare the radiation dose of three diagnostic tests: single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), invasive coronary angiography (ICA) and cardiac computed tomography (cardiac CT) and their evolution over time, and to assess the influence of body mass index on radiation dose.MethodsWe assessed consecutive patients included in three prospective registries (SPECT, ICA and cardiac CT) over a period of two years. Radiation dose was converted to mSv and compared between the three registries. Differences over time were evaluated by comparing the first with the fourth semester.ResultsA total of 6196 exams were evaluated: 35% SPECT, 53% ICA and 22% cardiac CT. Mean radiation dose was 10.7±1.2 mSv for SPECT, 8.1±6.4 mSv for ICA, and 5.4±3.8 mSv for cardiac CT (p<0.001 for all). With regard to the radiation dose over time, there was a very small reduction in SPECT (10.7 to 10.5 mSv, p=0.004), a significant increase (25%) in ICA (7.0 to 8.8 mSv; p<0.001), and a significant reduction (29%) in cardiac CT (6.5 to 4.6 mSv, p<0.001). Obesity was associated with a significantly higher radiation dose in all three exams.ConclusionsCardiac CT had a lower mean effective radiation dose than invasive coronary angiography, which in turn had a lower mean effective dose than SPECT.There was a significant increase in radiation doses in the ICA registry and a significant decrease in the cardiac CT registry over time.     

Impact of coronary calcium score on diagnostic accuracy for the detection of significant coronary stenosis with multislice computed tomography angiography

One hundred twenty patients in sinus rhythm with suspected coronary artery disease who underwent multislice computed tomography of the heart and conventional coronary angiography were retrospectively selected. The population was divided into 2 groups depending on their calcium score (CS) (e.g., low CS and high CS). The diagnostic accuracy of multislice computed tomographic scans for detecting significant lesions (>50% lumen reduction) in both groups was compared with quantitative coronary angiography. The sensitivity and specificity of multislice computed tomography were 90% and 92%, and 97% and 91% for low and high CS groups, respectively.