阿片类和苯丙胺类毒品依赖人员滥用酒精情况调查

目的:观察阿片类和苯丙胺类毒品依赖人员滥用酒精情况,探讨吸毒成瘾人员滥用酒精的行为特征。方法:对187例阿片类物质依赖和270例苯丙胺类物质依赖人员滥用酒精的结果进行比较分析。结果:苯丙胺类物质依赖者滥用酒精的比率高达77%,与阿片类物质依赖者滥用酒精差异显著,尤以滥用亚甲基二氧基甲基苯丙胺(摇头丸)人员同时服用酒精最为常见(92%)。结论:滥用苯丙胺类中枢兴奋剂者普遍滥用酒精,而阿片类滥用者很少使用酒精。     

毒品依赖者的成瘾行为与心理、社会因素的相关性

有资料表明，95％以上的吸毒成瘾人员在戒毒后一段时间内，如再次接触毒品，又会复吸。成瘾性的形成是一个综合性的过程，受多种因素调控，既有心理性、社会性因素，也有人格特征、基因遗传等因素，社会因素也是导致复吸的重要原因之一。本文从社会人口学特征、心理因素和社会支持几个方面分析、阐述这些因素与成瘾行为的相关性。     

213例新型毒品依赖者心理健康与个性特征、应对方式的关系

目的了解新型毒品依赖者的心理健康水平、个性特征与应对方式的关系,为新型毒品依赖者的心理康复和脱毒提供依据。方法用自编的一般情况调查表、症状自评量表（SCL-90）、艾森克人格问卷（EPO）、特质应对方式问卷（TCSQ）分别对213例新型毒品依赖者进行测验和比较。结果①新型毒品依赖者SCL-90总均分与各因子分均显著高于正常人群;②新型毒品依赖者的SCL-90总均分与神经质、精神质和消极应对呈显著正相关,与积极应对呈负相关;③神经质、积极应对和消极应对是新型毒品依赖者心理健康的重要预测变量。结论新型毒品依赖者心理健康水平较正常人群差,神经质和应对方式是影响其心理健康的重要因素。加强个体不良个性的矫正,调整新型毒品依赖者的应对方式,可能更有益于改善其心理状况。     

阿片类和苯丙胺类依赖人员滥用酒精的分析

目的:观察阿片类和苯丙胺类毒品依赖人员滥用酒精情况,探讨吸毒成瘾人员滥用酒精的行为特征.方法:对187例阿片类物质依赖和270例苯丙胺类物质依赖人员滥用酒精的结果进行比较分析.结果:苯丙胺类物质依赖者滥用酒精的比率高达77%,与阿片类物质依赖者不用酒精差异显著,尤以滥用二亚甲基双氧苯丙胺(摇头丸)人员同时服用酒精最为常见(92%);且滥用苯丙胺类中枢神经兴奋剂躯体依赖潜隐,精神依赖明显,存在危害轻微的误区.结论:滥用苯丙胺类比阿片类更多滥用酒精.     

阿片类依赖者脱毒期间焦虑、抑郁分析

目的:探索阿片依赖者在脱毒期间的焦虑和抑郁情况。方法:用汉密尔登焦虑量表(HAMA)和汉密尔登抑郁量表(HAMD),对阿片类依赖者于入院时、入院一周时进行评定。结果:阿片类依赖者入院时或一周时的焦虑、抑郁总分明显高于中国人常模,分别达到轻度至中度焦虑、抑郁。而入院时和入院一周时焦虑、抑郁总分无显著差异,但部分项目有统计学差异。结论:阿片类依赖者普遍存在焦虑、抑郁情绪,在整个戒毒过程和康复治疗时期应给予高度关注。     

不伴精神症状的苯丙胺类兴奋剂依赖者家庭环境因素的初步分析

目的:初步分析不伴精神症状的苯丙胺类兴奋剂依赖者的家庭环境。方法:选择60例苯丙胺类兴奋剂依赖者自评中文版的家庭环境量表(FES-CV)。结果:该类苯丙胺类兴奋剂依赖者的家庭环境量表中亲密度、矛盾性、娱乐性、控制性等因子分均高于国内常模,差异有显著性(分别:t=2.543,P=0.014;t=2.361,P=0.022;t=2.186,P=0.033;t=2.571,P=0.013);情感表达、成功性、知识性等因子分低于国内常模,差异有显著性(分别:t=-2.213,P=0.031;t=-2.631,P=0.011;t=-2.268,P=0.027);同时,亲密度与控制性呈正相关(r=0.308,P<0.05),情感表达与组织性呈正相关(r=0.430,P<0.01),矛盾性与独立性、知识性、娱乐性、道德宗教观、控制性呈正相关(r=0.271,P<0.05;r=0.512,P<0.01;r=0.493,P<0.01;r=0.425,P<0.01;r=0.413,P<0.01),独立性与知识性、道德宗教观、控制性呈正相关(r=0.372,P<0.01;r=0.370,P<0.01;r=0.374,P<0.01),知识性与娱乐性、道德宗教观、控制性呈正相关(r=0.805,P<0.01;r=0.698,P<0.01;r=0.648,P<0.01),娱乐性与道德宗教观、控制性呈正相关(r=0.637,P<0.01;r=0.691,P<0.01),控制性与道德宗教观呈正相关(r=0.501,P<0.01)、与组织性呈负相关(r=-0.381,P<0.01)。结论:不伴精神症状的苯丙胺类兴奋剂依赖者具有高亲密度、低情感表达、高矛盾性、低成功性、低知识性、高娱乐性和高控制性的家庭环境特点。建议结合相关性研究制定针对家庭环境变化的家庭综合干预的心理治疗,有助于尽快康复。     

毒品依赖者的行为抑制功能的实验研究

目的:研究美沙酮维持治疗者和强制戒毒人员的行为抑制功能,进一步探讨美沙酮作为一种替代性药物对于毒品依赖者的意义。方法:通过行为实验的方法,采用E-prime编制程序来了解海洛因依赖者的行为抑制功能,使用SPSS17.0对数据进行统计分析。结果:强制戒毒者的行为抑制功能的表现明显弱于正常组和美沙酮组;美沙酮维持治疗者的行为抑制功能与正常人比较,没有显著差异;三组被试的反应正确率之间没有差异。结论:美沙酮维持治疗改善了毒品依赖者的行为抑制功能,对改变毒品依赖者的高危行为,减少与吸毒有关的违法犯罪等方面有重要的意义。     

毒品依赖者心理健康状况护理分析

目的：探讨毒品依赖者的心理健康状况与护理方法研究。方法：采用症状自评量表和社会支持量表对戒毒所收治的36例毒品依赖者进行调查分析,并和正常组对照。结果：毒品依赖者的社会支持总分和客观支持分、主观支持分、支持利用度等3个因子分数明显低于对照组,尤以客观支持分为低,毒品依赖者中男性客观支持分和对支持的利用度高于女性,社会支持总分和各因子分大都与SCL-90总分及各因子分呈负相关。结论：毒品依赖者的社会支持差,社会支持与其心理健康状况密切相关。     

男性阿片类依赖者认知能力的改变

目的:调查阿片类依赖者认知能力的改变,并探讨基本认知能力测验的临床应用价值。方法:对42例男性阿片类依赖者和42例男性健康者实施了基本认知能力测验。结果:阿片类依赖组与健康对照组相比,汉字快速比较和无意义图形再认(P<0·05)、数字快速拷贝和双字词再认(P<0·01)、心算效率和数字工作记忆广度(P<0·001)等成绩明显降低。结论:阿片类依赖者认知能力明显受损;基本认知能力测验对评价阿片类依赖者的认知功能有较高的临床应用价值。     

苯丙胺类兴奋剂依赖者心理状况与脑干听觉诱发电位的相关性分析

目的:探讨苯丙胺类兴奋剂依赖者心理状况与脑干听觉诱发电位的相关性.方法:采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)和脑干听觉诱发电位对35例苯丙胺类兴奋剂依赖者进行测试.结果:(1)苯丙胺类兴奋剂依赖者躯体化、焦虑、敌对、偏执等4个因子分高于国内常模均分,除偏执因子分有高度显著性差异(t=2.487,P=0.018)外,其余因子...     

苯丙胺滥用者心理健康状况及其与患者个性的相关性分析

目的：研究苯丙胺滥用者的心理健康状况及其与个性的关系。方法：采用心理症状自评量表和卡特尔16种人格因素量表,对苯丙胺滥用者（119例）与正常人群（109例）的心理健康状况和个性特质进行对比研究,应用多元方差分析和回归分析进行统计处理。结果：相对正常人群,苯丙胺滥用者的敌对和躯体化程度较高（敌对：F[1424]=16.32,P〈0.01;躯体化：F[1424]=6.72,P〈0.05）,苯丙胺滥用者的个性特质对他们的心理健康状况具有显著的影响;苯丙胺滥用者的个性特质中的恃强性、兴奋性、敢为性、敏感性、怀疑性和幻想性显著高于对照组。结论：苯丙胺滥用者存在严重的心理健康问题,并且苯丙胺滥用者的个性特征对其心理健康状况具有显著的影响。     

An investigation of cigarette smoking behavior and nicotine dependence among Chinese opiate addicts

To explore the characteristics of nicotine dependence among Chinese opiate addicts, a survey was conducted among 357 opiate addicts in Drug Detoxification and Rehabilitation Center from 4 different provinces by using a self-designed questionnaire and Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Among the 357 opiate addicts, 355 (99.4%) had the history of cigarette smoking and the mean cigarette smoked per day were 19.1, 34.9, 21.5 and 21.5 sticks during the time of before drug taking, addiction phase, abstinence period and after abstinence respectively. Among 347 smokers with FTND score, 67.2% were severe nicotine dependence (FTND score ≥ 7.0). The lower education degree, injection, poly-drug use and 3 or more relapse were dependently associated with the severe nicotine dependence, and the adjusted odds ratio (OR) were 3.8 (1.5–10.0), 2.3 (1.3–4.0), 3.7 (2.1–6.5) and 1.9 (1.1–3.4) respectively. This study exhibited high rate of cigarette smoking in Chinese opiate addicts and the majority had severe nicotine dependence and suggested that a comprehensive intervention of cigarette smoking should be paid attention to during substance abuse treatment in China.     

绵阳市滥用阿片类物质成瘾者艾滋病相关知识、行为及生物学监测分析

目的：了解滥用阿片类物质成瘾者艾滋病相关知识、行为及生物学现状,为开展健康教育和行为干预提供依据。方法：在绵阳市涪城区、游仙区社区内采用滚雪球等方法招募滥用阿片类物质成瘾者319名,在绵阳市强制隔离戒毒中心随机抽取新入所的滥用阿片类物质成瘾者82名,由经过培训的专业人员逐一进行问卷调查,并采血作HIV抗体、HCV抗体和梅毒抗体检测。结果：调查滥用阿片类物质成瘾者401名,艾滋病相关知识总知晓率为92．61％;当前使用的主要毒品为海洛因者占96．01％,静脉注射吸毒占69．33％,最近1个月（或入所前1个月）未与他人共用过针具;最近1次性行为时安全套使用率为62．82％;最近1次与商业性伴发生性行为时安全套使用率为75％;最近1年接受艾滋病预防服务措施覆盖率为97．26％;HIV抗体阳性率为1％,HCV抗体阳性率为66．83％,梅毒抗体阳性率为1．51％。结论：绵阳市滥用阿片类物质成瘾者艾滋病相关知识知晓率较高,HIV抗体阳性率和注射毒品共用针具的比例明显下降,但安全套使用率较低,高危行为依然存在,需要继续加强各项干预措施的落实。     

Relationship between behavioral and nociceptive changes in attacked mice: effects of opiate antagonists

The relationship between analgesia and behavior during and after an aggressive encounter was investigated in saline- and opiate antagonist-treated DBA mice. A low number of bites induced an analgesia that was reversed by -chlornaltrexamine but not by naloxone, and that correlated positively with increased displays of defensive upright and immobility upon contact with the opponent. Extended attacks induced a naloxone-sensitive analgesia that was linked to a delayed occurrence of panic escape behavior. In the post-conflict phase, the degree of immobility and analgesia correlated positively in attacked mice. Naltrexone prevented this analgesia and lowered immobility. Endogenous opioids released during social conflict may induce analgesia and immobility in DBA mice.     

Correlation between brain nitric oxide synthase activity and opiate withdrawal

The opiate withdrawal induced by administration of naloxone to morphine-dependent mice correlates with an increment of calcium- dependent nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in the cerebellum. L-NAME, an irreversible competitive inhibitor of NOS (0.5, 5, 25, 50 mg/kg) injected sc. 45 min. prior to naloxone significantly reduced the number of escape jumps and other motor symptoms of abstinence. In addition, L-NAME also decreased NOS activity in cerebellum. L-arginine, but not D-arginine, when coadministered with L-NAME, prevented both the inhibition of NOS activity and the reduction of withdrawal symptoms induced by L-NAME in morphine-withdrawn animals. These results demonstrate a hyperactivity of the L-arginine: NO pathway in opiate withdrawal and suggests the possibility of a therapeutic use of NOS inhibitors in this state.Abbreviations EAA Excitatory amino acid - LC Locus coeruleus - L-NAME N-nitro L-arginine methyl ester - NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate - NO Nitric oxide - NOS Nitric oxide synthase     

Pharmacokinetics of methadone and its primary metabolite in 20 opiate addicts

In a closed metabolic ward the pharmacokinetics of methadone and its primary metabolite (EDDP) were studied in 20 long-term opiate addicts. After administration of the daily oral dose of methadone HCl (mean 60 mg, range 10–225 mg) blood samples were taken and analysed, using a newly developed high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The steady-state plasma concentrations of the 20 subjects varied from 65–630 ng·ml^–1 and from 5 to 55 ng·ml^–1, whereas the peak concentrations were 124–1255 ng·ml^–1 and 10 – 301 ng·ml^–1 for methadone and EDDP, respectively. The calculated ratios between the area under the curve (AUC_{(0–24 h)}) for methadone and the AUC_{(0–24 h)} for EDDP varied from 5.9 to 44.6, indicating interindividual differences in metabolic activity. In 19 out of 20 subjects the pharmacokinetics of methadone are best described using a two-compartment model. The mean body clearance was 1.64 ml·min^–1·kg^–1, whereas the mean elimination rate constant () and plasma half-life (t _1/2) were 0.026·h^–1 (range 0.013–0.053·h^–1) and 31.2 h (range 13–53 h), respectively. Differences of gender were also found. A poor correlation was found between the methadone dose and the steady-state level. A much better correlation was found between the normalized steady-state level and the body clearance.     

Drug-using mothers: social, psychological and substance use problems of women opiate users with children

The present study looks at patterns of drug use and alcohol use, social and economic circumstances, criminal involvement and health problems among a sample of 66 women opiate users with children. Data were collected using a structured interview. The women reported a wide range of substance use and other problems including depression. Many were heavy and regular drinkers. Most of the women were in a relationship with an opiate user: one-third reported that their partner had been physically violent towards them. Almost all of these women were living in a state of poverty. Many of the mothers were in conflict regarding their dependence upon drugs and their fears about their children being taken into care. The women who were most severely dependent upon both heroin and alcohol felt that if they sought treatment this might help them to avoid having their children taken into care. At the same time they were afraid that, by approaching treatment, this might increase the risk of their children being taken from them. Services should seek to reduce the barrier to treatment presented by the anxieties of women with children as well as improving facilities for the care of women with children.     

父母教养方式与海洛因依赖者人格特征的关联性研究

目的:探讨海洛因依赖者父母教养方式对其人格的影响.方法:运用父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)及艾森克个性成人问卷(EPQ)对100名具有高中文化、年龄在19～24岁的海洛因依赖者进行问卷调查,并与100名正常人群加以比较分析.结果:①研究组中父母教养方式及海洛因依赖者人格特征与对照组存在差异性.其中父亲的FSS2(惩罚、严厉)、FSS3(过分干涉)、FSS6(过度保护);母亲的MSS2(过分干涉、过度保护)、MSS4(惩罚、严厉)因子得分均高于对照组.父亲的FSS1(情感温暖、理解)因子得分低于对照组,差别具有显著或非常显著性意义(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).②艾森克个性成人问卷(EPQ),研究组中N(神经质)、P(精神质)、L(掩饰性)、E(内外向)因子得分均高于对照组(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).结论:海洛因依赖者父母教养方式对其人格特征的影响与正常人有着明显不同.温暖、理解的教养方式有利于子女个性发展和正常人格的形成;父母惩罚严厉、易形成情绪不稳、敏感、掩饰性等人格特征.本文为预防青少年吸毒提供了理论依据.     

Comparative effects of opiate agonists on proximal and distal colonic motility in dogs

The colonic motility index was measured in dogs, by using strain-gauge transducers, before and after administration of opiate agonists. Fentanyl, a μ-compound, ethylketazocine (EKC), a κ-compound, [D-Ala²,Leu⁵]enkephalin (DADLE), a δ-agonist, were administered by intravenous (i.v.) or intrathecal (i.t.) routes. Fentanyl (2–10 nmol · kg⁻¹ i.v.) induced a dose-related period of hyperactivity characterized by an increase in both tone and frequency of contractions in the distal portion of the colon, whereas a period of hypomotility following a short-lived period of increased activity was elicited on the proximal colon. Fentanyl (0.1, 0.2 nmol · kg⁻¹ i.t.) had inhibitory effects on both proximal and distal colon. Small doses of EKC (2–4 nmol · kg⁻¹) administered i.t. or larger doses (20–40 nmol · kg⁻¹ i.v.) inhibited colonic motility for a dose-related duration, the effects of EKC being more marked on the distal colon than on the proximal colon. The administration of DADLE, 1–2 nmol · kg⁻¹ i.t., and 40-20 nmol · kg⁻¹ i.v., inhibited and stimulated the colonic contractions, respectively, in both proximal and distal colon. The results demonstrated that the colonic opiate-mediated responses may vary according to the route of administration, the portion of the colon studied and the opioid agonist used. Opiate agonists when administered centrally show a tendency to modulate colonic activity in a similar way whatever the type of agonist.