老年血液透析患者血浆中利钾尿肽与心钠素的变化

目的　探讨行血液透析的老年患者血浆中利钾尿肽 (KP)与心钠素 (ANP)的变化。方法　选择 2 0 0 1年我科收治的伴有高血压的终末期肾病 (ESRD)行血液透析的老年患者 8例 ;选择同期老年原发性高血压病 (EH) 1～ 3级高危患者而肾功能正常者 2 5例为对照组。应用超声心动图仪测量室间隔、左室后壁厚度、左室舒张末内径并计算出左室心肌重量 (L VM) ;监测 2 4 h动态血压 ,测出平均收缩压 (SBP)及舒张压 (DBP) ;同时测定血浆中的 KP与 ANP、血肌酐、尿素氮。结果　 ESRD组左室心肌重量 (LVM)高于 EH组 (P<0 .0 5) ,且 KP及 ANP亦高于 EH组 ,尤其 KP更有明显差异 (P<0 .0 0 1 )。血透结束时收缩压升高 (P<0 .0 0 1 ) ,KP、ANP也高于血透前。结论　老年 ESRD血透患者血浆中 KP、ANP升高可能与伴发高血压有关。     

阿罗洛尔及咪唑普利对高血压病患者利钾尿肽与心钠素比值的影响

目的　探讨利钾尿肽 (KP)与心钠素 (ANP)比值在老年高血压病治疗中的作用。方法将 60例老年高血压病患者随机分为两组 ,分别给予阿罗洛尔 (2 0～ 30mg/d)、咪唑普利 (5～ 1 0mg/d)治疗 6周 ,并检测治疗前后血浆中KP与ANP的浓度。结果　治疗前与对照组比较 ,高血压病患者血浆KP、ANP水平升高 ,KP/ANP比值降低 (P <0 0 0 1 )。治疗后两组患者血压均明显下降 (P <0 0 0 1 ) ,组间差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5)。阿罗洛尔组血浆KP、ANP水平升高 ,咪唑普利组下降 ,两组KP/ANP比值均升高 (P <0 0 0 1 )。结论　KP含量及KP/ANP比值的改变 ,在老年高血压病治疗中起着一定的作用。     

老年慢性肾功能衰竭患者左室心肌质量的改变(附90例临床分析)

目的　探讨老年慢性肾功能衰竭 (CRF)患者心肌质量的变化及相关危险因素。方法　应用超声波心动图对老年 CRF ～ 期患者90例 ,老年原发性高血压病 1～ 2级高危 (EH)而肾功能正常患者 74例及健康老年人 40例的室间隔、左室后壁厚度、左室舒张末内径以及射血分数进行测量 ,计算出左室心肌质量 (LVM) ;监测 2 4 h动态血压 ,测出平均收缩压及舒张压 ;同时测定血肌酐、尿素氮、血红蛋白、血清白蛋白 ,并进行统计学分析。结果　老年 CRF患者 LVH发生率高 (96.70 % ) ;其扩张型肥厚及非对称型肥厚明显多于原发性高血压组。L VM明显增加 ,本组 CRF患者的 LVM平均为 2 0 9.92± 53.57g/ m2 ,与对照组 1 35.67± 2 9.68g/ m2及高血压组 1 91 .45± 41 .50 g/ m2比较 ,差异有显著性意义 (P<0 .0 1 )。CRF患者的 LVM增加 ,除与血压增高的程度 (r=0 .51 1 ,P<0 .0 0 1 )相关外 ,还与血肌酐 (r=0 .60 1 ,P<0 .0 0 1 )、尿素氮 (r=0 .52 1 ,P<0 .0 0 1 )、血红蛋白(r=0 .545,P<0 .0 0 1 )、血清白蛋白 (r=0 .374,P<0 .0 0 1 )等密切相关 ,与高血压病程 (r=0 .0 0 3,P<0 .370 )、舒张压 (r=0 .0 95,P<0 .386)无明显相关。结论　老年 CRF患者心肌质量的改变由多种因素所致 ,设法减轻 LVM是 CRF的重要治疗目标。     

收缩压,舒张压,脉压在糖尿病并高血压病人肾脏损害中的意义

目的研究2型糖尿病及高血压病患者脉压(PP)与尿微量白蛋白(UmAlb)的关系,为早期防治肾脏损害提供临床依据.方法对271例患者1, 2型糖尿病患者(DM)87例、高血压病患者(EH)85例和2型糖尿病合并高血压病患者(DM+EH)99例进行血压检测和UmAlb测定.结果 DM组UmAlb与收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)相关性不显著(P>0.05);而与PP显著正相关(P<0.05).EH组UmAlb与SBP和PP呈显著正相关(P<0.05),而与DBP相关性则不显著(P>0.05);EH+DM组UmAlb与SBP、DBP、PP均呈显著正相关(P<0.01及0.05).UmAlb与PP相关的显著性在EH+DM组中最大,r=0.282,P=0.002,三组患者中反映肾功能的其他指标则与SBP、DBP和PP无相关性.结论在上述3种病人中只有PP总是与早期肾损害相关.因此,为防止DM和EH患者肾脏损害加重,降低PP甚为重要.     

高血压患者心脏重构与早期肾功能损害及脂联素的相关性探讨

目的 探讨老年高血压(EH)患者心脏重构与早期肾功能损害及脂联素的相关性.方法 老年高血压病患者221例、老年正常对照组116名均采静脉血测定血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Cr)及脂联素(APN),留24 h尿测定尿微量白蛋白,并计算内生肌酐清除率(Ccr).所有患者行心脏超声检测,测量舒张期末左室内径(LV)、舒张期末左室后壁厚度(LVPW)、舒张期末室间隔厚度(IVS),计算左室重量指数(LVMI).结果 EH早期肾功能损害组的IVS、LVPW、LVM、LVMI和脂联素均显著高于肾功能正常组(P<0.05).在30 mL/min≤Ccr<60 mL/min组与Ccr≥90 mL/min组比较,LVPW、LVM、LVMI和脂联素显著增大(P<0.05),而LV和IVS无统计学意义(P>0.05);3组间两两比较,各指标无统计学差异(P>0.05).EH的左室重构组中尿白蛋白的排泄率显著高于无左室重构组(P<0.05),Ccr显著低于无左室重构组(P<0.05),而BUN、Cr无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 高血压早期肾功能损害对心血管重构有显著影响;肾功能是脂联素的显著调节因素,而低脂联素血症是心血管疾病的预测因素.     

原发性高血压患者夜间血压水平与左室重塑及高敏C一反应蛋白的关系

目的 探讨原发性高血压患者(EH)夜间血压水平与左室重塑及高敏C-反应蛋白(hs - CRP)的关系.方法 140例EH按夜间平均血压增高与不增高分为两组.观察组62例,对照组78例,进行24 h动态血压监测、超声心动图、hs - CRP测定.结果 观察组夜间的最高收缩压(SBP)及舒张压(DBP)、最低SBP、平均SBP和DBP与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);观察组左心房内径(LAD)、室间隔厚度(IVST)、左心窒后壁厚度(LVPWT)、左心室重量(LVM)、左心室重量指数(LVM),与对照组比较有统计学意义(P＜0.05)).观察组hs - CRP和对照组比较明显升高(P＜0.05).结论 EH夜间平均血压增高患者,左室重塑较重,hs - CRP水平增高,炎症介质可能加重了左室重塑的过程.     

老年高血压患者肾上腺髓质素与肾功能损害的关系

目的研究老年原发性高血压(EH)患者血浆肾上腺髓质素(ADM)水平的变化及其与肾功能损害的关系。方法用放射免疫法测定老年EH患者(其中高血压1级16例、2级22例、伴肾功能损害者14例)与健康对照者的血浆ADM水平,比较不同组间血浆ADM水平的差异,直线相关分析老年EH患者血浆ADM与血清肌酐(Cr)水平的关系。结果老年EH患者血浆ADM水平显著高于对照组,但1级与2级高血压组间血浆ADM水平无显著差别;老年EH伴肾功能损害组血浆ADM水平显著高于肾功能正常组;老年EH患者血浆ADM水平与血清Cr水平呈显著正相关(P<005)。结论老年EH患者血浆ADM水平显著升高,老年EH患者血浆ADM水平与血压分级无关但与肾功能损害进展有关。     

老年和中青年高血压患者动态脉压特征的研究

目的 研究老年原发性高血压（EH）患者动态脉压（PP）的特点并探讨其临床意义.方法 对388例EH患者及167例健康对照者进行24 h动态血压监测,并按年龄分为老年EH组与中青年EH组,老年健康组与中青年健康组,对各组的动态PP、动态收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）进行比较.结果 ①在不考虑年龄的情况下,EH组动态PP、SBP、DBP显著高于健康对照组.②无论是老年EH组还是中青年EH组,动态PP、SBP、DBP水平均显著高于同年龄健康对照组.③老年EH组动态PP显著高于中青年EH组,两组间动态SBP比较无明显差异,而老年EH组动态DBP显著低于中青年EH组.④老年健康对照组与中青年健康对照组比较,动态PP水平显著增高;SBP水平无明显差异;DBP水平显著下降.结论 动态PP随增龄而增大.老年EH与健康对照组动态PP增高主要与动态DBP下降有关.     

维汉族高血压患者血浆心房钠尿肽水平及临床意义

在高血压病 ( EH)的病因学 ,病理生理及临床研究中 ,心房钠尿肽 ( ANP)的研究格外引人注目。国内外学者 ,已对高血压状态下血浆 ANP水平的变化进行研究。但各家报道的结果尚不完全一致 [1 ] 。为明确 EH患者血浆 ANP水平的变化 ,作者对维汉族 EH患者 10 3例进行比较分析。1　对象和方法　 EH组 :10 3例 ,按 1978年 WHO的诊断标准诊断 ,排除继发性高血压。男 5 7例 ,女 4 6例 ,年龄 5 2± 8岁。维族 5 4例 ,汉族 4 9例。高血压 期 2 3例 , 期 5 4例 , 期 2 6例。根据心电图 ,向量图和超声心动图又分为左室肥厚组 ( n=2 8)和无左室肥…     

高血压病和糖尿病患者餐后状态血压及心率变化的研究

目的　研究高血压病 (EH)和 2型糖尿病 (DM)患者餐后状态血压和心率的变化特点。　方法　 187例患者 ,分 3组 :高血压病组 (EH,71例 ) ,2型糖尿病组 (DM,49例 )和 2型糖尿病伴高血压组 (DM EH,6 7例 )。观察各组 2 4h动态血压和心率 ,进标准定量饮食 ,分析进餐前后收缩压(SBP)、舒张压 (DBP)和心率的变化。　结果　 EH组和 DM EH组 2 4h平均收缩压 (2 4h ABPS)和2 4h平均舒张压 (2 4h ABPD)较 DM组明显增高 (P<0 .0 1) ,而 DM组和 DM EH组 2 4h平均心率较 EH组快 (P<0 .0 1) ;EH组在餐后 30 m in至 6 0 min的 SBP、DBP和心率较餐前对应时间点升高(P<0 .0 1) ,餐后 90 m in SBP、DBP和心率恢复至餐前水平。 DM组和 DM EH组在餐后 30 m in至90 min SBP、DBP和心率下降 (P<0 .0 1) ,餐后 12 0 min SBP、DBP和心率恢复至餐前水平。　结论　高血压病和 2型糖尿病患者餐后状态血压和心率的变化有不同的特点 ,表现为高血压病患者餐后血压升高和心率增快 ,而 2型糖尿病或伴高血压病的 2型糖尿病患者餐后血压和心率下降 ,且其血压和心率恢复至餐前水平较单纯高血压病患者慢。     

Receptor selectivity of natriuretic peptide family, atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, and C-type natriuretic peptide.

To elucidate the ligand-receptor relationship of the natriuretic peptide system, which comprises at least three endogenous ligands, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), and three receptors, the ANP-A receptor or guanylate cyclase-A (GC-A), the ANP-B receptor or guanylate cyclase-B (GC-B), and the clearance receptor (C-receptor), we characterized the receptor preparations from human, bovine, and rat tissues and cultured cells with the aid of the binding assay, Northern blot technique, and the cGMP production method. Using these receptor preparations, we examined the binding affinities of ANP, BNP, and CNP for the C-receptor and their potencies for cGMP production via the ANP-A receptor (GC-A) and the ANP-B receptor (GC-B). These analyses revealed the presence of a marked species difference in the receptor selectivity of the natriuretic peptide family, especially among BNPs. Therefore, we investigated the receptor selectivity of the natriuretic peptide family using the homologous assay system with endogenous ligands and receptors of the same species. The rank order of binding affinity for the C-receptor was ANP greater than CNP greater than BNP in both humans and rats. The rank order of potency for cGMP production via the ANP-A receptor (GC-A) was ANP greater than or equal to BNP much greater than CNP, but that via the ANP-B receptor (GC-B) was CNP greater than ANP greater than or equal to BNP. These findings on the receptor selectivity of the natriuretic peptide family provide a new insight into the understanding of the physiological and clinical implications of the natriuretic peptide system.     

New ouabain-conjugated peptide found from phage displayed peptide library

BACKGROUND: Recently, numerous investigations have shown that endogenous ouabain plays an important role in primary and secondary hypertension. The purpose of this study was to find ouabain-conjugated peptides (OCP) to block or to antagonize actions between endogenous ouabain (EO) and sodium pump, to serve as theoretical and experimental bases of EO in hypertension. METHODS: The study involved screening the phage displayed 12-peptide library by biopanning for OCP. The DNA sequence of each selected peptide was determined and the amino acid sequences were deduced. The highest consistent of the polypeptide was synthesized by peptide synthesizer. Synthetic OCP was identified, its binding activity determined by radioligand binding assay, and bioactivity of ouabain conjugated peptide was measured by erythrocyte 86Rb uptake. RESULTS: Three kinds of peptides were identified. Peptide A (12 peptide, Leu-Leu-Ala-Asp-Thr-Thr-His-His-Arg-Pro-Trp-Thr) was the highest consistence of peptide sequences, occupied in 66.7% (8/12). Peptide A was synthesized. The results verified that there was binding activity between synthetically OCP and 3H-ouabain, and that OCP was capable of suppressing the inhibition action between ouabain and sodium pump on the surface of erythrocyte. The results showed that efficacy was in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: It is important that the results not only obtain distinctive OCP, but also supply valuable experimental data in detection of ouabain and therapy in hypertension.     

Vasoactive intestinal peptide

Dose—response characteristics of feline corpus circular muscle were studiedin vitro for three neuropeptides individually and with vasoactive intestinal peptide. Bombesin, substance P, and cholecystokinin-octapeptide each elicited concentration-dependent isometric contractions that were reduced by 10^–8 M or 10^–7 M vasoactive intestinal peptide (P<0.01). The concentration of each neuropeptide producing a half-maximal response was increased more than one logfold to 10^–6 M by vasoactive intestinal peptide. Tetrodotoxin blocked responses to bombesin (P<0.001) and reduced responses to substance P (P<0.05), but had no effect on responses to cholecystokinin-octapeptide (P>0.1). These results demonstrate inhibition of neuropeptide responses of gastric smooth muscle and support vasoactive intestinal peptide as an inhibitory regulator of gastric motor function.     

Enhancement of peptide antigen presentation by a second peptide.

The influence of nonstimulatory "competitor" peptides on the binding of an antigenic peptide to a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule was investigated. Using high-performance size-exclusion chromatography and fluorescein-labeled peptides, we show that the presence of the peptides dynorphin A-(1-13) and poly(L-lysine) results in enhancement rather than inhibition of the binding of hen egg lysozyme peptide-(107-116) [HEL-(107-116)] to the detergent-solubilized mouse class II molecule IEd. In parallel, dynorphin A-(1-13) and poly(L-lysine) were found to enhance the specific activation of an IEd-restricted T-cell hybridoma by HEL-(107-116). A molecular mechanism involving an intermediate two peptide-MHC class II protein complex is proposed to explain the enhancement of peptide binding to class II molecules by an irrelevant second peptide.     

Glucagon-like peptide 2

Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) is a 33 amino acid peptide-encoded carboxyterminal to the sequence of GLP-1 in the proglucagon gene. Both GLP-1 and GLP-2 are secreted from gut endocrine cells and promote nutrient absorption through distinct mechanisms of action. GLP-2 regulates gastric motility, gastric acid secretion, intestinal hexose transport, and increases the barrier function of the gut epithelium. GLP-2 significantly enhances the surface area of the mucosal epithelium via stimulation of crypt cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis in the enterocyte and crypt compartments. The cytoprotective and reparative effects of GLP-2 are evident in rodent models of experimental intestinal injury. GLP-2 reduces mortality and decreases mucosal injury, cytokine expression, and bacterial septicemia in the setting of small and large bowel inflammation. GLP-2 also enhances nutrient absorption and gut adaptation in rodents or humans with short bowel syndrome. The actions of GLP-2 are transduced by the GLP-2 receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor expressed in gut endocrine cells of the stomach, small bowel, and colon. Activation of GLP-2 receptor signaling in heterologous cells promotes resistance to apoptotic injury in vitro. The cytoprotective, reparative, and energy-retentive properties of GLP-2 suggests that GLP-2 may potentially be useful for the treatment of human disorders characterized by injury and/or dysfunction of the intestinal mucosal epithelium.     

B-type natriuretic peptide

INTRODUCTION: B-type natriuretic peptide is a neurohormone synthesized in the cardiac ventricles upon ventricular pressure overload and ventricular dilatation. This peptide with many favourable physiological properties has emerged as important candidate for development of diagnosis and prognostic tools and therapeutic agents in cardiovascular disease. EXEGESIS: Literature published until now shows the interest to measure B-type natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of ventricular dysfunction or congestive heart failure. B-type natriuretic peptide is also a prognostic marker in patients with congestive heart failure and acute coronary syndrome. It could even help to guide patient treatment management. It is easily and rapidly measured at a reasonable cost. In general, a level less than 50 ng/l has a strong negative predictive value for congestive heart failure. CONCLUSION: B-type natriuretic peptide is available in daily clinical practice. Future interest has focused on development of drugs that modulate its effects in treatment of decompensated congestive heart failure. Studies are in progress and first results seem to be promising.     

A nonamidated peptide homologous to porcine peptide YY and neuropeptide YY

A 37-residue peptide has been purified from the endocrine pancreas of the anglerfish. The first 36 residues were sequenced by gas phase Edman degradation. The sequence at the carboxyl-terminus was determined by sequencing the carboxyl-terminal tryptic dipeptide. The sequence of the peptide, which is consistent with the amino acid composition, was determined to be: Y X P X P X K X P X E X T X P X G X S X N X A X S X P X E X D X W X A X S X Y X Q X A X A X V X R X H X Y X V X N X L X I X T X R X Q X R X Y X G. Fast atom bombardment/mass spectrometry of the peptide identified a molecular ion with an average mass of 4221.3, in good agreement with the theoretical mass based upon the determined amino acid sequence. The peptide has an equal degree of sequence identity to both porcine neuropeptide YY (64%) and gastrointestinal peptide YY (64%), but less sequence identity to porcine pancreatic polypeptide (47%). Unlike the related mammalian peptides, the major form of the anglerfish peptide terminates in tyrosyl-glycine rather than tyrosineamide.