硬膜外吗啡和氟哌利多超前镇痛的临床研究

目的：比较硬膜外吗啡和氟哌利多超前镇痛与术后镇痛的临床效果和安全性。方法：选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级，年龄37～49岁，择期在硬膜外麻醉下行妇科手术的患者30例，随机分为超前镇痛组(Ⅰ组)和术后镇痛组(Ⅱ组)，每组15例。Ⅰ组在术前20min经硬膜外导管一次性注入吗啡2．0mg和氟哌利多1．25mg；Ⅱ组在术毕即硬膜外注入上述等量药物。术后2、4、8、12、24h随访并记录镇痛效果、镇静程度及不良反应，监测血压、心率、呼吸频率、脉搏血氧饱和度；术中记录局麻药用量。结果：超前镇痛组术后8～24h镇痛效果优于术后镇痛组，且局麻药用量减少。结论：硬膜外吗啡和氟哌利多超前镇痛效果优于术后镇痛。     

氯胺酮复合地塞米松用于下腹部手术术后的镇痛

吗啡应用于硬膜外镇痛效果确切,但恶心呕吐、尿潴留等不良反应发生率也较高,限制了一些下腹部手术如阑尾、疝气等短小手术的术后镇痛应用.我们应用氯胺酮复合地塞米松于下腹部短小手术术后镇痛效果确切,不良反应发生率低,现报道如下.     

罗哌卡因加曲马多或吗啡硬膜外术后镇痛的比较

局麻药加小剂量吗啡已广泛用于术后镇痛,取得很好的镇痛效果,但存在着恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、尿潴留、呼吸抑制、下肢麻木等不良反应.为充分发挥局麻药加阿片类药用于术后镇痛的作用,减少其不良反应,笔者观察和比较了罗哌卡因加曲马多及罗哌卡因加吗啡硬膜外术后镇痛的优缺点,以探讨较理想的硬膜外术后镇痛药物组合.     

硬膜外地塞米松预防吗啡术后镇痛部分并发症的临床观察

吗啡被公认为镇痛效果较好的药物之一，临床广泛应用。但硬膜外吗啡镇痛所带来的并发症如呼吸抑制、恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒及尿潴留等发生率较高。为了提高吗啡镇痛效果，减轻其不良反应，我院自2003年以来，在吗啡术后镇痛的同时加用地塞米松或氟哌利多，收到了较好的效果，现报道如下。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚联合氟哌利多降低吗啡硬膜外术后镇痛的不良反应

目的观察盐酸戊乙奎醚联合氟哌利多对吗啡用于硬膜外术后镇痛不良反应发病率的影响。方法连续硬膜外麻醉行子宫下段剖宫产手术的患者96例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为单纯吗啡组(A组)、吗啡 氟哌利多组(B组)、吗啡 盐酸戊乙奎醚组(C组)及吗啡 盐酸戊乙奎醚 氟哌利多组(D组),每组24例。术毕5min分别将各组吗啡混合液各自注入硬膜外腔后拔出硬膜外导管回病房,记录术后镇痛效果及术后恶心呕吐(PONV)、皮肤瘙痒、尿潴留、口干等不良反应。结果D组的镇痛效果明显优于A、B、C组(P<0.01),且PONV、皮肤瘙痒等不良反应发病率明显低于A、B、C组(P<0.05)。结论盐酸戊乙奎醚联合氟哌利多可明显降低吗啡用于硬膜外术后镇痛不良反应的发病率。     

吗啡与芬太尼在剖宫产和妇科手术术后镇痛中的应用

目的对比吗啡与芬太尼用于剖宫产和妇科手术术后自控镇痛的效果和不良反应。方法选取50例剖宫产和50例妇科手术的患者,随机将两组患者分为吗啡组和芬太尼组,术后用硬膜外镇痛,采用视觉模拟分法,对两组患者的镇痛效果及不良反应进行比较。结果吗啡组镇痛效果优良率比较高,不良反应发生率妇科手术比产科高;芬太尼组镇痛效果妇科比产科好,不良反应发生率少。结论吗啡在产科手术术后镇痛效果满意效果,不良反应少;芬太尼在妇科手术术后镇痛效果满意,不良反应少,而吗啡在妇科手术术后镇痛恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、尿潴留等不良反应发生率高。     

全麻中硬膜外芬太尼用于小儿脊柱侧弯术后镇痛

全麻中硬膜外芬太尼用于小儿脊柱侧弯术后镇痛张军，孙庆文，杨瑞兰，詹振刚成人硬膜外腔注入吗啡、芬太尼用于术后镇痛已广泛开展。本院采用单次硬膜外麻醉局麻药中加入芬太尼的方法用于小儿脊柱侧弯矫正手术后镇痛。现将１９９０年底～１９９１年中４８例５２人次手术分...     

吗啡不同途径用于剖宫产术后镇痛的临床观察

腰硬联合麻醉用于剖宫产手术，术后通常留置硬膜外导管，将较小剂量吗啡混合腰麻局麻液应用于剖宫产术后镇痛，通过研究其术后镇痛效果、镇痛并发症及病人满意程度来评价可行性。     

蛛网膜下隙注射吗啡术后镇痛

目的　探讨蛛网膜下隙注射吗啡术后镇痛的临床效果及不良反应。方法　ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级 6 0例择期妇科手术病人 ,随机分为两组 ,每组 30例 ,均采用腰麻 硬膜外联合阻滞。腰麻用药为0 5 %重比重布比卡因 10mg ,然后硬膜外腔置管。研究组于腰麻药中加入吗啡 0 2 5mg ,对照组则于硬膜外腔注射吗啡 2mg。术后行视觉模拟评分 (VAS)、Ramsay镇静评分、BCS(Bruggrmanncomfortscale)舒适评分并观察不良反应发生情况。结果　蛛网膜下隙吗啡组术后完全无痛时间和持续镇痛时间明显长于硬膜外吗啡组 ,VAS评分明显低于硬膜外吗啡组 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1)。Ramsay评分和BCS评分明显高于硬膜外吗啡组 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1)。蛛网膜下隙吗啡组术后不良反应发生率明显增加 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　蛛网膜下隙注射吗啡镇痛效果确切、持续时间长 ,但不良反应发生率较高于硬膜外吗啡镇痛     

硬膜外负荷量吗啡加芬太尼静脉术后自控镇痛的临床观察

目前多数学者仍认为吗啡是最好的术后镇痛药[1] 。硬膜外吗啡术后病人自控镇痛 (ＰＣＥＡ)往往会出现恶心、呕吐、尿潴留、皮肤瘙痒、胃肠功能减弱及呼吸抑制等并发症 ,而使用芬太尼静脉自控镇痛因其作用时间短而使镇痛不全的发生率较高。本文采用ＰＣＥＡ进行临床比较 ,评价硬膜外负荷量吗啡加芬太尼静脉自控镇痛的临床效果及其不良反应。资料与方法一般资料　 35例择期胸部、腹部及下肢手术患者 ,ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级。随机分为三组 :吗啡硬膜外自控镇痛组 (Ｍｅ组 ,ｎ =11例 ) ;硬膜外吗啡负荷量加芬太尼静脉自控镇痛组(ＭＦ组 ,ｎ =12例 ) ;…     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.