儿童铅接触及生物阈限

本文通过某蓄电池厂邻近幼儿园儿童的调查,探讨了儿童铅接触来源及生物阈限值。蓄电池厂车间空气铅平均浓度0.827mg/m~3,工人平均血铅浓度61μg/dl。幼儿园环境空气铅为0.019mg/m~3,幼儿园儿童血铅均值(铅作业工人子女组、中班、小班分别为35.7、23.9、16.1μg/dl)都显著高于对照儿童(9.2μg/dl),以铅作业工人子女组最高,其FEP和ZPP均值分别为161.2和162.7μg/dl,显著高于对照及其它儿童组。男女儿童比较,女性FEP和ZPP有升高趋势。这些结果提示,蓄电池厂环境污染已引起儿童过量铅吸收,而铅作业工人子女尤甚,且出现卟啉代谢障碍。儿童生物阈限值PbB可定为25μg/dl。     

职业性铅接触危害的研究

本文调查了接触铅烟平均浓度为0.578mg/m~3的蓄电池厂工人53名,0.0015mg/m~3的小焊锡工52名以及0.0006mg/m~3的对照组绣花工50名。从临床症状与生化指标来看,蓄电池厂工人已受到了一定程度的铅危害,小焊锡工与对照组工人相比未见异常,可见铅的毒性危害呈明显的剂量-反应关系。铅的毒性早期症状为中枢神经系统功能紊乱、消化不良和四肢肌肉关节酸痛等。本文见乏力、腹部隐痛和关节酸痛的发生数与PbB、PbU及ZPP的浓度成正比,其症状阈浓度分别为30μg/dl、0.045mg/l及40μg/dl。铅接触的指标可以采用PbB、PbU、ALAD、FEP及ZPP,但作为预防性监护的过筛指标以ZPP为宜。铅接触组的正中神经运动及感觉传导速度均较对照组为慢(P<0.05)。在铅接触组工人中,传导速度的减慢与铅接触程度未见明显关系。     

我国工业铅中毒研究三十六年

本文主要总结了我校等单位所完成的75篇论文及调查的4,494人。对铅接触的早期检测技术有了大的进展。PbB、PbU、FEP及ZPP的阈值分别为35μg/dl、0.035mg/L、45μg/dl及70μg/dl。行为功能以及正中神经的感觉和运动神经传导速度的测定也可作为铅接触的指标。山东淄博蓄电池厂采取了预防措施以后,空气铅浓度从1955年的13.27mg/m~3降至1985年的0.08mg/m~3;患病率从38.2％降至1.0％。今后尚需进一步研究铅对女工生殖系统的危害。     

职业卫生达标环境铅作业人员血铅和血锌原卟啉的变化

目的了解职业卫生达标环境铅作业人员血铅(PbB)和血锌原卟啉(ZPP)的变化。方法选择金华市某蓄电池厂149名铅作业人员为研究对象,用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定空气中铅烟和铅尘的浓度,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定PbB的浓度,用ZPP-3800型血液锌卟啉仪测定ZPP的浓度。结果经蓄电池行业整治后该生产车间岗位铅烟、铅尘的超标率为0,149名铅作业人员的PbB浓度为53μg/L~593μg/L,超标19人,超标率为12.8%;ZPP浓度为0.09μmol/L~9.95μmol/L,超标36人,超标率为24.2%。女性工人的PbB和ZPP超标率男性工人。不同工龄铅作业工人的PbB和ZPP超标率差异无统计学意义。男性铅作业工人的PbB浓度和ZPP浓度有相关性,而女性工人无相关性。结论职业卫生达标环境铅作业人员的健康监护也不容忽视,建议对铅作业工人开展PbB和ZPP的联合检测。     

儿童铅接触健康效应的调查

通过对某蓄电池厂职工子女及其周围环境污染区的儿童进行铅接触健康效应调查结果,看出接触组儿童PbB、FEP明显高于对照组;ZnPP接触一组明显高于对照组及接触二、三组。     

血锌原卟啉早期筛查铅作业人群职业健康损害意义探讨

目的 探讨血锌原卟啉(ZPP)作为铅作业工人的健康损害效应筛查指标的意义.方法 对某铅酸蓄电池厂478名铅作业工人(接触组)和112名上岗前工人(对照组)进行职业健康检查,包括测定ZPP、血铅(PbB)和血红蛋白(Hb),并进行职业卫生学调查和测定工作场所空气中铅烟、铅尘时间加权平均浓度(CTWA).结果 工作场所铅烟、铅尘检测点超标率分别为62.5％和37.5％.接触组工人PbB质量浓度中位数(M)为186.4 μg/L,ZPP浓度M为0.69μmoL/L,与对照组(分别为48.9 μg/L、0.58 μmol/L)比较,差异均有统计学意义(P ＜0.001).接触组Hb水平[(138.08±15.53) g/L]与对照组[(138.00±14.69) g/L]比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).选用ZPp≥1.57 μmol/L(本实验室正常参考值上限)作为指标确定进行诊断性驱铅试验的比率高于以PbB≥400μg/L作为指标的比率(P＜0.05),21名ZPP≥1.57 μmol/L人员经诊断性驱铅试验后慢性铅中毒和观察对象检出率为38.1％(8/21).结论 ZPP作为早期筛查铅作业人群职业健康损害指标有重要意义,建议将ZPP作为铅作业人群职业健康检查的必检项目.     

接铅男工精液质量研究

本文对86名铅接触男工和68名非接触男工精液质量进行了分析,两组男工平均血铅分别为43.20±28.84和22.07±11.64μg/dl。接触组精液液化时间明显长于对照组,与非接触工人相比,接触工人平均一次射精精液总量、精子密度、精子总数、存活精子数、精子存活率及精子活力均降低,其中快速直线运动精子比例下降尤为明显;接触组精子畸形率则明显高于对照组,差别均有显著性(P<0.05)。进一步分析显示,精液质量改变主要见于血铅>40μg/dl 的工人,表明铅引起精液质量降低的血铅的阈值可能为40ug/dl。     

血铅、红细胞游离原卟啉及锌原卟啉对铅中毒诊断值的探讨

本文对铅接触者是否存在相对安全的界限值;PbB、FEP和ZPP各为何值时,适宜作为铅中毒的诊断值,进行探索和研究。 一、可接受上限值 比较车间空气铅浓度低于MAC的铅业工人与对照工人各生化指标,发现仅PbB的差别有显著性,说明工人接触铅的浓度在小于MAC     

铅对作业工人血红蛋白的影响

本文旨在研究铅对作业工人血红蛋白的影响,现报道如下: 一、材料与方法 1.选择某蓄电池厂铅作业工人36名为接触组,36名非铅作业工人为对照组。接触组男工18名,平均年龄36.7岁,铅接触工龄平均2.4年。接触组女工18     

儿童对环境低浓度铅的生化反应

对接触环境低浓度铅的99名儿童测定了PbB、FEP、ZnPP和Hb,以血铅为内剂量,研究了剂量-效应和剂量-反应关系,发现:1.铅对儿童血色素合成影响无性别差异,2.随PbB增加,FEP和ZnPP增加,FEP≥50μg/dL百分率上升;3.FEP-PbB相关较ZnPP-PbB密切。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.