The effect of continuous positive airway pressure therapy on blood pressure and arterial stiffness in hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnea

Aim

We aimed to evaluate the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy on blood pressure (BP) and arterial stiffness in hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Patients and methods

We studied 38 hypertensive patients who suffered from severe OSA. Ambulatory BP measurement was performed at baseline and after at least 3 months of uninterrupted CPAP therapy. In 19 of these patients, we also measured pulse wave velocity (PWV) at baseline, after the first night of CPAP therapy and at 3 months. Fifteen normotensive subjects without OSA comprised the control group.

Results

CPAP therapy reduced systolic BP from 141.5?±?12.1 to 133.5?±?9.7 mmHg (p?=?0.007) and diastolic BP from 87.8?±?6.8 to 83?±?5.4 mmHg (p?=?0.004). CPAP also reduced the PWV from 8.81?±?1.4 to 8.18?±?1 m/s after the first night of CPAP therapy (p?=?0.003) and to 7.37?±?1 m/s at 3 months (p?=?0.007).

Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that CPAP therapy in hypertensive patients with OSA improves arterial stiffness from the first night and that this favorable effect is maintained for at least 3 months of CPAP use. A reduction in BP was also observed, even though BP control was not always achieved.     

持续气道正压通气治疗对OSAHS患者血液流变学的影响

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者经鼻持续气道正压通气(ncpap)治疗对其血液流变学指标的影响。方法随机选择我科确诊为中度或重度OSAHS的患者30例,其中男20例,女10例,年龄45~68岁,平均年龄(58±3)岁,治疗前14d内未服用过非甾体类消炎药及阿斯匹林,潘生丁等抗凝剂,并排除其它呼吸系疾病、紫绀性先心病、肾脏疾病及原发性红细胞增多症,分别于治疗前及治疗30d后检测血细胞比容、全血比粘度(高切度、中切度、低切度),红细胞聚集指数。结果治疗后血细胞比容、全血比粘度(高切度、中切度、低切度)、红细胞聚集指数较治疗前显著降低(P<0.01)。结论OSAHS存在显著血栓栓塞高危因素,ncpap对其有明显防治作用。     

Effects of exercise training associated with continuous positive airway pressure treatment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 2-month exercise training associated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment on the subjective and objective sleep measurements, quality of life, and mood in moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) patients.

Methods

Male patients were randomized into two treatment groups: CPAP (n?=?19) and CPAP?+?exercise (n?=?13). All patients completed 1?month of sleep hygiene, 2?months of treatment (CPAP or CPAP?+?exercise), and 1?week of washout (no treatment). Fletcher and Luckett sleep questionnaire, Epworth sleepiness scale, sleep diaries, polysomnography, SF-36 inventory of quality of life, Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire, neck circumference, and body composition were evaluated. CPAP?+?exercise group also underwent cardiopulmonary exercise test before and after treatment.

Results

Both treatments were effective in improving subjective sleepiness but CPAP?+?exercise treatment was more effective in maintaining this improvement after washout. No significant differences were found in most of the sleep parameters studied in both groups. CPAP?+?exercise group showed lower values of tension and fatigue on POMS and higher values of physical functioning, general health perception, and vitality on SF-36 after treatment.

Conclusions

A 2-month exercise training associated with CPAP treatment for OSAS patients has a positive impact on subjective daytime sleepiness, quality of life (physical functioning and general health perception), and mood state (tension and fatigue).     

Positional treatment vs continuous positive airway pressure in patients with positional obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the relative efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and positional treatment in the management of positional obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), using objective outcome measures. DESIGN: A prospective, randomized, single blind crossover comparison of CPAP and positional treatment for 2 weeks each. SETTING: A university teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Thirteen patients with positional OSA, aged (mean+/-SD) 51+/-9 years, with an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of 17+/-8. MEASUREMENTS: (1) Daily Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores; (2) overnight polysomnography, an objective assessment of sleep quality and AHI; (3) maintenance of wakefulness testing; (4) psychometric test battery; (5) mood scales; (6) quality-of-life questionnaires; and (7) individual patient's treatment preference. RESULTS: Positional treatment was highly effective in reducing time spent supine (median, 0; range, 0 to 32 min). The AHI was lower (mean difference, 6.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2 to 10.2; p = 0.007), and the minimum oxygen saturation was higher (4%; 95% CI, 1% to 8%; p = 0.02) on CPAP as compared with positional treatment. There was no significant difference, however, in sleep architecture, Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores, maintenance of wakefulness testing sleep latency, psychometric test performance, mood scales, or quality-of-life measures. CONCLUSION: Positional treatment and CPAP have similar efficacy in the treatment of patients with positional OSA.     

Effect of continuous positive airway pressure vs placebo continuous positive airway pressure on sleep quality in obstructive sleep apnea

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy has become the treatment of choice for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, the efficacy of CPAP therapy has not been evaluated against a suitable control. We investigated the effectiveness of CPAP therapy in improving sleep quality in patients with OSA. We hypothesized that CPAP improves sleep quality. PATIENTS: Forty-eight CPAP-naive OSA patients were evaluated. None were receiving antihypertensive medications, and none had major medical illnesses. DESIGN: Patients were randomized to receive either CPAP or placebo CPAP (CPAP at an ineffective pressure) for 7 days in a double-blind fashion. Forty-one patients completed the protocol. Sleep quality variables, arousals, sleep arterial oxygen saturation (SaO(2)), and respiratory disturbance index (RDI) were assessed at baseline, after 1 day of treatment, and after 7 days of treatment. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to evaluate the effects of treatment, time, and the interaction of the two. RESULTS: As expected, CPAP lowered RDI and number of arousals, and increased SaO(2) over time (p = 0.001). Contrary to expectations, both CPAP and placebo CPAP had comparable effects on sleep quality as assessed by sleep architecture, sleep efficiency, total sleep time, and wake after sleep onset time. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the effectiveness of CPAP in lowering the number of arousals and the RDI, and in raising SaO(2). However, our data suggest that short-term CPAP is no different than placebo in improving sleep architecture. Further evaluation of the effectiveness of CPAP using a suitable placebo CPAP in prospective randomized studies is needed     

Efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure on arrhythmias in obstructive sleep apnea patients

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and cardiovascular disorders in a large Japanese population, and to assess the efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in the treatment of OSA-associated arrhythmias. The study population comprised 1394 Japanese subjects (1086 men and 308 women) who were divided into four groups on the basis of polysomnography (PSG) analysis as follows: the no sleep apnea (N-SA) group (n = 44, apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] < 5), the mild OSA (Mi-OSA) group (n = 197, 5 < AHI < 15), the moderate OSA (Mo) group (n = 368, 15 < AHI < 30), and severe OSA (SOSA) group (n = 785, AHI < 30). The following baseline characteristics were significantly associated with OSA: age (P < 0.001), gender (P < 0.001), body mass index (P < 0.001), hypertension (P < 0.001), diabetes (P = 0.009), and hyperlipidemia (P = 0.013). In the OSA group, PSG revealed the predominance of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) (P = 0.051), premature atrial complex short run (P < 0.005), premature ventricular complex (PVC, P = 0.004), sinus bradycardia (P = 0.036), and sinus pause (arrest >2 s, P < 0.001) during the PSG recording. A total of 316 patients from the group underwent CPAP titration and were then re-evaluated. Continuous positive airway pressure therapy significantly reduced the occurrences of PAF (P < 0.001), PVC (P = 0.016), sinus bradycardia (P = 0.001), and sinus pause (P = 0.004). The results of this study demonstrate a significant relationship between OSA and several cardiac disorders, and also demonstrate the efficacy of CPAP in preventing OSA-associated arrhythmias in a large population of Japanese patients.     

Effects of continuous positive airway pressure treatment in obstructive sleep apnea patients with atrial fibrillation: A meta-analysis

Background:Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is correlated with atrial fibrillation (AF). Over the past decade, there has been an increasing interest in the relationship between OSA with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and progression or recurrence of AF.Methods:This investigation was an analysis of studies searched in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, EBSCO, OVID, and Web of Science databases from inception to July 2020 to evaluate the recurrence or progression of AF in CPAP users, CPAP nonusers, and patients without OSA.Results:Nine studies with 14,812 patients were recruited. CPAP therapy reduced the risk of AF recurrence or progression by 63% in a random-effects model (24.8% vs 40.5%, risk ratio [RR] = 0.70, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.57–0.85, P = .035). Compared with non-OSA patients, AF recurrence or progression was much higher in CPAP nonusers (40.6% vs 21.1%, RR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.19–2.43, P = .000). However, AF recurrence or progression in the CPAP group was similar to that in the non-OSA group (24.0% vs 21.1%, RR = 1.13, 95% CI = 0.87–1.47, P = .001). Begg correlation test and Egger regression test revealed no publication bias in this analysis.Conclusions:OSA is a salient factor in the progression or recurrence of AF. CPAP therapy for OSA may contribute to reduction of AF in patients for whom radiofrequency ablation or direct current cardioversion is not performed.Trial Registration:The protocol for this meta-analysis was registered on PROSPERO with a registration No. CRD42019135229.     

Effects of intranasal steroids on continuous positive airway pressure compliance among patients with obstructive sleep apnea

Sleep and Breathing - Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea can produce troublesome nasal symptoms, especially congestion, which may affect the...     

Prediction of continuous positive airway pressure in obstructive sleep apnea

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) prediction formulas can potentially simplify the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, they can be difficult to derive and validate. We tested a statistical method to derive and validate a CPAP prediction formula using the same sample population. Seventy-six OSA patients underwent polysomnography and CPAP titration. Anthropometric measures, sleep parameters, and the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) were evaluated as predictors. All subsets regression was used to determine the optimum number of variables in the model. The Bayes information criterion was used to find the best-fit model. The model was then evaluated by a tenfold cross-validation procedure. Subjects were obese (BMI 31.3 ± 5.4) and had significant daytime somnolence (ESS 11.9 ± 5). Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was 53.5 ± 31.3. The ESS was not predictive of titrated CPAP. The best-fit model included three variables (CPAP_pred = 30.8 + RDI × 0.03 − nadir saturation × 0.05 − mean saturation × 0.2). This model explained 67% of the variance. Our data and the literature suggest that a combination of two to three factors is predictive of titrated CPAP: RDI, oxyhemoglobin saturation, and obesity. Except for RDI, the specific factors vary in each population. A CPAP prediction formula that explains a high proportion of the titrated CPAP variance can be easily derived from parameters measured during the diagnostic work-up of OSA patients using a unique statistical model that allows derivation and validation of the formula in the same test population.     

Renal function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure

Patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) often exhibit nocturnal polyuria, which disappears with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment. We measured water and electrolyte urinary excretion, creatinine and osmolal clearances, and water transport during sleep in 13 polygraphically monitored patients with OSA during two consecutive nights, either untreated or treated with nasal CPAP, and in eight normal subjects. Untreated patients with OSA had greater urinary flows and greater urinary sodium, chloride, and potassium excretions than did controls. Nasal CPAP treatment in patients with OSA resulted in a reduction in urinary flow and in sodium and chloride excretion, with a concomitant increase in sodium resorption. None of these effects was observed in CPAP-treated normal subjects. The only effect of nasal CPAP common to normal subjects and patients was a trend toward decreased glomerular filtration rate.     

持续气道正压治疗对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者夜间多尿症状的影响

目的研究持续气道正压（CPAP）治疗对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAS）患者夜间多尿症状的影响。方法15例多导睡眠图（PSG）确诊的OSAS患者,记录CPAP治疗前后的夜尿次数、夜尿量、夜尿渗透压和夜尿钠排泄量,测定其中8例患者治疗前后夜间（23时、02时、05时）心钠素（ANP）水平。结果(1)CPAP治疗后OSAS患者夜尿次数明显减少（P<0.01）。(2)夜尿量由(0.078±0.017)L/h降至(0.052±0.011)L/h（P<0.01）。(3)CPAP治疗后OSAS患者夜尿渗透压由(381±96)mmol/L明显增高至(570±169)mmol/L（P<0.05）。(4)CPAP治疗后OSAS患者夜尿钠的排泄量由(1.16±0.35)mmol/h降至(0.63±0.13)mmol/h（P<0.01）。(5)8例患者CPAP治疗前后的夜间ANP平均水平分别为(146±14)ng/L和(106±10)ng/L,两者相比差异有显著性(P<0.01)。(6)8例测定ANP患者在CPAP治疗后ANP降低值与该患者夜尿量降低值、夜尿渗透压增高值、夜尿钠排泄量减少值均有显著的正相关,相关系数分别为0.82、0.84、0.81(P均<0.01)。结论CPAP治疗可明显减少OSAS患者夜尿次数和夜尿量,减少夜尿钠排泄量,增加夜尿渗透压,这些改变可能与ANP水平降低有关。     

Long-term effect of continuous positive airway pressure on BP in patients with hypertension and sleep apnea

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the long-term effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on ambulatory BP in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and hypertension, and to identify subgroups of patients for whom CPAP could be more effective. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, long-term follow-up trial (24 months) in 55 patients with OSA and hypertension (mean CPAP use, 5.3 +/- 1.9 h/d [+/- SD]). Twenty-four-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) was measured at baseline and after intervention with CPAP on an intention-to-treat basis. In addition, the correlation between the changes in 24-h mean arterial pressure (24hMAP) and CPAP compliance, OSA severity, and baseline ABPM was assessed. RESULTS: At the end of follow-up, a significant decrease was shown only in diastolic BP (- 2.2 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval [CI], - 4.2 to - 0.1; p = 0.03) but not in 24hMAP or other ABPM parameters. However, a correlation between changes in 24hMAP and baseline systolic BP (r = - 0.43, p = 0.001), diastolic BP (r = - 0.38, p = 0.004), and hours of use of CPAP (r = - 0.30, p = 0.02) was observed. A significant decrease in the 24hMAP was achieved in a subgroup of patients with incompletely controlled hypertension at entry (- 4.4 mm Hg; 95% CI, - 7.9 to - 0.9 mm Hg; p = 0.01), as well as in those with CPAP compliance > 5.3 h/d (- 5.3 mm Hg; 95% CI, - 9.5 to - 1.2 mm Hg; p = 0.01). Linear regression analysis showed that baseline systolic BP and hours of CPAP were independent predictors of reductions in BP with CPAP. CONCLUSION: Long-term CPAP reduced BP modestly in the whole sample. However, patients with higher BP at entry and good CPAP compliance achieved significant reductions in BP.     

持续正压通气治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征伴高血压的护理

目的研究持续气道正压通气(CPAP)治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)伴高血压的作用及护理。方法45例OSAHS伴高血压患者使用CPAP,每晚治疗8h。定时测量血压,并辅以积极的护理措施,观察患者治疗前后的血压变化。结果治疗后血压有所下降(P<0.05),下降时间为3～14d,平均(5±2.5)d。结论CPAP治疗OSAHS伴高血压是一种有效方法,护理有其特殊性和重要性。     

Arbitrary-pressure continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Current resources are inadequate to meet the demand for polysomnography, resulting in long waiting lists. This study aimed to evaluate the role of arbitrary-pressure continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) as a method to reduce delays in commencing treatment. The study was of an open, randomized, parallel design. Ninety-one subjects with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome were randomized to either arbitrary-pressure CPAP based on body mass index before treatment polysomnography or to CPAP at settings determined by polysomnography. Both interventions resulted in similar improvements in clinical outcomes as determined by Epworth Sleepiness Score, Short Form-36 Quality of Life questionnaire, objective compliance, and subjective attitudes to treatment. There was higher sleep efficiency at treatment polysomnography in the group commenced at arbitrary pressure (81.8 +/- 10.1% [mean +/- SD] compared with 72.2 +/- 18.0%, p = 0.01). Subjects unable to tolerate CPAP were identified by the use of arbitrary pressure, leading to a reduction in the proportion of "wasted" treatment polysomnograms (studies performed in subjects not persisting with treatment) relative to commencing therapy after treatment polysomnography (3 of 39 compared with 12 of 35, p = 0.01). This approach to initiating treatment with CPAP appears feasible when there are long waiting lists for polysomnography.     

经鼻持续正压通气治疗夜间心绞痛合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）和夜间心绞痛的关系以及经鼻持续正压通气治疗能否改善合并有OSAHS患者夜间心绞痛发作。方法 采用多导睡眠监测系统对46例夜间心绞痛患者进行整夜监测，对合并OSAHS的患者应用经鼻持续正压通气治疗，将患者治疗前后多导睡眠监测参数进行对照研究。结果 夜间心绞痛合并OSAHS的患者经持续正压通气治疗多导睡眠参数明显改善，治疗前后对比差异有显著性，心绞痛症状明显改善。结论 OSAHS和夜间心绞痛有相关性，OSAHS是夜间心绞痛发作的诱因。经鼻持续正压通气治疗可改善合并有0SAHS患者夜间心绞痛发作。