黄胸鼠和褐家鼠对15种食物的选择性试验

目的 为控制黄胸鼠和褐家鼠，筛选配制毒饵所用的基饵及工具捕捉用诱饵。方法 用稻谷、大米、玉米、小米、葵花子、南瓜子、花生米、蚕豆、豌豆、黄豆、油条、馒头、马铃薯、苹果、梨等15种食物分别与小麦对照，进行实验室有选择性摄食试验。结果 两种家鼠对所试食物的适口性以小米最好，其次为谷物、水果类，豆类最差。结论 药物控制黄胸鼠以小米、大米、稻谷、碎玉米粒、小麦作基饵较好；褐家鼠可用小米和小麦作基饵。用工具捕捉这两种家鼠最好的诱饵是馒头。     

杀它仗毒杀褐家鼠的现场试验研究

0.005%杀它仗间歇投饵(限量20g间隔6天二次投)和饱和(不限量)投饵,都取得了与0.05%敌鼠钠饱和投饵相同的灭鼠效果。杀它仗的户均耗饵量为49.6g,饵点耗饵量为108.4g(范围59.8～166.6g),控制需时为20天(范围19～21天)。敌鼠钠的户均耗饵量为135.4g,饵点耗饵量为244.1g(范围142.2～344.8g),控制需时18天(范围15～21天)。同样用饱和投毒处理,褐家鼠对杀它仗的摄食比值下降率与敌鼠钠基本相同(杀它仗:y=1.5445—1.0367x,敌鼠钠:y=1.4551—1.1239x,p>0.5)。从实用性和安全性考虑,作者认为杀它仗限量间歇投饵更能反映第二代抗凝血剂的高灭鼠效力。     

黄胸鼠对各种食饵的选择性摄食试验

用大米、稻谷、玉米、麦麸、花生、黄豆、黄豆麸、木薯、马铃薯、混合饵料及鱼粉、虾皮等饵料,对于南宁郊区的黄胸鼠分别以植物性单种饵料、动物性单种饵料、多种饵料组成复合饵料以及不同比例的单种饵料组成的混合饵料计四种形式,进行了实验室选择性试验。结果表明,单种饵料试验中植物性饵料比动物性饵料好,前者的日均摄食量明显高于后者;谷物类作物饵料比其它作物饵料好,最优者大米,其次为稻谷、玉米;混合饵料及动物性饵料对黄胸鼠的引诱力不大。     

毒杀社鼠的基饵选择

为了筛选毒杀社鼠的基饵,在室内对社鼠进行了7种粮食作物的食性观察,结果显示,该鼠对番薯和林米最嗜食,对花生米和玉米次之,稻谷、小麦和大豆最差。考虑来源、价格、保质期等因素,毒杀社鼠的基饵应以大米和玉米为最佳选择。本文还作了社鼠对大米的食量测定,每昼夜平均摄食量为6.8g,并与年龄成正比。     

小家鼠对南方常见基饵的接受性观察

目的 :了解小家鼠对南方常见基饵的接受性 ,为配制理想毒饵提供科学依据。方法 :采用有选择接受性试验测定各基饵的摄食系数。结果 :小家鼠对小米最嗜食 ,小米的摄食系数为 1.73 ,比摄食最差基饵多 1.46,是其取食量的 6.5倍 ;大米、碎面、小麦、玉米次之 ;花生米、稻米较差。结论 :南方毒杀小家鼠的基饵应以小米、大米为最佳选择     

褐家鼠的选食性观察

为了筛选对家鼠适口性好的诱饵,我们对褐家鼠进行了室内选食性观察,现将结果报告如下: 一、对三种食饵的选食性:选试鼠10只,单笼饲养,每笼放置形状相同的饵盒3个,每日调换食饵盒位置,分别投放大米、玉米面颗粒、玉米渣食饵,连续投放5天,共投饵3000克,耗饵616克。其中大米耗饵32克,占5.2%;玉米面颗粒耗486克,占78.9%;玉米渣耗98克,占15.91%。说明褐家鼠对玉米面颗     

黑线姬鼠和布氏田鼠对一些食物的实验室适口性试验

目的筛选适用于防治黑线姬鼠和布氏田鼠的配制毒饵和捕鼠诱饵。方法用玉米粉(黑线姬鼠)和兔料(布氏田鼠)作标准饵,大米、小麦、花生米、黄豆、高粱米、荞麦、小米、玉米(整粒或渣)、黄米和莜麦作候选食物,对试鼠进行实验室单笼饲养有选择摄食试验。结果黑线姬鼠对被筛食物的适口性,以花生米最好,摄食系数为1.62,其次是高粱米(1.19)、大米(1.13)、小米(1.11)、小麦(1.10)、玉米粉(0.39),黄豆和荞麦最低,摄食系数分别为0.19和0.17。布氏田鼠对食物的适口性,也以花生米最好(1.80),其他依次为莜麦(1.54)、黄米(1.12)、小麦(1.07)、小米(1.00)、荞麦(0.95)、玉米渣(0.87)、大米(0.79)、高粱米(0.74),黄豆最低(0.30)。结论防治黑线姬鼠,可用大米、小麦、高粱米或小米作基饵配制毒饵;防治布氏田鼠则可用莜麦、小麦、黄米、小米或玉米渣作基饵配制毒饵。捕鼠器捕鼠,花生米是2种鼠的最佳诱饵。     

溴敌隆毒杀黄胸鼠效果观察

目的 观察溴敌隆对黄胸鼠的毒杀效果。方法 实验室用不同诱饵进行有选择性试验和无选择性试验，根据试验结果进行现场毒效试验。结果 有选择性试验，试鼠对0．005％小麦、大米、稻谷和成品颗粒毒饵的摄食系数分别为0．88、0．73、1．11和0．13，对0．01％小麦毒饵的摄食系数为0．81。无选择性试验，0．005％小麦、大米和稻谷毒饵1—4次给药，毒杀率均低于30％，0．005％成品颗粒毒饵2次给药，毒杀率为80％，0．01％小麦毒饵2—3次给药，毒杀率分别为60％和75％。现场试验，0．015％小麦毒饵3d饱和投饵，灭效为93．02％。结论 溴敌隆自配的新鲜毒饵适口性好，但0．005％-0．01％毒饵的毒杀率均较低，药物的质量应予重视。     

敌鼠钠蜡饵农村家庭现场灭鼠效果观察

[目的]观察0．05％敌鼠钠蜡制毒饵的灭鼠效果。[方法]2005年研制了敌鼠钠蜡饵，在济南市近郊区农村家庭进行现场灭鼠效果观察。[结果]投饵后第26天灭鼠率，敌鼠钠的蜡制玉米饵、蜡制小麦饵、无蜡玉米毒饵、无蜡小麦毒饵分别为96．42％、97．40％、95．67％、99．21％（P〉0．05）．敌鼠钠混合蜡饵与无蜡混合毒饵灭鼠率分别为94．60％、96．17％（P〉0．05）．敌鼠钠圆形蜡块与无蜡圆形块饵灭鼠率分别为76．52％、80．00％（P〉0．05）。[结论]敌鼠钠蜡饵杀灭家栖性鼠类的效果很好。     

异杀鼠酮钙与其他3种抗凝血剂对鼠类毒杀效果比较观察

目的比较观察异杀鼠酮钙与杀鼠灵、敌鼠钠和第二代抗凝血剂大隆对农村鼠类的毒杀效果。方法选择济南市历城区王家村、宿家村、靳家村和宿家张马村。0.05%异杀鼠酮钙油粘混合毒饵和0.05%敌鼠钠均采用连续4 d投饵法,平均每户投饵量为0.4 kg;0.05%杀鼠灵小麦采用一次性投饵法,平均每户投饵量亦为0.4 kg;每间房间放5堆,每堆5 g。0.005%大隆大米毒饵采用间断式投饵法,每隔7 d投饵1次,共投3次,每间房间放3堆,每堆5 g,平均每户投饵量为0.25 kg。夹夜法考核毒杀效果。结果异杀鼠酮钙与敌鼠钠浸泡混合干燥毒饵的毒杀效果均为100%,且与杀鼠灵(96.65%)(μ=0.61,P0.05)、大隆(94.49%)(μ=0.57,P0.05)和敌鼠钠小麦毒饵(97.05%)(μ=0.58,P0.05)比较均无统计学意义。结论 0.05%异杀鼠酮钙油粘混合毒饵对鼠类的毒杀效果良好。     

Incorporation and distribution of tritium in rats exposed to tritiated rice or tritiated soybean.

The incorporation and distribution of tritium were examined in rats exposed to tritiated rice or tritiated soybean by single ingestion or continuous feeding. Results were compared with those for tritiated wheat and tritiated water in a previous study done under the same experimental conditions. All the tritiated crops examined were more efficiently incorporated into rat tissues than was tritiated water, the extent of incorporation depending on the kind of crop. The differences in incorporation were clear in organically bound tritium determined as tritium in dried tissue. The respective concentrations of organically bound tritium after a single ingestion of tritiated rice, tritiated wheat or tritiated soybean were about 10-20, 20-30 and 25-60 times higher than after the ingestion of tritiated water. After continuous feeding for 22 days with tritiated rice, tritiated wheat or tritiated soybean, the respective concentrations of organically bound tritium were 5-8, 6-11 and 10-25 times the values after continuous ingestion of tritiated water. At the end of continuous ingestion, the radiation dose rates to almost of the tissues from all three tritiated crops were estimated to be 2-3 times that for tritiated water.     

云南省粮食硒含量及其与克山病关系的研究

The selenium content of 518 specimens of rice, wheat, maize, soybean and highland barley growing both in Keshan disease area and other places in Yunnan Province, was determined and it was found that the average selenium content of the grains in the Keshan disease area was lower than that in the other places. The selenium content of rice especially was much lower than that of wheat and soybean. The relationship of Keshan disease to the low selenium content of grains, especially rice, the most eaten grain by people in the disease area, seemed clearly established in Yunnan province as well.     

大型食品冷库鼠类的生态调查及防制试验

１９９５年１１～１２月对大型食品冷库鼠类生态进行短期调查和防制研究。用向日葵籽、稻谷、大米进行诱饵选择试验，鼠类摄食向日葵籽显著高于稻谷、大米。用向日葵籽盗食法调查急冻、冷藏、低温３种库的鼠密度，分别为９０．８％、５０．３％、２７．５％。温度差别未明显对鼠类的生活栖息产生影响。白天盗食率占全天盗食数的４２．４％，夜间占５７．８％。在不停产清库条件下，连续投放０．０５％敌鼠钠盐向日葵籽毒饵７天，平均盗食率达４１．８％，灭鼠后密度分别降至１．１８％、２．６６％、２．２９％，平均为２．２３％，平均灭鼠率９５．５４％。     

灭鼠后家鼠群落结构变化的研究

目的：探讨灭鼠对家鼠群落结构的影响。方法：采用０．００５％溴敌隆毒米饱和投毒灭鼠,连放３ｄ后,逐月调查家鼠群落结构变化情况。结果：灭鼠较彻底的城郊住宅区,家鼠群落结构发生明显变化,出现黄毛鼠大规模入侵现象,家鼠群落由以黄胸鼠、褐家鼠为优势种,演替为以黄毛鼠为优势种。灭鼠不彻底的地区未出现野鼠入侵现象。结论：在城郊地区进行室内彻底灭鼠,可导致野鼠入侵,引起家鼠群落结构的变化。     

Whole grain consumption has a modest effect on the development of diabetes in the Goto-Kakisaki rat

Epidemiological evidence suggests that whole grain intake is associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. However, studies of individual whole grains on the prevention of type 2 diabetes are lacking. The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of different whole grains on type 2 diabetes in an animal model of type 2 diabetes, the Goto-Kakisaki (GK) rat. GK rats were fed either a basal diet or a whole grain-containing diet for 5 months. Whole grain diets contained 65?% whole grain flours of wheat, barley, oats or maize. After 2 months of feeding, fasting plasma glucose concentrations were lower in the wheat, barley and oats groups, compared with the basal group, whereas glycated Hb was significantly greater in the wheat group compared with other groups. Feeding of whole barley and maize increased plasma C-peptide concentrations compared with whole wheat at 2 months. There was a trend in the improvement of insulin resistance with a consumption of barley and oats diets at 2 months (P?=?0·06) compared with the basal diet. Oxidative stress markers, urinary thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and 8-isoprostane, did not improve with whole grain intake at 2 months. At 5 months, whole grain diets did not differ from the basal diet in glycaemic control, insulin secretion, oxidative stress and preservation of pancreatic β-cell mass. These results suggest that the consumption of whole grains may offer modest benefit early in the development of type 2 diabetes, but this benefit is lost with further development of the disease.     

抗凝血杀鼠剂双甲敌鼠胺盐的药效试验观察

笔者应用双甲敌鼠胺盐（杀鼠新），以灌胃法进行小白鼠急性口服毒力测定，雄鼠ＬＤ５０为５８．８０ｍｇ／ｋｇ．。雌鼠为４８．３７ｍｇ／ｋｇ。以玉米糁做诱饵，小白鼠对０．０５％和０．００５％杀鼠新诱饵的适口性均良好；与无毒饵比较。０．０５％毒饵的摄食系数为０．７４，０．００５％毒饵为０．８４；０．０５％杀鼠新毒饵相同浓度敌鼠钠相比，摄食系数是１．０４。选用０．０５％杀鼠新玉米糁毒饵，在浓阳市郊某牛奶场进行     

Immune response to Newcastle disease virus in broilers: a useful model for the assessment of detoxification of ervil seeds.

Ervil (Vicia ervilia) seeds are produced in the Mediterranean region and used as a source of protein for cattle and poultry. The methods used to assess the toxic effects of legume seeds in the feed of poultry include the observation of one or more parameters, including abnormal signs, weight gain, feed consumption, gall bladder weight, pancreas weight, pancreas proteolytic and amylase activity, haemolysis of red blood cells, liver weight, liver glutathione level, liver and plasma lipid levels, and plasma lipid peroxide levels. The authors describe the use of quantitative determination of the immune response to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine in broilers as a model that can be used to assess different detoxification treatments of ervil seeds. Broiler chicks fed differently-treated ervil, supplemented as 25% of the diet, at one to four weeks of age and vaccinated intraocularly with live NDV vaccine at eight days of age, showed different immune responses at three weeks post vaccination. Immunosuppression with regards to NDV was apparent in the group of birds raised on untreated ervil supplement, resulting in a mean immune response (titre) of 798.5. Five of the six different treatments of ervil seeds resulted in different degrees of rectification of the immunosuppression, with some broilers reaching a mean NDV immune titre of 2070.6, similar to that obtained in control broilers raised on a basal diet with no ervil seed supplement (mean NDV immune titre of 2333.8; P > 0.05). The five successful treatments of ervil (in increasing order of rectification of immunosuppression in broilers, with mean NDV titres in parentheses) were: ground soaked dried ervil (971.6), ground autoclaved dried ervil (1223.1), soaked autoclaved dried ervil (1273.1), soaked dried ervil (1340.0), and ground-soaked autoclaved dried ervil (2070.6).     

用毒饵盒投毒控制村镇家鼠数量的研究

在济南郊区一个具有145户、1046间房的村中,于1982年11月初,先连投四天0.05%敌鼠钠面团毒饵,17天后用格粉板法测得灭鼠率为66.68%,又经12天投放自己设计的斜截直角三棱柱体型小毒饵盒510个;盒内放0.05%敌鼠钠玉米(7份)小麦(3份)混合干燥毒饵。放盒第2~5个月时,单纯毒饵盒的灭鼠率上升到97.08%,总灭鼠率上升到99.03%以上。放盒后第6~14个月试验村的平均灭效为96.83%,对照村的平均灭效为-113.31%。作者认为,此法经济、简便、高效、安全,如能推广,村镇内严重的家鼠危害将会得到较彻底的控制。     

Blood pressure reduced by whole grain diet containing barley or whole wheat and brown rice in moderately hypercholesterolemic men

Whole grains have been reported to lower blood pressure, but results have been mixed. This report compares the effects of soluble and insoluble fibers on blood pressure in a whole grain diet. Twenty-one non-hypertensive men (28-62 yr) with elevated plasma cholesterol levels were selected for the study approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health. Men consumed a Step 1 diet for 2 wk. and then consumed diets with brown rice/whole wheat, barley, or a combination for 5 wk in a Latin square. Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures did not change during the Step 1 diet, but were reduced by whole grains whether the fiber was predominantly soluble (barley) or insoluble (brown rice & whole wheat). Urinary excretion of phosphorus, and urea nitrogen were lower after consumption of the barley diet. Increasing whole grain foods in a healthy diet can reduce cardiovascular risk.