血塞通联合尼莫地平治疗轻中度血管性痴呆临床观察

血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VD)又称多发梗死性痴呆,VD与阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer disease,AD)是老年期痴呆的两个主要类型。随着人群老龄化及脑血管发病率逐年上升,血管性痴呆己成为仅次于阿尔茨海默病最常见的痴呆类型[1-2]。本文应用血塞通粉剂联合尼莫地平治疗轻中度血     

老年期痴呆129例的临床研究

目的探讨老年期痴呆的病种分布、临床表现、影像特点和诊断方法.方法采用综合分析方法对129例老年期痴呆患者进行临床症状、神经心理、MRI检查,并以112名老年健康体检者为对照,总结了各种痴呆的特点和诊断方法.结果 1 29例老年期痴呆中,阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease, AD)55例,血管性痴呆(vascular dementia, VD)46例 ,混合性痴呆(mixed dementia, MD)18例.3种痴呆中记忆障碍均存在(100%),卒中病史在AD组中无,在VD组和MD组中分别为39例(84%)和7例(39%);神经系统局灶征在AD 组中未能发现,在VD组和MD组中分别为44例(95%)和5例(27%);影像变化AD组中全部有脑萎缩(100%),VD组多发性脑梗死42例(93%),MD组全部有脑萎缩(100%)和全部有腔梗(100%),但腔梗数量不超过5个.结论 (1)对各种痴呆的诊断步骤,应先符合痴呆的标准,再根据AD、VD和MD的标准进行分型.(2)老年期痴呆以AD为最多见,VD次之.(3)不同痴呆各有其不同的临床特点AD起病慢,无神经系统局灶征, 影像变化以脑萎缩为主,Hackinsk i缺血评分＜4分; VD多有脑血管病病史,起病快,有神经局灶征,影像变化以脑梗死为主 ; MD多兼有AD和VD的特点,脑血管病史不甚明确,影像学上既有脑萎缩又有散在的腔梗,数量多在5个以上.     

阿尔茨海默病和血管性痴呆氢质子磁共振波谱研究

痴呆是一种获得性、持续性智能损害综合征,老年期痴呆主要包括阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer disease,AD)和血管性痴呆(Vascular dementia,VD).AD是老年人最常见的痴呆类型,根据尸检病理研究,60%～70%的痴呆为此种类型[1].VD是第二大常见痴呆类型,约占痴呆类型的10%～20%[2],AD和VD病理过程不完全相同,但临床表现、危险因素、病理学所见、影像学特征存在一定程度的重叠[3],在临床上难以准确区分,鉴别诊断的困难长期存在.     

87例老年期痴呆住院患者死亡分析

目的:探讨住院老年期痴呆的生存时间和死亡原因.方法:收集1994年4月～2002年4月间住院死亡的阿尔茨海默病(AD)和血管性痴呆(VD)病例共87例.了解其发病年龄,病程,住院天数和死亡原因.结果:AD组发病年龄和死亡年龄均显著高于VD组.两组生存时间差异无显著性.但AD组中男性生存时间显著短于女性.两组住院天数差异无显著性.两组死亡原因主要均为感染和全身衰竭.结论:我国住院的AD患者发病年龄和死亡年龄均晚于VD患者.女性AD患者生存时间长于男性患者.感染和全身衰竭是老年期痴呆的主要死亡原因.     

PET/CT在老年期痴呆中的应用研究进展

老年期痴呆泛指60(65岁)以上人群中发生的各种类型痴果,最常见的是阿尔茨海默病(AD)和血管性痴果(VD).国外的流行病学资料表明,65岁以上老人中,痴呆的患病率为15%,其中9%为AD,4%为VD[1].     

164例住院老年期痴呆患者的精神和行为障碍

目的:研究老年期痴呆病人的精神和行为障碍(BPSD).方法:采用BEHAVE-AD量表对164例住院的老年期痴呆病人进行评定.结果:所有病例均有不同程度的BPSD,其中以行为紊乱,攻击行为,日夜节律紊乱和偏执与妄想多见,且阿尔茨海默病(AD)和血管性痴呆(VD)大致相似,结论:DPSD的发生率极高,对老年期痴呆的论断,治疗,预后等有重要影响,应予重视和加强研究.     

老年期痴呆抑郁和焦虑障碍共病研究

目的：了解老年期痴呆患者抑郁和焦虑障碍共病率及其相关因素。方法：将100例老年期痴呆患者分为两组，阿尔茨海默病（AD）组和血管性痴呆（VD）组。用简明精神病评定量表（BPRS）、Hamilton抑郁量表（HAMD）、Hamilton焦虑量表（HAMA）进行评定。结果：AD组有焦虑20例，伴抑郁17例；VD组有焦虑17例，伴抑郁15例。共病28例，AD组与VD组各14例。AD组与VD组在HAMD因子分有明显差异（P〈0．05）。结论：老年期痴呆患者抑郁和焦虑共病率较高，应引起高度重视。     

血管性痴呆的危险因素

血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VD)是老年期痴呆的另一个主要类型,国内外研究结果显示,VD的发病率和患病率均随着年龄的增长而显著增高[1,2],VD占欧美老年期痴呆的15%～20%。亚洲国家如中国和日本VD的发生率较高,     

载脂蛋白E基因多态性及血脂与血管性痴呆的关系

血管性痴呆(VD)是老年期最常见的痴呆类型之一．由于VD可预防和治疗，因此对VD的研究备受人们关注。此研究着重探讨VD与ApoE基因、血脂的相关性。     

血管性痴呆的临床研究进展

血管性痴呆系指在缺血性、出血性及急慢性缺血缺氧性脑血管疾病引起的脑组织损害基础上，产生的以高级神经认知功能障碍为主的一组临床综合征。在美国和欧洲，Alzheimer病(AD)是导致进行性和不可逆性痴呆的首要原因，血管性痴呆(VD)是第二位病因。但在亚洲地区卒中率高，在日本，VD占老年期痴呆患的60％～70％，在我国，老年人VD患病率为324／10万，AD为238／10万，而且城市高于农村。随着社会老龄化，VD的发病率在逐年上升，严重地影响着老年人的生活质量，给社会和家庭都带来沉重的负担。     

影响老年期谵妄近期预后的因素分析

目的探讨住院治疗的老年期谵妄患者近期预后的影响因素，以期更好的治疗和预防。方法采用统一的调查方法，自制调查问卷对入院确诊为老年期谵妄的90例患者逐一调查记录，并应用大体功能评定量表（GAS）对其出院时情况进行评定，对所得资料进行统计学分析。结果因素分析表明：影响老年期谵妄近期预后的主要因素依次为：患者的就医形式、有无饮酒史、病后是否及时就诊、有无并发症及合并症、起病原因以及意识障碍的程度和持续时间等。结论老年期谵妄患者近期预后受多种因素（包括生物学因素以及社会心理等因素）的影响，而可干预因素占重要地位。     

Treatment for dementia in parkinsonian syndromes. Efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors

In parkinsonian syndromes dementia frequently occurs in the disease progress. The cholinergic system has been proposed as playing a key role in cognitive disturbances. Therefore the application of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) is also hotly argued for dementia associated with parkinsonian syndromes. This review focuses on the specific symptoms of dementia in Parkinson's disease (PDD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and corticobasal degeneration (CBD). The effect of cholinergic treatment on cognition and behaviour is reported and critically discussed. There is evidence that medication with some ChEIs reduces cognitive disturbances and to a lesser extent improves activities of daily living in PDD. Behavioural symptoms also seem to be positively influenced by treatment with ChEIs in both PDD and DLB. The effect of treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors in PSP and CBD warrants more carefully designed studies including sufficient numbers of patients.     

Conceptualization of mild cognitive impairment: a review

BACKGROUND: Several factors have prompted renewed interest in the concept of declines in cognitive function that occur in association with aging, in particular the area between normal cognition and dementia. We review the changing conceptualization of what has come to be known as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in an effort to identify recent developments and highlight areas of controversy. METHODS: Standard MEDLINE search for relevant English-language publications on mild cognitive impairment and its associated terms, supplemented by hand searches of pertinent reference lists. RESULTS: Many conditions cause cognitive impairment which does not meet current criteria for dementia. Within this heterogenous group, termed 'Cognitive Impairment, No Dementia' (CIND), there are disorders associated with an increased risk of progression to dementia. Still, the conceptualization of these latter disorders remains in flux, with variability around assumptions about aging, the relationship between impairment and disease, and how concomitant functional impairment is classified. Amongst patients with MCI, especially its amnestic form, many will progress to Alzheimer's disease (AD). In contrast with clinic-based studies, where progression is more uniform, population-based studies suggest that the MCI classification is unstable in that context. In addition to Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (AMCI), other syndromes exist and can progress to dementia. For example, an identifiable group with vascular cognitive impairment without dementia shows a higher risk of progression to vascular dementia, Alzheimer's disease and mixed dementia. CONCLUSIONS: Recent attempts to profile patients at an increased risk of dementia suggest that this can be done in skilled hands, especially in people whose symptoms prompt them to seek medical attention. Whether these people actually have early AD remains to be determined. The more narrowly defined MCI profiles need to be understood in a population context of CIND.     

脑小血管病MRI表现对痴呆的预测作用

随着全球老龄化,痴呆发病率快速上升,而且痴呆具有不可逆性、缺乏有效治疗措施,故 探索预测痴呆发生的有效指标成为关键。脑小血管病（cerebral small vessel disease,CSVD）被认为与 痴呆密切相关,其颅脑磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）可表现为腔隙（lacunes）、新发皮 层下小梗死（recent small subcortical infarcts）、脑白质高信号（white matter hyperintensities,WMH）、扩 大的血管周围间隙（enlarged perivascular spaces,EPVS）及脑微出血（cerebral microbleeds,CMB）等。本文 通过综述CSVD颅脑MRI表现与痴呆相关性的研究进展,发现多发静息性或位于基底节区的腔隙性梗死 （lacunar infarction,LI）或腔隙、重度WMH、多脑叶分布性脑叶微出血（lobar microbleeds,LMB）,均可作 为预测痴呆发生的有效指标。     

Review: Induced pluripotent stem cell models of frontotemporal dementia

The increasing prevalence of dementia in the ageing population combined with the lack of treatments and the burden on national health care systems globally make dementia a public health priority. Despite the plethora of important research findings published over the past two decades, the mechanisms underlying dementia are still poorly understood and the progress in pharmacological interventions is limited. Recent advances in cellular reprogramming and genome engineering technologies offer an unprecedented new paradigm in disease modeling. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have enabled the study of patient‐derived neurons in vitro, a significant progress in the field of dementia research. The first studies using iPSCs to model dementia have recently emerged, holding promise for elucidating disease pathogenic mechanisms and accelerating drug discovery. In this review, we summarize the major findings of iPSC‐based studies in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and FTD overlapping with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FTD/ALS). We also discuss some of the main challenges in the use of iPSCs to model complex, late‐onset neurodegenerative diseases such as dementias.     

Mild cognitive impairment

Mild cognitive impairment is an emerging term that encompasses the clinical state between elderly normal cognition and dementia. Controversy surrounds its characterization, implementation, and definition. Mild cognitive impairment is now the focus of natural history studies, biomarker studies, along with Alzheimer's disease prevention studies. The mild cognitive impairment stage may be the optimum stage at which to intervene with preventive therapies. Depending on the cohort source and definition, between 19 and 50% of mild cognitive impairment individuals progress to dementia (usually Alzheimer's disease) over 3 years. Despite controversy, progress has been achieved in defining risk factors for progression from mild cognitive impairment to dementia. New treatments to prevent development of Alzheimer's disease are targeting mild cognitive impairment as a treatment group and neurologists will increasingly be called upon to make this diagnosis.     

非痴呆性血管性认知障碍的研究进展

血管性认知障碍（vascular cognitive impairment,VCI）是由脑血管病危险因素（如高血压、 糖尿病、高脂血症和高同型半胱氨酸血症等）、显性脑血管病（出血性及缺血性卒中）及非显性脑血 管病（脑白质疏松和慢性脑缺血等）引起的一组从轻度认知功能损害到痴呆的临床综合征。非痴呆 性血管性认知障碍（vascular cognitive impairment-no dementia,VCIND）是VCI的早期阶段,其中约一半 患者会在5年内进展为痴呆。血管性痴呆（vascular dementia,VD）在治疗上尚未发现行之有效的方法, 但又是唯一可以预防的痴呆。发现VCIND危险因素并进行早期干预,对于寻求延缓痴呆进展的二级 预防策略至关重要。现从VCIND的概念、流行病学、诊断标准及影响因素等方面进行综述,以期能够 早期识别相关危险因素,防治VCI。     

Whipple''s disease confined to the nervous system

Whipple's disease confined to the nervous system occurred in a 36-year old woman who presented with grand mal seizures and dementia. There was no evidence of extracerebral involvement and the jejunal biopsy was negative before treatment. Multiple enhancing lesions on CT scan progressed despite therapy with minocycline and prednisone, but resolved on treatment with tetracycline. The dementia did not progress while she was on antibiotic therapy. Whipple's disease should be considered as a treatable cause of progressive dementia even in the absence of an abnormal jejunal biopsy.     

Frequency and intensity of behavioral and psychological symptoms in the course of Alzheimer's disease

The aim of the study was: 1) to estimate the occurrence and intensity of some psychopathological symptoms in the course of Alzheimer's disease, and 2) to examine whether the occurrence of behavioral and psychological symptoms increases with the deepening of dementia process among persons with Alzheimer's disease living in their homes with outpatient treatment. The study was conducted among 94 persons (38 men and 56 women ageing from 52 to 86 years (x = 72.4 +/- 6.9), with education: from 2 to 17 years (x = 11.2 +/- 3.7). Three subgroups were selected for study with regard to the intensity of dementia process, estimated according to Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): very mild (n = 16, x = 71.4 +/- 6.7), mild (n = 43, x = 72.6 +/- 7.9), moderate (n = 35, x = 72.5 +/- 6.9). Subjects in group II and III fulfill diagnostic criteria of dementia according to ICD-10, DSM IV and criteria of probable AD according to NINCDS-ADRDA. In the estimation of occurrence of behavioral and psychological disturbances: Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale--non-cognitive behavior (ADAS-non-cog) and subscale "Change in Personality, Interests, Drive" of Blessed Dementia Scale were used. The results have shown that with the progress of dementia process, the occurrence of the following psychopathological symptoms such as: hallucinations, intensive motor activity, purposeless hyperactivity, pacing, rigidity increases and there is a relinquishment of hobbies. In addition, regardless of the stage of dementia, such behaviors as: apathy, depression, tearfullness, impaired emotional control and disturbances of appetite were observed relatively frequently.     

Course and etiology of dysexecutive MCI in a community sample

BackgroundAmnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is associated with an elevated risk of progressing to Alzheimer's disease. Much less is known about the course of dysexecutive mild cognitive impairment (dMCI). The goals of this study were to determine how the profile of cognitive deficits differs over time between patients with dMCI and aMCI, and control subjects; if the type of dementia differs between dMCI and aMCI in patients who progress to dementia; and if dMCI is more associated with stroke and white matter hyperintensity on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) than aMCI.MethodsThe authors undertook a prospective evaluation of an inception cohort of 1167 ethnically diverse elders recruited from an urban community-based sample monitored with clinical and neuropsychological testing for an average of 4.5 years (standard deviation, 0.8 year). A subset of the subjects underwent MRI. We compared four groups of MCI patients: single-domain amnestic and dysexecutive MCI, and multiple-domain MCI with and without executive dysfunction.ResultsCompared with aMCI, dMCI was less likely to involve other areas of cognition over time and progress to dementia. None of the 33 single-domain dMCI patients progressed to dementia. The presence of executive dysfunction in multiple-domain MCI did not increase risk of progression to dementia. Patients with multiple-domain MCI with executive dysfunction who progressed to dementia were less likely to have an Alzheimer's–type dementia than MCI patients without executive dysfunction. Patients with dMCI were more likely to experience stroke, but not white matter hyperintensity, detected via MRI than patients with aMCI.ConclusionsdMCI appears to follow a different course, and is less associated with Alzheimer's disease and more associated with stroke than aMCI.