The Concept of Hospitalization of Children from the View Point of Parents and Children

Objective

Disease and hospitalization can be the first crisis that a child encounters. The aim of this study is to reveal a clear picture of the meaning of hospitalization in children, to show the experience and behavior of hospitalized children and to discover the meaning and understanding of hospitalization in them.

Methods

This study is a phenomenology study of qualitative research within the framework of Husserl Eidetic phenomenology through comprehensive interviewing. The objective group consisted of children 7–11 years old - and their parents - hospitalized in the children''s ward of 22 Bahman Hospital and the surgery ward of 15 Khordad Hospital during the study (2008). Method of selection of participants was as follows: having experience of hospitalization, having ability to answer the questions, and being volunteered. Sample size was detected by data saturation. In the method of sampling, an object group of 20 (12 children and 8 parents) were chosen and interviewed. The Seven Colaizzi Stages were used for analysis of data.

Findings

The analysis of the interviews and the written narrations of the participants led to the extraction of 6 inner themes consisting of sickness, environment, reciprocal relationship, parents’ personal problems, mental and emotional matters and a spiritual dimension; all of which define a specific aspect of the experience of hospital in children and parents.

Conclusion

The experience of hospitalization in children can be considered as a process of effort for returning to health and, on the whole, the regaining of the individual''s status in the world. Nurses can ease this process by showing the importance of experience and feelings of individuals at the time of hospitalization and help people to adapt themselves to their new surroundings. This matter can enable the nurses to utilize methods of helping in the adaptation of individuals and thus guide the unique powers present in every individual to ease and quicken recovery.     

Malrotation in Children with Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Allergy and Psychosomatic Abdominal Pain

Three children with malrotation 4.5, 5 and 9 years old at operation are presented. Their preliminary diagnoses were gastrointestinal (GI) allergy, GI allergy with colon irritabile and psychosomatic abdominal pain. They were treated on an outpatient basis under these diagnoses for more than two years before their malrotations were discovered. In two children radiology did not demonstrate any signs of intestinal obstruction and in one of these children repeated radiological examinations were necessary for the diagnosis of malrotation. Operative findings were chronic volvulus with compromised blood flow and obstructive duodenal bands. The third child suffered acute strangulation ileus with gangrene of the intestines before diagnosis was made. We conclude that special consideration must be given to the possibility of malrotation when treating and radiologically investigating children with GI disturbances.     

Heterogeneous Effects of Maternal Labor Market Participation on the Nutritional Status of Children: Empirical Evidence from Rural India

We use a dataset of rural Indian households to investigate the effects of maternal participation in labor markets on child nutrition (the standardized height-for-age). Our study differs methodologically from previous research in this realm in that we are using an instrumental variable quantile regression framework in order to estimate the causal effects of maternal work at various locations of the height-for-age distribution in rural India. The quantile estimates provide evidence of large heterogeneity in the effect of a mother’s work on child nutrition. In particular, the results suggest that it is children in the lower tail of the distribution who experience more sizable ‘nutritional premiums’ due to maternal labor market participation; the effects are small and insignificant for children in the rest of the distribution.     

中西医结合治疗小儿厌食症

厌食是儿童摄食行为异常的一种疾病 ,各年龄儿童均可发生 ,但以 1～ 6岁小儿多见。随着社会经济的迅速发展 ,本病发病率有逐渐增加趋势 ,且以城市儿童发病率较高 ,因而被认为是富裕社会儿童主要摄食问题之一。本病迁延日久 ,对儿童生长发育、营养状态和智力发展均有不同程度影响。一、病因病理一般来说 ,引起厌食常见原因有 2种 :一种因局部或全身性疾病影响消化功能 ,如消化性溃疡、急慢性肝炎、慢性肠炎、各种原因引起的腹泻及慢性便秘等胃肠道疾病 ,结核或其他急慢性感染等全身性疾病 ,锌、铁等微量元素缺乏等 ;一种是中枢神经系统受人体…     

中西医结合治疗儿童遗尿症

目的观察中西医结合治疗儿童功能性遗尿症的疗效。方法将2005年1月-2008年1月在门诊就诊的45例功能性遗尿症患儿随机分为治疗组(25例)与对照组(20例)。在采取综合治疗的基础上,治疗组采用中西医结合治疗,对照组采用单纯西医治疗。疗程结束后2组进行疗效比较,并随访1 a。结果治疗组治愈率为80%(20/25例),有效率为96%(24/25例);对照组治愈率为50%(10/20例),有效率为70%(14/20例),2组比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=3.91,P<0.05)。随访过程中治疗组无一例复发,对照组2例复发,采用治疗组方案治疗后均治愈。结论中西医结合治疗小儿遗尿症疗效明显,优于单纯西医治疗。     

Uncertain Impacts: Trends in Public Expenditure on Children and Child Outcomes in Australia since the 1980s

One of the purposes of social indicators is to inform policy, so that policymakers can respond to emerging trends and changing needs. Many policy responses are resource-based ?C that is, they involve changes in expenditure, and the size and purpose of public expenditure is an important indicator of policy effort. This article shows that between the 1980s and the mid-2000s, successive Australian governments increased expenditure on children to a greater extent than they did on elderly Australians. They also increasingly focused public expenditure on younger children, and on poorer children. Since the mid-2000s, while the focus of public expenditure on younger and poorer children appears to continue, the size of the public expenditure budget for children is no longer increasing greatly, suggesting that policy prioritisation of children overall may have come to an end. Yet even while public expenditure on children was increasing, a review of available indicators suggests that trends in Australian children??s outcomes were not uniformly positive. In particular there is little substantive evidence that disparities in outcomes between children from lower and higher socio-economic backgrounds fell substantially. This raises questions of how the efficacy of public expenditure should be measured, and how the child indicators movement can rise to this challenge.     

The Role of Medicine for Children with Developmental Disabilities*

Abstract The trend of the delivery of health care services for developmentally disabled children, especially those with congenital anomalies, is described. The importance of how the organization of community health services and the role of medicine and medical facilities mesh together in Japan is emphasized.     

中西医结合治疗小儿迁延性、难治性腹泻

由于口服补液盐（ORS）的推广及其他治疗方法的改进，急性腹泻病死率已明显下降（我国5岁以下小儿病死率为0．19％；年死亡率为0．51‰）。分析现今小儿腹泻死亡病例，发现半数死于迁延性腹泻（persistentdiarrhea）与难治性腹泻（intractable diarrhea）及其并发症。为进一步降低小儿腹泻病死率，迁延与难治性腹泻问题已引起国内外学者的重视，世界卫生组织（WHO）亦给予了密切关注。1987年12月在日内瓦召开了发展中国家小儿迁延性腹泻专题学术会议。本文结合国内外情况对迁延性与难治性腹泻重点加以讨论。     

小儿抗心律失常药物的循证医学评价

小儿心律失常在儿科心血管疾病中十分常见,其发生机制、类型以及治疗方法均与成人不同,在儿童的不同年龄段亦不相同。儿科心律失常研究起步较晚,心律失常机制及治疗的研究明显落后于成人领域。这给儿科心律失常的主要治疗方法的药物治疗提出了挑战。现以临床循证医学为根据,从临床角度出发,阐述儿科常见心律失常的机制、诊断方法以及常用抗心律失常药物的分类、治疗原理、儿科常用剂量及应用注意事项。     

青枝骨科网的建立与儿童网络医学的发展

随着国际互联网的广泛普及与迅猛发展,我国各级计算机网络也逐步建立完善,越来越多的用户正以不同的方式进入Internet,以获取更加丰富的信息资源。国内、外学者之间通过英特网进行的各个层次上的学术交流也越来越多,并且正在逐渐改变以往传统的学术交流机制。尤其在近些年来,网络医学的发展愈来愈迅速,大量的中、英文医学网站不断涌现。但是,中文的有关儿童骨科专业性互联网络学术     

Behavioral Characteristics of the Mentally Retarded with Arithmetic Tasks: From a Special Educational Point of View*

ABSTRACT Various types of errors are shown in a mentally retarded boy (CA 12:10, Tanaka-Binet IQ 45–50) engaging in a standardized arithmetic achievement test for first-grade pupils. The following issues on behavioral characteristics of the mentally retarded with arithmetic tasks are discussed from a special educational point of view. 1. Production of correct solutions depends heavily on self-regulation, motivation and metacognition levels of the retarded with arithmetic tasks. Therefore, maintaing appropriate levels of these processes is a fundamental principle in encouraging the mentally retarded to do their best. 2. How the retarded deal with a task on figures depends on how the figures appear to them. It is a perceptual problem rather than an arithmetic one. 3. While the retarded can do well on a task by manipulating the objects in question in his daily life, they cannot solve the same task in an achievement test situation. They attempt to solve a task using a familiar strategy and are difficult to change the one used. They adopt a known strategy with a clue of particular word, phrase or part of story to deal with the tasks. 4. Realization of how to use the counting principles develops step by step, but understanding process of every principle on cardinal progression is one thing and that on multiple progression is another.