幕上与癫痫有关的海绵状血管瘤的显微外科治疗

目的 探讨幕上表现于癫痫的颅内海绵状血管瘤外科治疗方法和效果.方法 25例幕上表现于癫痫的颅内海绵状血管瘤患者,根据术前影像学、脑电图表现与运动区的关系分为A、B二组.手术在皮层脑电图(ECoG)监测下进行,包括单纯切除血管瘤、切除血管瘤和切除含铁血黄素层,以及辅助部分皮层痫灶切除、皮层热灼或软膜下横切等.结果 本组海绵状血管瘤均令切除,2例术后有一过性轻度肢体功能障碍,无手术死亡.随访10个月-4.5年,A组9例,Engel Ⅰ级6例;Engel Ⅱ B级2例;Engel Ⅲ级1例.B组16例,均无发作.结论 幕上与癫痫有关的海绵状血管瘤在ECoG监测下做病灶和痫灶切除,是控制术后癫痫发作的有效手段;运动区和附近海绵状血管瘤由于手术没有完全切除致痫灶可能是术后癫痫控制率差的原因.     

难治性癫痫相关脑血管畸形15例临床病理分析

目的分析并比较因脑血管畸形导致难治性癫痫从而接受癫痫外科手术的15例患者的临床及病理学特点。方法回顾性分析接受脑病灶及致痫灶切除手术的15例脑血管畸形患者的临床资料及病理资料。结果 15例患者均表现为难治性癫痫,其中包括8例海绵状血管瘤,7例Sturge-Weber综合征(SWS)。男性8例,女性7例,发病年龄1月龄~29岁,病程2~24年。手术年龄2~31岁。2例行单脑叶切除,12例行多脑叶切除,1例行功能性大脑半球切除。脑标本镜下可见海绵状血管瘤并局灶性皮质发育不良(FCD)Ⅲc型;软脑膜血管瘤病、灰质中弥漫钙化,脑实质内小血管壁钙化,并伴发局灶性皮质发育不良(FCD)Ⅲc型。术后随访0.5~8年,EngelⅠ级11例,EngelⅡ级2例,EngelⅢ级1例,EngelⅣ级1例。结论脑海绵状血管瘤患者接受癫痫外科手术后随访效果良好;SWS患者颅内病变程度可能与遗传学相关,SWSⅠ型患儿应尽早手术,术后效果良好;SWSⅢ型患者接受血管瘤病病灶及致痫灶切除术后,随访效果良好。     

中央区纵裂癫痫的手术治疗

目的 探讨中央区纵裂癫痫的诊断及手术治疗方法. 方法 选择自2007年6月至2008年4月在河北省人民医院功能神经外科就诊并接受手术治疗的6例中央区纵裂癫痫患者,常规术前评估(包括MRI、头皮脑电图、MEG、加密头皮脑电图、颅内埋藏电极及皮层电刺激联合定位致痫灶和功能区)后在皮层脑电临测下行手术切除,切除组织进行病理检查,术后随访发作情况、腩电图和并发症. 结果 经术前评估致痫灶均位于中央区纵裂区,经手术治疗后5例患者术后无发作,达到Engle Ⅰ级;1例EngleⅡ级,发作明显减少.术后病理结果显示,6例患者中局灶性皮层发育不良3例,胶质增生、脂肪瘤和海绵状血管瘤各1例.术后脑电图显示,大致正常脑电图3例,少量慢波3例. 结论 中央区纵裂癫痫在精确定位下可行手术切除,手术效果良好,无严重并发症.     

儿童颅内海绵状血管瘤并发癫痫的手术治疗

目的明确儿童颅内海绵状血管瘤并发癫痫的手术治疗效果。方法回顾我院从2010年2月至2014年5月经手术治疗27例儿童颅内海绵状血管瘤并发癫痫患儿的病例资料。分析儿童海绵状血管瘤的临床特点,随访患者手术后癫痫缓解情况。手术后癫痫治疗情况用Engle’s分级进行评估,并对手术效果及预后进行分析。结果所有患者均行手术切除。术后1例基底节区病变切除后出现对侧肢体偏瘫,经治疗后到随访时神经功能已恢复至术前状态。1例术后出现颅内感染,经治疗后好转出院。手术后癫痫缓解良好,Engle’s分级1级25例,2级1例,3级1例。患者中无死亡及严重并发症患者。结论儿童颅内海绵状血管瘤并发癫痫手术治疗可有效治疗癫痫,并可避免海绵状血管瘤再次出血而改善患者预后。对多发病变及长期癫痫患者术前需充分评估。     

颅内海绵状血管瘤的诊断与显微外科治疗

目的探讨颅内海绵状血管瘤的诊断与显微手术治疗效果。方法分析32例（34个病灶）颅内海绵状血管瘤病人的临床表现、影像学特征、手术治疗及预后。病人术前均行头颅M刚和（或）CT检查,单发病灶30例,多发病灶2例。主要临床表现为头痛、癫痫及神经功能障碍。均行最微外科手术。结果全切除33个病灶,部分切除1个病灶,术前诊断均与病理相符。15例伴癫痫者术中均予皮质脑电监测,根据术中发现行扩大切除5例,皮质热灼3例;术后达EngelI级14例,EngelⅡ级1例,术后无新发癫痫病例。24例随访3—26个月,均未发现复发病例。结论影像技术的进步使颅内海绵状血管瘤的术前诊断率大大提高。颅内海绵状血管瘤可通过显微手术切除获得良好疗效。伴有癫痫者需行术中皮质脑电监测并根据术中发现决定手术策略。     

术中脑电监测在癫痫手术中的应用分析

目的讨论术中脑电监测在癫痫手术中的应用意义。方法40例难治性癫痫患者，术中采用日本光电9200脑电描记系统。应用皮层电极，在致痫灶靶区皮层，对癫痫起源部位进一步精确定位，手术切除致痫灶，并在皮层脑电图（ECoG）监测下进行病灶扩大切除、胼胝体切开或多处软膜下横切（MST），术后常规应用抗癫痫药物。结果全部患者在预定的癫痫灶局部均可记录到癫痫波；病变及癫痫灶切除后即时检测，显示痫性放电明显减少24例，其中3例非功能区海绵状血管瘤，瘤体切除后仍可见大量棘波，扩大切除周围皮质，棘波显著减少；3例功能区胶质瘤患者虽经MST后，棘波有一定改善，仍可见一定量棘波；12例海马硬化及1例海马萎缩术后，仍存在一定量棘波。术后疗效评价，按照Engel分级评价为：Ⅰ级27例，Ⅱ级6例，Ⅲ级4例，Ⅳ级3例；总有效者37例，有效率达92．5％。结论在癫痫手术中运用脑电监测，可以进一步精确定位致痫灶，指导手术中正确切除癫痫灶及预示手术效果，有助于提高手术治疗的有效性，在癫痫外科治疗中具有一定应用价值。     

以癫痫起病的颞叶海绵状血管瘤的手术治疗

目的 探讨以癫痫起病的颞叶海绵状血管瘤的临床特征、显微手术治疗方法及效果。方法 对14例以癫痫起病的颞叶海绵状血管瘤的临床资料、手术方式和手术效果进行回顾性分析。结果 6例单纯瘤周放电和1例电极描记阴性行单纯病变和含铁血黄素层切除;7例病变侵及颞叶内侧和岛叶,加行前颞叶以及内侧结构切除术。术后随访1~2年,癫痫缓解率满意,按照Engel 癫痫手术预后标准,Ⅰ级8例,Ⅱ级4例,Ⅲ级1例,Ⅳ级1例;所有患者未检测到血管瘤复发。结论 对颞叶海绵状血管瘤继发癫痫,术前积极评估,采取个体化手术方案,争取血管瘤和含铁血黄素层全切,同时恰当处理好存在的致痫灶,是治愈海绵状血管瘤和控制癫痫发作的有效手段。     

低级别胶质瘤及混合神经元胶质瘤相关癫痫的手术治疗策略

目的探讨低级别胶质瘤及混合神经元胶质瘤相关癫痫的手术治疗策略。方法回顾性分析广东三九脑科医院癫痫中心2011年—2017年手术治疗的171例低级别胶质瘤及混合神经元胶质瘤相关癫痫患者的临床资料;并复习相关文献。结果本组患者中,169例患者在无创Ⅰ期评估后,行术中皮层电极监测下手术治疗; 2例患者通过立体脑电图(stereo-EEG,SEEG)监测技术明确致痫灶范围后,行开颅手术治疗。肿瘤性病变累及功能区的患者在术中唤醒配合下进行手术。其中肿瘤次全切者32例,仅行肿瘤全切除者6例,其余患者的切除范围均较肿瘤病变扩大。所有患者术后均未出现神经功能障碍、颅内感染、血肿等手术并发症;并常规服用抗痫药物。经过1～7年的随访,其中EngleⅠ级者149例、EngleⅡ级19例、EngleⅢ级1例、EngleⅣ级2例。结论低级别胶质瘤及神经元混合胶质瘤相关癫痫的手术治疗是癫痫外科治疗的重要组成部分。应按照癫痫外科的术前评估流程进行合理细致的评估,根据具体情况进行个体化的治疗策略可以改善患者的预后,更好地提高患者的生活质量。     

皮质脑电图在脑海绵状血管瘤所致癫痫手术中的应用研究

目的 研究皮质脑电图(ECoG)在脑海绵状血管瘤(BCA)所致癫痫手术中的作用.方法 对经正规抗癫痫治疗无效的85例BCA致癫痫患者,在ECoG监测下进行致痫灶定位,指导手术治疗.术后对患者进行随访及疗效评定.结果 术中ECoG监测发现本组患者的BCA病变区均存在棘波发放,而术前头皮EEG仅56例存在棘波,术中ECoG还发现31例患者有新的致痫灶.所有患者在ECoG监测下进行致痫灶切除(非功能区)或低功率热灼术(功能区).术后平均随访3.4年,疗效满意(癫痫发作完全消失)61例(71.8％),良好(发作减少≥50％)18例(21.2％),差(发作减少＜50％)6例(7.1％);总有效(满意+良好)率92.9％.结论 ECoG监测可在BCA所致癫痫手术中准确定位致痫灶,明显提高手术的疗效.     

枕叶癫痫的临床特点及手术治疗策略

目的探讨枕叶癫痫的临床特点和手术治疗策略。方法回顾性分析广东三九脑科医院癫痫中心癫痫外科2014年6月至2017年6月,经无创术前评估或有创立体脑电图(SEEG)监测证实手术治疗的14例枕叶癫痫患者的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果 4例低级别发育性肿瘤患者采取直接开颅术中皮层电极监测下行病灶切除,加痫样放电区切除;其中1例患者因未监测到痫样放电仅行病灶切除。10例患者均经SEEG监测明确致痫灶后,行手术治疗;其中行SEEG引导下射频热凝术2例,行开颅显微镜下致痫灶切除术8例。术后主要并发症为视野缺损或原有视野缺损加重。患者术后均常规服用抗痫药物;经6个月～3年的随访,其中Engle分级Ⅰ级12例、Engle分级Ⅲ级1例、Engle分级Ⅳ级1例。结论虽然枕叶癫痫的临床表现复杂,头皮脑电图检查定侧定位意义有限。但经详细规范的术前评估,特别是症状学演变分析,以及SEEG监测仍可以准确诊断;而采取个体化的手术治疗策略可以获得良好的效果。     

以癫痫起病的幕上脑海绵状血管瘤的治疗

目的 探讨以癫痫起病的幕上脑海绵状血管瘤（CCA）的治疗方法及影响术后癫痫控制率的相关因素。方法 2008年1月至2014年1月收治以癫痫起病的幕上CCA患者76例,其中药物组（不愿接受手术者）25例,口服抗癫痫药物治疗。显微手术组51例,显微手术切除病灶及致痫灶,术后继续抗癫痫药物治疗。所有患者出院后随访1~5年,按Engel分级评定疗效,Engel分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级为疗效满意。结果 显微手术组疗效满意45例（88.2%）,药物治疗组癫痫疗效10例（40.0%）,两组疗效满意率差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。癫痫病程≤1年的患者术后疗效满意率明显高于癫痫病程>1年的患者（P<0.05）。>结论 以癫痫起病的幕上CCA显微手术治疗效果良好,建议尽早手术治疗;影响术后癫痫控制率的因素为癫痫的病程。     

幕上脑内海绵状血管瘤与癫痫(46例报告)

目的探讨幕上脑内海绵状血管瘤所致癫痫的临床特点及治疗方法。方法1998—2003年在北京天坛医院顺序入院的72例幕上脑内海绵状血管瘤患者中，46例伴有癫痫发作。详细记录和分析癫痫发作的临床类型和特点，同时给予手术和药物治疗。并对治疗效果进行随访。结果46例患者行显微手术治疗，其中40例术前均给予抗癫痫药物治疗。药物治疗后27例发作次数减少，13例病情无改善。手术治疗后，癫痫均得到良好控制。结论幕上脑内海绵状血管瘤伴发癫痫单纯通过药物控制效果不佳，而显微外科手术效果良好。     

Efficacy of intraoperative electrocorticography for assessing seizure outcomes in intractable epilepsy patients with temporal-lobe-mass lesions.

PURPOSE: The findings of previous studies have been controversial regarding the optimal surgical procedures required for effective seizure control. In particular, there are varying views as to whether or not lesionectomy of a temporal-lobe-mass lesion is a satisfactory process or whether removal of additional seizure foci is necessary. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of additional removal of electrically positive foci using intraoperative electrocorticography on mass lesions related to temporal lobe epilepsy. METHODS: Thirty-five medically intractable epilepsy patients with temporal-lobe benign mass lesions, who had been surgically treated, were assessed. The relationship between resection of the epilepsy focus using intraoperative electrocorticography and seizure outcome was analyzed. In addition, the sites of residual spikes after lesion removal were evaluated. RESULTS: In this study, the benign mass lesions consisted of 21 gangliogliomas, 8 cavernous angiomas and 6 dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors. The number of 3-year postoperative seizure-free incidences for the group that underwent lesionectomy plus additional spike-positive site resection equated to 90.9%. In contrast, in the group that underwent a lesionectomy only, 76.9% were seizure-free for 3-years postoperatively. After complete removal of mass lesions, 86.4% of the residual spikes were detected over the hippocampus. CONCLUSION: Even after the complete removal of temporal-lobe-mass lesions, a high frequency of residual spikes was obtained from the hippocampus. Effective surgical seizure control was achieved by carrying out additional procedures on the affected hippocampus. To detect seizure foci surrounding the lesion, especially over the hippocampus, intraoperative electrocorticogram monitoring was shown to be an effective technique.     

Cerebral cavernomas and seizures: a retrospective study on 163 patients who underwent pure lesionectomy

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the outcome of microsurgical “pure” lesionectomy in patients with supratentorial cavernous angiomas presenting with seizures. For this retrospective study 163 patients with cavernoma-related epileptic seizures were selected. They all underwent surgery in a single institution between 1988 and 2003. A microsurgical frame/frameless guided minimally invasive transulcal “pure” lesionectomy was performed. The haemosiderin stained gliotic brain parenchyma that was usually found surrounding the lesion was not removed. Among the 99 patients with epilepsy and longer clinical history, 68 (68.7%) were found completely to be seizure-free, 10 (10.1%) presented sporadic and less frequent seizures and 17 (17.1%) remained unchanged. Sixty-three out of 64 (98.4%) patients who experienced only single or sporadic seizures were found to be completely seizure-free after surgery. Five patients were lost at follow-up (mean 48 months, range 0.5–14 years). Long-term morbidity was 1.8%. Mortality was null. No haemorrhagic episodes were observed during follow-up. Pure lesionectomy prevents bleeding and development of epilepsy in patients that receive early surgery after the epileptic onset. In most of the epileptic patients with a good concordance between the electroclinical data and the location of the angioma, good results can be achieved by this kind of surgery so that more invasive and costly studies to find and remove the epileptogenic cerebral parenchyma seem justified only after lesionectomy fails.     

病灶切除与热灼联合术治疗顽固性癫痫

目的　观察病灶切除辅以皮质痫灶横纤维热灼术治疗顽固性癫痫的临床效果。方法　病灶切除辅以皮质痫灶热灼组的病人和单纯病灶切除组病人的疗效进行分析比较。结果　病灶切除辅以皮质痫灶热灼组效果优于单纯病灶切除组 ,两者的临床效果存在极显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1) ;同时 ,病灶切除辅以皮质痫灶热灼组无永久性的术后并发症。结论　病灶切除辅以皮质痫灶热灼术是治疗顽固性癫痫安全有效的方法 ,长期疗效有待于进一步观察     

Intractable epilepsy associated with brain tumors in children: surgical modality and outcome

OBJECTS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of surgical modality in children with brain tumors and intractable epilepsy. METHODS: Twenty-three patients who were treated for brain tumors and intractable epilepsy between January 1985 and March 1998 were retrospectively reviewed. The most common tumors were dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (n=9), oligodendrogliomas (n=6), and gangliogliomas (n=5). Six patients exhibited cortical dysplasia. The mean duration of follow-up was 43.4 months (range 12 to 125 months). Seizure outcome was more favorable (Engel's classes I and II) in patients with a complete resection of tumor (14/14 vs 6/9 for incomplete resection; P<0.05). There was no significant difference in seizure outcome between lesionectomy (n=13) and epilepsy surgery (n=10). The likelihood of requiring postoperative antiepileptic drugs was not influenced by the extent of resection or type of surgery. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of this study, we conclude that the complete resection of these tumors can be an appropriate initial treatment for children with brain tumors who experience intractable epilepsy.     

病灶切除辅以皮质癎灶热灼术治疗顽固性癫癎

目的　观察病灶切除辅以皮质灶横纤维热灼术治疗顽固性癫的临床效果。方法　将病灶切除辅以皮质灶热灼术 2 91例病人和单纯病灶切除术 78例病人的疗效进行分析比较。结果　病灶切除辅以皮质灶热灼组效果优于单纯病灶切除组 ,两者的临床效果存在显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ;同时 ,病灶切除辅以皮质灶热灼术组无永久性的术后并发症。结论　病灶切除辅以皮质灶热灼术是治疗顽固性癫安全有效的方法 ,长期疗效有待进一步观察。     

A comparative study of lesionectomy versus corticectomy in patients with temporal lobe lesional epilepsy

We performed a retrospective study comparing surgical outcome of anterior temporal lobectomy (n = 20) and stereotactic lesionectomy (n = 14) in 34 consecutive patients with intractable partial epilepsy evaluated at this institution between June 1986 and June 1992. All patients had medically refractory partial seizures and a neuroimaging-identified temporal lobe foreign-tissue lesion. Patients underwent a pre- and postoperative comprehensive evaluation. In all patients, postoperative neuroimaging studies indicated complete lesion resection. Seventy-one percent of lesionectomy patients and 90% of lobectomy patients, respectively, experienced a worthwhile reduction in seizure tendency. Forty-three percent of lesionectomy patients and 85% of lobectomy patients, respectively, were seizure-free postoperatively. Mean duration of follow-up was 51 months (range, 21–83 months). Morbidity occurred in three patients who underwent corticectomy: complete homonymous hemianopsia (1) and dysphasia (2). No significant morbidity was associated with lesionectomy. Results of this study have altered the surgical strategy at this institution for patients with temporal lobe lesional epilepsy and have proved useful in counseling patients regarding neurologic outcome.     

Epileptogenic temporal cavernous malformations: Operative strategies and postoperative seizure outcomes

Operative treatment of epileptogenic cavernous malformations (CM) continues under debate. Most studies focus on surgery for supratentorial CM in general. For temporal lobe CM, surgical decision-making concerns in particular whether to perform lesionectomy alone or the additional excision of mesial temporal structures. The purpose of this case series was to evaluate operative strategies used to treat epileptogenic temporal CM and to report resultant postoperative seizure outcomes.Twelve consecutive cases of patients with medically intractable epilepsy who underwent operation for temporal CM between 1996 and 2006 were retrospectively reviewed. When the temporal CM directly invaded the hippocampus or amygdala, the affected structures were resected in addition to the lesion; when the CM was located in the superficial temporal cortex, and there was no radiographic evidence of hippocampal sclerosis, lesionectomy alone was done; with CM located between the superficial temporal cortex and the mesial temporal region, other factors were considered in decision-making, such as lesion proximity to the deep mesiotemporal structures and preoperative epilepsy duration.For six of the twelve patients, extended lesionectomy (EL) alone was done; for the other six, tailored anteromedial temporal resection with hippocampectomy and/or amygdalectomy was performed in addition to EL. Postoperatively, 11 patients – all with preoperative VEM demonstrating electroclinical seizure patterns concordant with lesion location – were seizure-free. We conclude that epileptogenic temporal CM are surgically remediable, when approached with the above operative strategies and presurgical VEM. On the basis of these postoperative seizure control results, we recommend consideration of concurrent resection of mesial temporal structures with EL for certain temporal CM.     

Intraoperative electrocorticography‐guided microsurgical management for patients with onset of supratentorial neoplasms manifesting as epilepsy: a review of 65 cases

Aim. We reviewed the surgical procedures guided by intraoperative electrocorticography and outcome of 65 patients with onset of supratentorial neoplasms manifesting as epilepsy. Method. Clinical data were obtained for 65 patients with supratentorial neoplasms who received surgery, with the aid of intraoperative electrocorticography to screen epileptogenic foci before and after removal of neoplasms, and depth electrodes when needed. According to electrocorticography findings, appropriate surgical procedures were performed to treat the epileptogenic foci. In the control group, 72 patients received simple lesionectomy. Postoperative seizure outcomes were documented and analysed retrospectively. Results. In the case group, 33 patients received lesionectomy only, while the other 32 patients underwent intraoperative electrocorticography‐guided tailored epilepsy surgery. In total, 57 patients (87.7%) in the case group and 38 patients (52.8%) in the control group were seizure‐free (Engel Class I). Comparing outcomes of patients with temporal lesions between the two groups, 80.0% patients (12/15) in the case group and 20.0% (3/15) in the control group were seizure‐free. Furthermore, comparing the seizure outcomes of patients who finally underwent tailored epilepsy surgery and simple lesionectomy (33 after electrocorticography and 72 without electrocorticography), intraoperative electrocorticography‐guided tailored epilepsy surgery demonstrated superiority over lesionectomy (Engel Class I; 87.5% vs. 63.8%, respectively). Conclusions. Electrocorticography plays an important role in the localisation of epileptogenic foci and evaluation of the effects of microsurgical procedures intraoperatively. Isolated lesionectomy is not usually sufficient for better postoperative seizure outcome. In addition, for patients with temporal tumours, especially in the non‐dominant hemisphere, a more aggressive strategy, such as an anterior temporal lobectomy, is recommended.