表面肌电生物反馈治疗对偏瘫患者上肢功能的影响

目的探讨表面肌电生物反馈治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能的影响。 方法将40例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为治疗组（20例）和对照组（20例）。2组患者均常规给予神经内科药物治疗及康复训练，治疗组同时辅以表面肌电生物反馈（sEMG-BFB）治疗。分别于治疗前及治疗4周后采用Fugl-Meyer量表（FMA）评定偏瘫侧上肢功能，采用改良Ashworth痉挛指数（MAS）评定偏瘫侧肘关节屈、伸肌张力，采用sEMG评定偏瘫侧肱二头肌、肱三头肌在进行屈伸肘（最大等长收缩）动作时的肌电积分值（IEMG），并计算肘屈曲、伸展协同收缩率。 结果2组患者治疗前，其患侧上肢FMA、MAS评分以及肘关节屈伸协同收缩率间差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）；2组患者经相应治疗后，其偏瘫侧上肢FMA、MAS评分以及肘关节屈伸协同收缩率均较治疗前显著改善（P＜0.01），且治疗组患者FMA、MAS评分以及肘关节伸展协同收缩率的改善幅度明显优于对照组（P＜0.01）。 结论表面肌电生物反馈治疗可显著缓解偏瘫患者肘关节屈伸肌痉挛，进一步改善偏瘫患者肘关节屈伸肌协调性，提高上肢运动功能。     

不同恢复期脑卒中患者胫骨前肌和腓肠肌表面肌电信号的研究

目的：探讨脑卒中偏瘫患者恢复期sEMG信号的特点及规律。方法：17例偏瘫患者分为两组．A组9例均为BrunnstromⅣ期的患者，B组8例均为BrunnstromⅤ期的患者，在进行踝关节背屈最大自主收缩的同时，采用表面肌电图仪记录患侧和健侧的胫骨前肌和腓肠肌外侧头收缩的肌电信号，并对两组的积分肌电值、协同收缩率等观测指标进行分析比较。结果：B组患侧胫骨前肌积分肌电值明显高于A组（P〈0．01），B组患侧协同收缩率则明显低于A组（P〈0．01），而两组的患侧腓肠肌、健侧胫骨前肌、健侧腓肠肌积分肌电，以及健侧的协同收缩率之间差异无显著性（P〉0．05）;A、B两组的患侧与健侧胫骨前肌积分肌电、患侧与健侧协同收缩率之间均有不同程度的差异（P〈0．01或P〈0．05），而两组患侧与健侧腓肠肌积分肌电之间差异均无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论：恢复后期的偏瘫患者踝背屈主动肌的收缩功能及对拮抗肌协同收缩的控制能力明显好于恢复前期的偏瘫患者。sEMG作为一种简便的、非创伤性的检查方法，在脑卒中偏瘫运动功能评价中具有潜在的临床应用价值。     

偏瘫患者62例ADL训练临床分析

目的：对６２ 例偏瘫患者进行了日常生活活动（ＡＤＬ）能力的训练。方法：采用Ｂａｒｔｈｅｌ 指数计分法对其效果进行评价。结果： 治疗后ＡＤＬ积分由治疗前的５４．０６ 分提高到７７．１４ 分，Ｐ＜ ０．０１；同时ＡＤＬ的各项积分治疗后均高于治疗前， 生活自理者由治疗前２４ 例（３９％）增至４８ 例（７７％），Ｐ＜０．０１。结论：ＡＤＬ训练可提高偏瘫患者生活能力。年龄对ＡＤＬ积分有影响。偏瘫侧为利手时对ＡＤＬ积分无明显影响。偏瘫上肢功能的程度与ＡＤＬ相关显著。     

综合康复治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能障碍的影响

目的探讨综合康复治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能障碍的影响。 方法随机将67例脑卒中患者分为综合康复治疗组(康复组)35例和对照组32例。康复组患者实施神经发育疗法（NDT）结合运动再学习疗法(MRP)的综合康复治疗，对照组仅采用神经内科常规治疗或加针刺、推拿。 结果经治疗后，2组患者（下肢部分）Brunnstrom分级与日常生活活动（ADL）能力评分、Fugl-Meyer运动功能（FMA）下肢部分积分、偏瘫侧下肢步行能力的Barthel指数（BI）均有显著提高，2组结果比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。康复组患者的下肢功能障碍得到显著的恢复，提高了生活质量。 结论早期综合康复治疗可明显提高脑卒中患者偏瘫侧肢体功能及日常生活自理能力。     

脑卒中后偏瘫上肢康复过程中表面肌电分析

目的 观察脑卒中偏瘫患者在康复进程中其偏瘫侧肱二头肌、拇短屈肌及第一骨间背侧肌做最大等长收缩时表面肌电信号（sEMG）变化及其与上肢运动功能恢复间的相关性，为临床制订个体化康复干预方案提供参考资料。 方法 选取20例脑卒中患者（将其纳入实验组）及10例年龄、性别与患者相匹配的健康志愿者（将其纳入正常对照组）。记录所有受试者双侧上肢分别做肘屈、拇屈、食指外展最大等长收缩时肱二头肌、拇短屈肌、第一骨间背侧肌sEMG信号，并跟踪记录患者偏瘫侧上述肌肉sEMG在康复进程中的变化；采用简式上肢Fugl-Meyer量表（FMA）和徒手肌力评定（MMT）评估患者上肢运动功能及肌力改善情况，计算sEMG信号的均方根值（RMS）、中值频率（MDF）及与上肢FMA、MMT评分的相关性。 结果 正常对照组所检肌群RMS及MDF值左、右侧间差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）；实验组偏瘫侧所检肌肉RMS、MDF值均显著小于健侧及正常对照组水平（P<0.05），健侧RMS、MDF值均显著大于正常对照组水平（P<0.05）。实验组偏瘫侧所检肌肉RMS、MDF值随康复日程延长呈上升趋势，且末次检测值明显大于首次检测值（P<0.05）。实验组患者上肢FMA评分、MMT评分与上肢所检肌肉RMS值、MDF值均具有正相关性。 结论 脑卒中偏瘫侧上肢sEMG既可反映上肢康复进程，又能反映肌力及运动功能恢复情况，可作为一种定量康复评估指标，从而为制订个体化上肢功能康复训练方案提供参考资料。     

脑卒中偏瘫患者肱二、三头肌表面肌电特征的研究

目的 观察和分析脑卒中偏瘫患者在最大等长收缩（MIVC）过程中肱二、三头肌表面肌电图的特征，为脑卒中后偏瘫上肢训练提供电生理依据。方法 选择18例轻偏瘫或处于恢复期的脑卒中患者，在进行肘关节屈、伸肌MIVC时，检测其力矩和肱二、三头肌表面肌电信号。结果 MIVC状态下，肘屈曲时肱二头肌健侧的积分肌电值（iEMG）明显大于患侧（P〈0．05），肱三头肌健、患侧iEMG比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；肘伸展时肱三头肌健侧iEMG明显大于患侧（P〈0．01），肱二头肌患侧iEMG明显大于健侧（P〈0．05）。肱三头肌患侧协同收缩率明显大于健侧（P〈0．01），肱二头肌患侧协同收缩率有大于健侧的趋势，但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。无论是屈肌收缩还是伸肌收缩，患侧的峰力矩均明显小于健侧（P〈0．01）。结论 脑卒中偏瘫患者肘关节痉挛以屈肌为主，提示脑卒中后偏瘫上肢的康复治疗应以训练伸肌侧肌力和抑制拮抗肌协同收缩为主。     

早期综合康复对脑卒中患者运动功能和ADL能力的影响

目的：探讨早期综合康复治疗对脑卒中患者偏瘫侧肢体的肌张力、运动功能和ADL能力的影响，以及痉挛分级、运动功能和日常生活自理能力的相关性。方法：48例急性脑卒中患者随机分为治疗组和对照组。两组患者均予以常规的药物治疗、针灸、理疗等，治疗组患者加予规范化的综合康复训练。所有病例共评定4次：入组时、脑卒中病程1个月、3个月和6个月时。分别采用改良Ashworth量表（MAS）、简化Fugl-Meyer量表（FMA）和Barthel指数（BI）来评定脑卒中患者偏瘫侧肢体的痉挛、运动功能和日常生活自理能力。结果：在入组时两组患者MAS评分、FMA评分和BI比较P〉0．05，具有可比性。在脑卒中病程3个月和6个月时，对照组患者的MAS评分高于同期的治疗组患者（P〈0．05）：两组患者的FMA评分和BI评分在脑卒中病程1个月、3个月和6个月时分别与其前一次评定时比较，运动功能和日常生活自理能力均逐渐改善（P〈0．001）；在脑卒中病程3个月和6个月时，治疗组的FMA评分和BI评分均高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：综合康复治疗可减轻脑卒中患者偏瘫侧肢体痉挛和改善运动功能，提高其日常生活自理能力；偏瘫侧肢体痉挛和运动功能与日常生活自理能力密切相关。     

康复护理对提高偏瘫患者手功能障碍的影响

目的：探讨康复护理对偏瘫患于运动功能及日常生活能力的影响。方法：采用运动疗法、ADL训练、作业疗法等对94例接受偏瘫康复的患手的功能障碍进行1－6个月的康复护理，并用运动功能Fugl-Meyer评价法中腕关节与手的主动运动功能积分及Barther指数积分治疗前，后对偏瘫侧手的运动功能，日常生活活动能力进行评估，比较治疗效果。结果：治疗后94例患手的运动功能，日常生活活动能力均有明显改善（P＜0．005）。结论：康复护理显提高偏瘫患手运动功能及日常生活活动能力。     

脑卒中早期康复对运动功能及肩手综合征的影响

目的：研究早期康复对脑卒中偏瘫患者运动功能和日常生活活动能力的影响及在防止肩手综合征中的作用。方法：将确诊为脑出血或脑梗死的患者随机分为康复组、对照组。采用Fugl-Meyer评定法对运动功能进行评分，采用改良Barthel指数（MBI）对日常生活活动能力（ADL）进行评分，康复组在发病14天以内进行康复训练，结合中枢性瘫痪的特点，恢复的过程有步骤地进行。结果：一个月康复训练后，康复组Fugl-Meyer积分和MBI积分的增加明显高于对照组（P〈0．01），肩手综合征的发生率明显低十对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：早期康复能明显改善脑卒中偏瘫患者的运动功能和日常生活活动能力，且能避免和减少肩手综合征的发生。     

模拟运动在脑卒中偏瘫早期康复中的作用

目的：探讨运用模拟方法对偏瘫早期康复的疗效及其机制。方法：治疗组在患肢上按顺序放置组合式电极，输出４路低频调制脉冲方波，模拟肢体整体运动的动态模拟方法，对７３例脑卒中偏瘫患者进行早期康复治疗，对照组仅给予常规康复治疗；两组均治疗３０天，采用Ｆｕｇｌ－Ｍｅｙｅｒ评分法对两组患者治疗前后的运动功能进行评定分析。结果：与对照组相比，治疗组患者的运动积分及关节活动度积分显著增高（Ｐ＜０．０１）；而且关节活动度、拮抗肌的协调性都明显优于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：模拟运动方法疗效高，安全，无副作用，为脑卒中偏瘫的早期康复提供了一项新的治疗模式     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.