失神癫癎患儿的认知特征

目的 探讨失神癫(癎)(CAE)患儿的认知特征.方法 对20例CAE患儿和20例年龄、性别、身高和体质量及家庭经济文化背景相匹配的同期健康体检儿童进行中国修订韦氏儿童智力量表(C-WISC)测试,对测试结果进行对比分析,比较CAE患儿与健康对照组儿童的全量表智商(FIQ)、言语智商(VIQ)、操作智商(PIQ)、c-WISC分测验的量表分及三类智力因子智商之间的差异.结果 CAE组患儿FIQ为74～119分,其中正常智力17例(85.O%),低于正常智力2例(10.0%),临界智力1例(5.0%).健康对照组儿童FIQ为91～118分,均为正常智力水平.CAE组VIQ为(93.86±13.30)分,PIQ为(90.87±17.43)分,FIQ为(91.86±14.78)分;健康对照组分别为(102.21±13.20)分、(101.15±15.28)分、(101.11±14.67)分.CAE患儿VIQ、PIQ、FIQ均低于健康对照组,但无统计学差异(Pa＞0.05).CAE组患儿C-WISC中的算术、背数、填图、木块图案、编码的量表分与健康对照组儿童比较均明显低下(Pa＜0.01),知觉组织智商、记忆/不分心智商均显著低于健康对照组(Pa＜0.01).结论 CAE患儿存在认知障碍,CAE患儿的注意力、记忆力和空间知觉能力受损.     

遗尿症患儿智力水平和智力结构分析

目的：有文献报道原发性夜间遗尿症 (PNE) 患儿存在注意力/记忆力缺陷,并认为这种缺陷可能与患儿的智力情况有关,因此该研究对PNE患儿的智力水平和智力结构进行分析。方法：采用中国韦氏儿童智力量表（C-WISC）对40例PNE患儿的智力结构进行测试,并与40例年龄和性别相匹配的正常儿童进行对照研究。结果：PNE组的总智商（FIQ）、言语智商（VIQ）和操作智商（PIQ）均在正常范围,与对照组比较差异无显著性（P＞0.05）,但数字广度、编码、知识与算术分测验量表分与对照组比较差异有显著性 (P＜0.05);记忆/不分心因子（M/C）与对照组比较差异有显著性 (P＜0.05);两组PIQ与VIQ差值比较,差异无显著性（P＞0.05）。结论：PNE患儿智力水平正常,但智力结构中的记忆/不分心因子存在一定缺陷,提示可能与大脑额叶执行功能异常有关。［中国当代儿科杂志,2007,9（5）：433-435］     

胎儿生长受限儿童学龄期的智力水平和智力结构分析

目的：探讨胎儿生长受限（FGR）儿童学龄期的智力水平和智力结构状况。方法：采用韦氏儿童智力量表对54名FGR的学龄期儿童和84名出生体重正常儿童进行智商测定,并对其智力结构进行分析。结果：FGR组的总智商（FIQ）、言语智商（VIQ）、操作智商（PIQ）分别为105.9±10.3、112.4±11.2、97.1±10.6,且均在正常范围,但PIQ显著低于对照组（104.8±10.5; P<0.001）;操作分量表中的图片排列和编码的分测验分数亦显著低于对照组（P<0.01）,儿童智力三维因子中的知觉组织因子和记忆/注意因子分别为99.8±11.1和116.3±14.4,均落后于对照组（分别为104.6±11.5和113.4±14.5;P<0.05）。结论：FGR儿童的总体智力水平正常,但智力结构不平衡,可能存在与操作能力相关的大脑右半球功能障碍,因此对这部分儿童应在幼儿期及早进行操作能力方面的训练。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（10）：833-835］     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿智力水平及智力结构的差异

目的 探讨注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）儿童与正常儿童智力水平及智力结构差异。方法 采用韦氏儿童智力量表（WISC－R）对40例 ADHD患儿和25例正常对照组儿童进行测试比较。结果 ADHD组总智商（FIQ）正常,平均92,但低于正常对照组（平均106）。在言语智商（VIQ）与操作智商（VIQ）与操作智商（PIQ）的平衡性上,ADHD组与正常对照组比较差异有显著性。在10项分测验量表中,算术、理解、译码分测验量表分较低,与正常对照组比较差异有显著性（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）。结论 ADHD儿童智力水平在正常范围,但无优秀者,在智力结构上,ADHD儿童可能存在言语理解、记忆／不分心因子缺陷,可能存在与主言事理解能力相关的左半球功能障碍。     

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目的 了解2004年北京市0～6岁残疾抽样调查诊断的270例智力低下患儿的智力发育特点及转归.方法 2007年6～11月北京市残疾人康复服务指导中心和北京妇幼保健院采用Gesell发育诊断法、韦氏儿童智力量表、婴儿初中生活能力量表、线索调查通过现场或入户调查,获得237例儿童的资料.采用SPSS 10.0统计软件分析数据.结果 124例(52.32%)诊断正常;113例(47.68%)诊断智力低下,其中轻度46例(40.71%)、中度32例(28.32%)、重度16例(14.16%)、极重度19例(16.81%).轻度以转归正常为多,中度转为轻度及正常者多于加重者,重度以程度加重为主.儿童好转影响因素有:2004年测查个人社会能区发育商(DQ)高、适应性能区D9高、接受过教育、具有早产因素的儿童、父母认为儿童将来生存状况较好、认为孩子发育属于正常.结论 "发育迟缓"诊断较"智力低下"更符合发育量表诊断的儿童;对北京市0～6岁轻、中度智力低下儿童发育转归研究宜采用定期监测方式.     

多发性抽动患儿的智力水平和智力结构缺陷研究

目的：了解多发性抽动（ＴＳ）的智力水平和智力结构情况，并探讨氟哌啶醇等药物对ＴＳ患儿的智力功能有无影响。方法：采用韦氏儿童智力量表（ＷＩＳＣ－ＣＲ），对３９例（未用药组２２例和用药组１７例）ＴＳ患儿的智力功能进行测试，并与１８例年龄和性别相匹配的正常对照组儿童比较。结果：ＴＳ组的总智商（ＦＩＱ）、言语智商（ＶＩＱ）和操作智商（ＰＩＱ）与对照组相比无显著性差异，但其背数和译码分测验量表分显著低于对照组；用药组各项智力测验结果与未用药组相比无显著性差异。结论：ＴＳ患儿总的智力水平正常，但其智力结构中的记忆和（或）不分心因子存在一定的缺陷。氟哌啶醇等药物对ＴＳ患儿的智力功能无明显影响。     

儿童高铅血症和轻度铅中毒458例临床分析

目的 了解本地区儿童血铅水平,高铅血症患儿的临床症状、铅接触情况,以进一步防治儿童铅中毒.方法 对门诊2年中3 298例12岁以内儿童的血铅筛查资料进行归纳、分析.结果 发现高铅血症患儿399例,铅中毒59例.血铅平均水平(150.05±37.17)mg/L,均为高铅血症及轻度铅中毒,多数患儿能找出铅暴露危险因素,中毒的程度似与多重危险因素相关.所有患儿均给予去除铅暴露危险因素、营养指导等处理,2～3个月后复查,其血铅水平均有不同程度下降.结论 对儿童血铅水平的筛查,能及早发现儿童高血铅及铅中毒,达到及时干预和治疗的目的 .     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童智力发育与表情识别能力的关系

目的探讨孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童的智力发育特点、表情识别能力及两者之间的关系。方法招募6~16岁的ASD儿童(ASD组,总智商均大于70)和年龄、性别匹配的正常发育儿童(对照组)各27例,使用韦氏儿童智力量表(第四版)和中国人物静态面部表情图片对两组儿童进行智力评估和表情识别测试。结果 ASD组总智商、言语理解、知觉推理、加工速度以及工作记忆指数得分均低于对照组(P0.05)。ASD组儿童的表情识别总正确率及高兴、生气、伤心、害怕表情识别的正确率均低于对照组儿童(P0.05)。ASD组表情识别总正确率、高兴及害怕表情识别的正确率与知觉推理呈正相关(r分别为0.415、0.455、0.393,P0.05),生气表情识别的正确率与工作记忆指数呈正相关(r=0.397,P0.05)。结论 ASD儿童在智力发育的多个领域落后于正常儿童,其表情识别能力受损。患儿智力中的知觉推理能力和工作记忆能力与表情识别能力存在正相关关系,推测知觉推理和工作记忆能力不足可能是影响ASD儿童表情认知的重要因素。     

非言语型学习障碍儿童选择注意功能的神经心理特性

目的　探讨非言语型学习障碍 (NLD)儿童选择注意功能相关的大脑额叶注意调控、工作记忆、注意维持等神经心理功能特点。方法　采用听觉辨别实验 (ADT)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)及中国修订版韦氏学龄儿童智力量表 (C WISC)对 14例NLD儿童和 2 3名正常儿童进行测试 ,并对C WISC各类分测验成绩进行了因子分析。结果　NLD组儿童ADT测试中的正确反应率明显低于对照组 (P <0 0 1) ,错误反应数多于对照组 (P <0 0 1) ;在WCST测试中其 2次的分类完成数 (CA)和持续性错误次数 (PE)成绩均显著低于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;因子分析表明 ,与视觉空间功能相关的知觉组织因子和与注意维持功能相关的不分心因子明显低于对照组 (P <0 0 1,P <0 0 5 )。结论NLD儿童存在额叶为主的注意调控功能和工作记忆障碍 ,推测以右侧额叶功能障碍为著     

季节变化对健康体检儿童血铅水平的影响

目的探讨季节变化对儿童血铅水平的影响。方法采用阳极溶出伏安法对健康查体儿童进行血铅检测,将入组儿童分婴幼儿组(1个月~3岁)、学龄前组(3~6岁)、学龄组(6~12岁)和青少年组(12~18岁),分析不同季节儿童血铅水平及铅中毒状况。结果共检测儿童13 233例。年龄1个月~18岁;男8315例,女4918例。平均血铅质量浓度60μg/L,第5和第95百分位数为19、138μg/L,儿童铅中毒检出率为14.8%,检出率随年龄增长而上升,以轻度铅中毒为主(χ2=116.3125 P<0.0001)。按照冬、春、秋、夏季顺序,血铅质量浓度分别为48、60、61、66μg/L;铅中毒检出率分别为9.5%、12.6%、15.5%、18.4%。夏、秋季节儿童铅质量浓度及铅中毒检出率有明显季节差异(χ2=128.0371 P<0.0001),多元Logistic回归结果分析显示男童、年龄越大越易发生铅中毒,秋、春、夏季发生铅中毒危险性较冬季大。结论儿童血铅水平与季节有关。北京地区秋季儿童铅中毒危险性最大。     

血液透析及血液灌流治疗小儿毒物及药物中毒(附11例报告)

目的　探讨血液透析及血液灌流治疗小儿毒物及药物中毒的指征以及影响预后的因素。方法　总结 1994年 8月— 2 0 0 3年 4月接受血液透析 血液灌流治疗的毒物及药物中毒 11例 ,并就服药到血透的时间、透析次数、意识状态、呼吸状态等与疗效的关系进行分析。结果　血液透析 灌流开始时间越早 ,预后越好 ;必要时需多次血液透析 灌流 ;昏迷是透析的重要指征 ;呼吸抑制不是血液透析 灌流的禁忌证。结论　及时、恰当的血液透析和 或血液灌流治疗 ,是提高中毒患儿生存率的关键。     

Maternal IQ, child IQ, behavior, and achievement in urban 5-7 year olds

In one study of children in 27 families with maternal retardation, those children with higher intelligence quotient (IQ) were more likely to have multiple behavior problems than those with lower IQ. If true, this result would affect clinical practice, but it has not been replicated. Because the setting of the initial observation is similar to the setting of childhood lead poisoning, we attempted a replication using data from the Treatment of Lead-Exposed Children (TLC) study, in which 780 children aged 12-33 mo with blood lead levels 20-44 microg/dL were randomized to either succimer treatment or placebo and then followed up to 5 y. Of 656 mothers of TLC children with IQ measured, 113 demonstrated mental retardation (IQ <70). Whether maternal IQ was <70 or >or=70, children with IQ >or=85 were rated more favorably on cognitive tests and behavioral questionnaires than children with IQ <85; these measures included Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised at age 5, the Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment at ages 5 and 7, and the Behavioral Assessment System for Children at age 7. Among children of mothers with IQ <70, those with IQ >or=85 did not show more severe clinical behavioral problems, nor were they more likely to show multiple behavior problems. Children with higher IQ have fewer behavior problems, irrespective of the mother's IQ. In the special setting of mothers with IQ <70, children with higher IQ are not at greater risk of behavior problems.     

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目的探讨Tourette综合征(TS)患儿的情绪问题、社会适应能力和视感知功能。方法采用儿童社交焦虑量表(SAS)、儿童抑郁自评量表(DSRS)、儿童适应行为量表(SAB)和本顿视觉保持测验(BVRT),对2003年10月至2004年12月武汉市儿童医院收治的48例8~12岁TS患儿的焦虑、抑郁、适应行为和视感知功能进行测试,并与46名正常儿童相比较。结果TS组的SAS总分和DSRS总分均明显高于对照组儿童(P<0.01);在SAB测试中,TS组的独立功能因子及社会/自制因子T分明显低于对照组儿童(P<0.01),而适应行为商和认知功能因子T分与对照组相比差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);TS组的BVRT测试中所有正确得分及错误得分与对照组相比差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论TS患儿存在焦虑、抑郁和社会适应能力低下,其独立生活、社会交往及自制能力差,而视感知功能正常。     

Lead neurotoxicity in children: is prenatal exposure more important than postnatal exposure?

Numerous studies indicate that low-level lead poisoning causes mild mental retardation and low IQ scores in children. The general mean lead intake in the adult European population corresponds to a reassuring 14% (0.5-56%) of the tolerable daily intake: at this low level of exposure only few children (less than 10%) have blood lead levels (PbB) higher than 10 microg/dl, previously considered the PbB of concern. In more recent years data now suggest that even when 'the lifetime average blood lead concentration' is below 10 microg/dl an inverse association exists with intelligence quotient (IQ) scores. Two-thirds (45-75%) of lead in blood, however, comes from long-term tissue stores and this is especially true for newborn infants and pregnant women. Several data suggest that for lead the main toxic event is prenatal exposure: therefore we should focus our attention on maternal lead stores and whenever possible avoid their mobilization during pregnancy. In this regard we should design appropriate studies to confirm whether dietary supplementations can reduce bone resorption and lead mobilization during pregnancy. The hypothesis that the amount of maternal bone lead stores is the relevant parameter for predicting the level of neurotoxicity of this metal gives some optimism for the future: if we study children whose mothers never underwent high environmental pollution (born after the withdrawal of lead from gasoline) and hence have relatively low bone lead stores we could find that, at the population level, lead has little influence on children IQ scores.     

Lead-associated deficits in stature,mental ability and behaviour in children in Karachi

This study was conducted to evaluate the cumulative and steady-state lead burden in children from Karachi, an area of high lead exposure, and to assess the degree of damage to physical growth and mental ability related to lead exposure. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in seven primary schools from around Karachi. Shed primary teeth and blood samples were collected from students of grades I to III (age range 6-10 years) and were analysed for lead by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Haemoglobin concentration, height, weight and head circumference were measured. IQ was estimated using Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices. Classroom behaviour was rated by teachers and school performance was estimated from the percentage mark in a school examination taken just before the date of the IQ test. Complete data were available for 138 children. Over 80% of children had lead levels above the safety limit set by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The blood lead levels in boys did not differ significantly from that in girls. Significant differences were observed between the schools. Univariate analysis showed negative association of blood lead with haemoglobin, IQ and height. Tooth lead was negatively associated with height, classroom behaviour and performance. When adjusted for other confounding variables, blood lead was negatively associated with haemoglobin and IQ, whereas tooth lead was negatively associated only with classroom behaviour. Height was negatively associated with blood or tooth lead. These results were further supported when the upper and lower quintiles for blood or tooth lead were compared. Tooth lead level was not a better marker of lead poisoning than blood lead level in our study population. These data demonstrate the association of increased lead with impaired learning and adverse behaviour in Karachi children and call for strict government regulations to limit environmental lead burden.     

长沙市学龄儿童睡眠不足对智力结构的影响

目的：探讨小学生睡眠不足对智力发育的影响,为有效干预提供科学理论依据。方法：2009 年 6 月至 2010 年 4 月,在长沙市4 个行政区分层随机抽取4所小学10~11岁5年级小学生316名进行调研,了解其不同程度的睡眠不足在中国韦氏儿童智力量表测验上反映的智力结构特点。结果：收回有效问卷286份,应答率90.5%,其中睡眠时间正常（夜间睡眠时间≥8 h,对照组）106人,睡眠不足180人（夜间睡眠时间<8 h,睡眠不足组）。睡眠不足组各项分测验、言语智商、操作智商和总智商得分均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）,语言理解因子和记忆/注意因子得分亦显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。与对照组比较,中度睡眠不足亚组语言智商、总智商及语言理解因子、记忆/注意因子得分降低（P<0.05）;重度睡眠不足亚组各项得分均降低（P<0.05）。睡眠不足组及中度和重度睡眠不足亚组儿童中智力不平衡者的比例显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：睡眠不足对小学生智力发育有不良影响,尤其是对言语智商发育的影响较大,主要发生于中、重度睡眠不足的小学生。     

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目的分析原发性遗尿症(PNE)患儿智力结构,探讨单纯PNE患儿灰质形态学改变状况。方法 2006年10月至2011年8月解放军第463医院儿科就诊的75例右利手PNE患儿(PNE组)及72名正常儿童(对照组),采用中国韦氏儿童智力量表(C-WISC)进行智力测试,计算言语智商(VIQ)、操作智商(PIQ)、总智商(FIQ)、记忆或不分心(M/C)因子等指标;而后进行高分辨率T1WI磁共振成像(MRI)扫描,采用VBM5工具包,对所有被试T1WI图像进行基于体素的形态学分析(VBM),采用t检验进行组间分析,比较单纯PNE患儿脑区激活状况与正常对照组相应脑区灰质密度(GMD)。结果 PNE组FIQ、VIQ和PIQ均正常,与对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。PNE组M/C因子低于对照组[(100.80±16.83)与(92.73±18.46)],差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);VBM分析表明,PNE患儿小脑左后部及右侧背侧前额叶(dLPFC)灰质密度程度明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论 PNE患儿智力结构不平衡,存在注意功能缺陷。左侧小脑及右侧dLPFC功能障碍与其注意功能缺陷有关。     

The role of iron therapy in childhood plumbism.

Iron deficiency and lead poisoning share common environmental risk factors and both are causes of neurocognitive toxicity. Despite their links epidemiologically, little is known of the effects of iron supplements on lead kinetics and toxicity. Nevertheless, iron is routinely prescribed in children with lead poisoning. Most of the existing data focus on the effects of preexisting iron deficiency on lead absorption. Animal studies demonstrate that iron-deficient animals have increased lead absorption. Lead-poisoned iron-deficient animals treated with iron supplements have demonstrated decreased lead excretion, a factor that might exacerbate lead toxicity while mitigating the effects of iron deficiency. Iron supplements given to children with iron deficiency and lead poisoning have been demonstrated to improve developmental assessment scores, an effect that is independent of blood lead concentration, suggesting that it is solely due to reversal of iron deficiency. Improvements in developmental assessment scores and decreases in blood lead in iron-replete children with lead poisoning secondary to iron supplements have not been demonstrated in clinical studies. Given these factors, the use of iron supplements in lead poisoning should be individualized, and the supplements should be provided only to patients who are iron deficient or who continue to live in lead-exposed housing.     

Association between iron deficiency and blood lead level in a longitudinal analysis of children followed in an urban primary care clinic

OBJECTIVE: To determine if iron deficiency (ID) is longitudinally associated with lead poisoning. STUDY DESIGN: Blood lead levels, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), red cell distribution width (RDW), insurance status, and age were determined for 1,275 children. ID was defined as MCV <70 fl and RDW >14.5 if age was <2 years and MCV <73 fl and RDW >14.5 if age was >/=2 years. Logistic regression models were constructed by using the second-visit blood lead levels dichotomized at >/=0.48 microm/L (10 microg/dL) as the outcome. RESULTS: The odds ratio (OR) for baseline ID predicting lead poisoning at the second visit was 4.12 (95% CI, 1.96-8.65). In the second model, using children who were iron-replete at both visits as the referent group, for children with ID at both visits, the OR for predicting lead poisoning at the second visit was 5.54 (95% CI, 2.25-13.62). For children with ID at the first visit and iron-replete at the second visit, the OR was 2.73 (95% CI, 0.90-8.27), and for children iron-replete at the first visit and ID at the second visit, the OR was 0.81 (95% CI, 0.10-6.30). CONCLUSIONS: ID is associated with subsequent lead poisoning. These data are consistent with a biological mechanism of increased lead absorption among iron deficient children.