注射用阿奇霉素磷酸二氢钠稳定性考察

报道了注射用阿奇霉素磷酸二氢钠在高温、高湿及光照室温条件下放置 10d ,上市包装 40℃ ,相对湿度 75 %条件下放置 3个月 ,考察其外观 ,pH值、溶液的澄清度与颜色、降解产物及含量 ,结果表明本品稳定性较好。     

阿奇霉素眼用即型凝胶的稳定性研究

目的对自制的阿奇霉素眼用即型凝胶进行稳定性考察,预测阿奇霉素眼用即型凝胶有效期。方法通过经典恒温法对阿奇霉素眼用即型凝胶的稳定性进行考察,观察其外观变化,测定其含量及降解产物的变化情况。结果阿奇霉素的降解反应为一级动力学反应,阿奇霉素眼用即型凝胶在2℃-8℃的条件下贮藏才较为稳定。结论将阿奇霉素眼用即型凝胶的贮藏条件规定为：在2℃-8℃的条件下冷藏,有效期暂定为24个月。     

制霉素搽剂质量控制与稳定性研究

目的建立制霉素搽剂质量控制方法并对稳定性进行考察。方法采用紫外分光光度法测定制霉素搽剂含量,并建立相应质量控制指标．采用经典恒温法和留样试验考察稳定性。结果制霉素在304nm处有最大吸收,浓度线性范围为8．03216．064μg·mL^-1（r=0．9999）．平均回收率为98．66％,RSD为0．73％,在冷处保存有效期3个多月。结论制霉素搽剂质量控制方法简便、准确,在冷处保存质量较稳定。     

兰索拉唑及其片剂的稳定性研究

目的 考察兰索拉唑原料及片剂的稳定性。方法 兰索拉唑原料及片剂在光照、高热条件下露置，包装条件下在湿热、室温、阴凉处、冷处贮存，定时取样，兰索拉唑的含量及降解产物，同时测定片剂的溶出度。结果 兰索拉唑光照、高热下均不稳定，在温热条件下放置3个月均产生降解产物，同时含量下降近10％；原料在室温、凉暗处贮存24个月不稳定，在冷处贮存24个月基本稳定；片剂在室温下24个月不稳定，在凉暗处稳定。结论 兰索拉唑对光、热、湿均敏感，应避光，原料最好冷处贮存，片剂应置于阴凉处，有效期约为两年。     

三种制霉素医院制剂微生物限度检查方法的建立

目的建立三种制霉素制剂的微生物限度检查方法。方法采用常规法、培养基稀释法和薄膜过滤法对制霉素甘油搽剂、制霉素涂剂和制霉素软膏3种外用医院制剂进行微生物限度检查方法验证。结果制霉素甘油搽剂和制霉素软膏对细菌的抑制作用很小,制霉素涂剂对细菌则有一定的抑制作用,三种制剂均对白色念珠菌有较强的抑菌活性,采用培养基稀释法可有效地消除其抑菌活性。结论三种样品均为制霉素制剂,经验证后检验方法却不相同,故被检样品应进行微生物限度检查方法验证,才能确保检验方法的有效性和检验结果的准确性。     

1％苯酚甘油在不同贮存条件下稳定性考察

目的考察苯酚甘油稳定性的影响因素,探讨其合理的贮存使用条件。方法通过苯酚甘油在不同贮存条件下的稳定性做试验,观察其外观性状、含量测定变化。结果温度和光照对苯酚甘油均有影响,光照的影响更大。结论苯酚甘油在冰箱（6±2）℃避光冷藏和室温（15±2）℃避光贮存12个月,其含量符合规定,质量稳定。     

制霉素软膏的质量控制及稳定性研究

目的建立制霉素软膏的质量控制方法并研究其稳定性。方法以单软膏二号为基质制备制霉素软膏,用紫外分光光度法测定制剂中制霉素的含量,以经典恒温法考察其稳定性,并建立制剂的其他质量控制指标。结果制霉素在304nm波长处有最大吸收,浓度线性范围为4.632～13.896μg.mL^-1（r=0.9999）,平均回收率为100.67%,平均RSD为0.56%,在冷处贮藏有效期近3个月。结论该方法简便、快速,结果准确,适用于该制剂的质量控制。     

阿魏酸钠注射液的稳定性研究

目的：考察不同pH值及强光、高温等因素对阿魏酸钠注射液稳定性的影响，并对阿魏酸钠注射液进行加速试验考察。方法：将不同pH值的阿魏酸钠注射液在100％：恒温中静置30分钟，观察其降解率随时间变化情况；分别在4500b强光照射及．40℃、60℃高温条件下放置10天，观察阿魏酸钠注射液的各项指标变化情况；在30℃加速试验条件下放置3个月，考察阿魏酸钠注射液的稳定性。结果：药液pH值升高，阿魏酸钠的降解速度加快；强光及高温条件下放置10天，阿魏酸钠注射液的pH值、含量及有关物质均有不同程度的改变；30℃加速试验3个月，其pH值略有上升，含量有较明显改变。结论：阿魏酸钠注射液的稳定性受，pH值影响，且在光照及高温下不稳定。本品应避免光照及高温受热，宜低温贮存。     

注射用硝普钠在两种输液中的稳定性考察

目的：评价注射用硝普钠在2种输液（氯化钠注射液、5％葡萄糖注射液）中的稳定性。方法：将注射用硝普钠按临床应用浓度配制成A、B、C、D四组溶液,考察不同环境条件下,不同放置时间硝普钠溶液的稳定性,包括溶液外观、不溶性微粒、pH、紫外一可见吸收光谱、硝普钠含量等。结果：在避光条件下,在20℃或35℃时,硝普钠与5％葡萄糖注射液或氯化钠注射液的配伍后26h内是稳定的;在不用或用避光套避光且强光照射时,硝普钠溶液极不稳定。结论：氯化钠注射液和5％葡萄糖注射液均可作为注射用硝普钠的溶媒,且溶液在26h内稳定。临床配制或使用硝普钠注射液时,要严格避光．才能保证用药安全有效、。     

苯酚甘油的稳定性研究

目的研究影响苯酚甘油稳定性的因素,确定合理的贮存使用条件。方法采用紫外分光光度法测定苯酚甘油避光或曝光放置于室温（25±2）℃及冰箱（6±2）℃条件下,含量随时间变化的情况。结果温度和光照对苯酚甘油均有影响,且光照影响更大。结论苯酚甘油宜避光于阴凉处或冰箱中冷藏保存,贮存时间半年。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.