脑卒中患者住院时间和出院去向相关影响因素的研究

目的运用研究影响脑卒中患者住院时间以及出院后的去向的相关因素,为实施干预及提高患者的生活质量提供理论依据。方法调查204例住院患者住院时间和出院后去向,以及其影响因素,通过统计学方法分析各因素对住院时间和出院后去向的影响。结果脑梗死患者比脑出血患者年龄大,121例患者出院后回家休养,36例送到康复医院,47例又到其他医院住院;中等和大面积的梗塞、脑出血、日常生活活动能力(ADL)评分低和出院去向明显相关;在出院回家的患者中,低ADL评分与住院时间明显相关;丈夫患病住院时间相对较短,而妻子患病住院时间相对较长。结论患者的家庭构成和性别以及中风的程度对住院时间和出院去向有明显影响。     

Validation of the Berg Balance Scale as a predictor of length of stay and discharge destination in stroke rehabilitation

OBJECTIVE: To validate the utility of the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) in predicting length of stay (LOS) and discharge destination for patients admitted to a stroke rehabilitation unit. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Provincial tertiary inpatient stroke unit for a primarily geriatric population. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 313 of the 325 patients admitted consecutively between April 1998 and August 2000. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: LOS and discharge destination. RESULTS: Admission BBS scores correlated negatively with LOS (r=-.53, controlling for age). Logistic regression confirmed that the following were independent predictors of being discharged home rather than to an institution (adjusted odds ratio, 95% confidence interval): admission BBS (1.09, 1.06-1.12) and the presence of family supports (15.0, 7.2-31.3). These results generally concur with previously published results, obtained at a different stroke rehabilitation setting. CONCLUSIONS: This study validates the use of the BBS scores in assisting to estimate approximate LOS and eventual discharge destination. Age did not correlate significantly with the outcomes measured in this study, which was conducted in a geriatric population.     

Functional recovery following rehabilitation after hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke

OBJECTIVES: To quantify recovery after rehabilitation therapy and to identify factors that predicted functional outcome in survivors of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) compared with cerebral infarction. DESIGN: Retrospective study of consecutive ICH and cerebral infarction admissions to a rehabilitation hospital over a 4-year period. SETTING: Free-standing urban rehabilitation hospital. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1064 cases met the inclusion criteria (545 women, 519 men; 871 with cerebral infarction, 193 with ICH). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable.Main Outcome Measures: Functional status was measured using the FIM trade mark instrument, recorded at admission and discharge. Recovery was quantified by the change in FIM total score (DeltaFIM total score). Outcome measures were total discharge FIM score and DeltaFIM total score. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: Total admission FIM score was higher in patients with cerebral infarction than in patients with ICH (59 vs 51, P=.0001). No difference in total discharge FIM score was present. Patients with ICH made a significantly greater recovery than those with cerebral infarction (DeltaFIM total score, 28 vs 23.3; P=.002). On multivariate analysis, younger age, longer length of stay, and admission FIM cognitive subscore independently predicted total discharge FIM and DeltaFIM total score. The severity of disability at admission, indicated by total admission FIM score, independently predicted total discharge FIM score, but not DeltaFIM total score. The ICH patients with the most severely disabling strokes had significantly greater recovery than cerebral infarction patients with stroke of similar severity. CONCLUSIONS: The patients with ICH had greater functional impairment than the cerebral infarction patients at admission, but made greater gains. Patients with the most severely disabling ICH improved more than those with cerebral infarction of comparable severity. Initial severity of disability, age, and duration of therapy best predicted functional outcome after rehabilitation.     

The impact of discharge to a care home on longer term stroke outcomes

OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of discharge to a care home on the longer term recovery after stroke. DESIGN: An uncontrolled naturalistic study of stroke survivors, matched for stroke severity, discharged from a stroke rehabilitation unit to either a care home (n = 65) or to their own home (n = 65). Stroke-related variables were assessed in both groups shortly before discharge and again at six months after discharge. SETTING: A stroke rehabilitation unit, care homes in the community and subjects' own homes. OUTCOME MEASURES: Functional activities of daily living (ADL), cognitive function, depression, health service utilization, health-related quality of life. RESULTS: Despite low levels of rehabilitation in both groups, at six months subjects discharged home had a better functional improvement in ADL (Barthel score 14.9 compared with 10.8) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) (five-item EuroQol score 0.60 compared with 0.35). CONCLUSIONS: Poorer outcome in subjects discharged to care homes may be remediable and could respond to better rehabilitative efforts and increased social support and encouragement for this group of stroke survivors.     

Eating difficulties in relation to gender,length of stay,and discharge to institutional care,among patients in stroke rehabilitation

Purpose : To describe and compare eating difficulties from admission to discharge, with regard to length of stay (LOS) and discharge to institutional care, as well as in relation to gender. Method : Patients, aged 65 or above, admitted for stroke rehabilitation, having at least one eating difficulty were observed ( n =108) as regards to eating on admission and at discharge. Analysis followed earlier findings in which eating difficulties had been found to have three components, i.e. ingestion, deglutition and energy. Results : Of the components, ingestion difficulties were the most common, followed by low energy. The most common single difficulties were low food consumption, difficulties in manipulating food on the plate and transporting it to the mouth. Ingestion difficulties especially decreased during the rehabilitation period. Women were older and ate less on admission and at discharge than men, improved less than men, and also a higher proportion had a low food intake at the time of discharge if having longer LOS and/or being discharged to institutional care. Patients with longer LOS and those discharged to institutional care had more eating difficulties on admission and were more dependent in activities of daily living (ADL) than those with shorter LOS and those who returned home. LOS was mainly explained by ingestion difficulties on admission and low age. Discharge to institutional care was explained by living alone before admission, ingestion difficulties at discharge, male gender and high age. Conclusions : Ingestion difficulties on admission indicate a longer in-hospital stay and decrease to a greater extent than other types of eating difficulties. If these difficulties persist at the time of discharge the patients are more likely to need institutional care. It is important to assess and take systematic measures for each of the three variants of eating difficulties, i.e. ingestion, deglutition, and energy, to improve eating abilities. Women in particular need attention with regard to low food intake.     

Changes in the status of hospitalized stroke patients since inception of the prospective payment system in 1983

OBJECTIVE: To describe epidemiologically the changes in acute-care delivery services for stroke victims since the inception of the 1983 prospective payment system (PPS). DESIGN: A cross-sectional comparison of 2 acute-care hospitalized samples of stroke patients before and after implementation of PPS. SETTING: Fifteen acute-care hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1992 stroke patients discharged from 15 acute care hospitals in 1995-1996 were compared with 1665 patients studied in the same geographic area in 1981-1982. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence rates, length of stay (LOS), discharge destinations, in-hospital transfers, and mortality. RESULTS: Incidence rates between the 2 time periods remained similar (1.13-1.14/1000). Major changes between 1981-1982 and 1995-1996 included reengineering of hospitals to establish subacute units with an increased use of rehabilitation units, a 63% decrease in acute hospital LOS, a 44% increase in discharges to long-term care facilities, a 39% decrease in mortality, and a 5% decrease in discharge to home. Age (avg, 71y), gender, and living arrangements confounded discharge destinations. Significantly more men in 1995-1996 had strokes at younger ages, but overall 53% were women. CONCLUSIONS: Institution of the PPS has dramatically influenced hospital LOS, location of treatment, and discharge destinations with no improvement in home discharges.     

Eating difficulties in relation to gender,length of stay,and discharge to institutional care,among patients in stroke rehabilitation

Purpose : To describe and compare eating difficulties from admission to discharge, with regard to length of stay (LOS) and discharge to institutional care, as well as in relation to gender.

Method : Patients, aged 65 or above, admitted for stroke rehabilitation, having at least one eating difficulty were observed ( n =108) as regards to eating on admission and at discharge. Analysis followed earlier findings in which eating difficulties had been found to have three components, i.e. ingestion, deglutition and energy.

Results : Of the components, ingestion difficulties were the most common, followed by low energy. The most common single difficulties were low food consumption, difficulties in manipulating food on the plate and transporting it to the mouth. Ingestion difficulties especially decreased during the rehabilitation period. Women were older and ate less on admission and at discharge than men, improved less than men, and also a higher proportion had a low food intake at the time of discharge if having longer LOS and/or being discharged to institutional care. Patients with longer LOS and those discharged to institutional care had more eating difficulties on admission and were more dependent in activities of daily living (ADL) than those with shorter LOS and those who returned home. LOS was mainly explained by ingestion difficulties on admission and low age. Discharge to institutional care was explained by living alone before admission, ingestion difficulties at discharge, male gender and high age.

Conclusions : Ingestion difficulties on admission indicate a longer in-hospital stay and decrease to a greater extent than other types of eating difficulties. If these difficulties persist at the time of discharge the patients are more likely to need institutional care. It is important to assess and take systematic measures for each of the three variants of eating difficulties, i.e. ingestion, deglutition, and energy, to improve eating abilities. Women in particular need attention with regard to low food intake.     

Sex and age effects on outcomes of total hip arthroplasty after inpatient rehabilitation

OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively examine the effects of sex and age on the inpatient rehabilitation outcomes of patients after total hip arthroplasty (THA). DESIGN: Exploratory, retrospective study. SETTING: A university-affiliated rehabilitation hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Male and female THA patients (N=332) were stratified into age brackets (<65y, 65-84y, >or=85y). All patients completed interdisciplinary inpatient rehabilitation. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Length of stay (LOS), FIM instrument scores, FIM efficiency (FIM/LOS), hospital costs, and discharge disposition location were collected by chart review. RESULTS: Regardless of age, women had lower FIM scores at admission and discharge than men (P<.05). FIM efficiency was 22% to 53% lower for women in primary THA and 16% to 85% lower in revision THA than men (P=.001). Women accrued higher total hospital charges than men (13,099 dollars vs 11,141 dollars; P<.05), and were discharged home less frequently than men (84.4% vs 90.9%; P<.05). Admission FIM scores were 10.6% and 8.9% lower and discharge FIM scores were 7.3% and 9.2% lower in patients 85 years or older than those less than 65 or 65 to 84 years (P<.01). FIM efficiency was 25% to 38% higher in patients less than 85 years than those 85 years and older (P=.015), and 37% higher in men than women (P=.001). Patients 85 years and older were discharged less frequently to home than patients less than 85 years (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: All patients made functional improvement after inpatient rehabilitation, but women and patients 85 years and older had longer LOS and lower FIM efficiency, incurred greater hospital charges, and were less likely to be discharged to home than men and younger counterparts.     

Clinical characteristics and rehabilitation outcomes of patients with posterior cerebral artery stroke

OBJECTIVES: To describe the demographics, clinical profile, and functional outcomes in posterior cerebral artery (PCA) stroke and to identify factors associated with functional change during rehabilitation and discharge disposition. DESIGN: Retrospective study of patients with PCA stroke admitted to a rehabilitation hospital over an 8-year period. SETTING: Free-standing urban rehabilitation hospital in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-nine consecutive patients with PCA stroke (48 men, 41 women; mean age, 71.5y) met inclusion criteria. INTERVENTION: Inpatient multidisciplinary comprehensive rehabilitation program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographic, clinical, and discharge disposition information were collected. Functional status was measured using the FIM instrument, recorded at admission and discharge. The main outcome measures were the discharge total FIM score, the change in total FIM score (DeltaFIM), and the discharge disposition. Multiple and logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with the main outcome measures. RESULTS: The most common impairments were motor paresis (65%), followed by visual field defects (54%) and confusion or agitation (43%). The mean discharge total FIM score +/- standard deviation was 88.3+/-28.2. The mean DeltaFIM was 23.3+/-16.4. Fifty-five (62%) patients were discharged home. On multiple regression analysis, higher admission total FIM score, longer length of stay (LOS), and a rehabilitation stay free of interruptions were associated with higher discharge total FIM score and greater DeltaFIM. Absence of diabetes mellitus and younger age were also associated with higher discharge total FIM scores, and male sex had greater DeltaFIM. On logistic regression analysis, younger patients, higher discharge FIM scores, presence of a caregiver, and the nonnecessity for 24-hour support were associated with a discharge to home. CONCLUSIONS: Motor, visual, and cognitive impairments are common in PCA stroke, and good functional gains are achievable after comprehensive rehabilitation. Higher admission FIM scores, longer LOS, and younger and male patients were associated with better functional outcomes. Most patients were discharged home, particularly those with caregivers and those for whom 24-hour support was not required. Further research should aim at the development of functional outcome measures of greater breadth and sensitivity to visual and cognitive deficits and should compare PCA stroke outcomes with outcomes of strokes in other vascular territories.     

脑卒中偏瘫病人居家日常生活护理指导

[目的]探讨居家护理指导对脑卒中偏瘫病人日常生活活动能力(ADL)的影响。[方法]将44例脑卒中偏瘫病人出院时随机分成指导组和对照组,指导组由护士入户对照顾者及病人进行ADL能力训练指导每周1次;对照组由照顾者对病人进行ADL能力训练。6个月后采用Barthel指数(BI)评分法评定ADL能力,比较居家护理指导的效果。[结果]两组病人在出院时ADL能力无明显差异(P>0.05),而在出院后6个月两组病人ADL能力有明显差异(P<0.05),即指导组ADL能力明显高于对照组。[结论]经居家护理指导明显提高了脑卒中偏瘫病人的居家ADL能力,从而改善了病人的生存质量。     

家庭康复治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患者日常生活能力及运动功能的影响

目的 :探讨家庭康复治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患者日常生活能力 (ADL)及运动功能的影响。方法 :脑卒中偏瘫患者 12 8例随机分成 2组各 6 4例 ,2组住院期间进行药物和康复治疗 ,出院后康复组仍坚持正规家庭康复指导 ,对照组仅进行自我锻炼。出院时及出院 8周后进行Brunnstorm运动功能测评及Barthel指数评分。结果 :8周后 2组Barthel指数及偏瘫肢体的运动功能均有改善 ,其改善幅度康复组明显优于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :脑卒中患者出院后仍进行正规的家庭康复指导 ,能明显提高ADL及肢体的运动功能。     

脑卒中早期康复对运动功能及肩手综合征的影响

目的：研究早期康复对脑卒中偏瘫患者运动功能和日常生活活动能力的影响及在防止肩手综合征中的作用。方法：将确诊为脑出血或脑梗死的患者随机分为康复组、对照组。采用Fugl-Meyer评定法对运动功能进行评分，采用改良Barthel指数（MBI）对日常生活活动能力（ADL）进行评分，康复组在发病14天以内进行康复训练，结合中枢性瘫痪的特点，恢复的过程有步骤地进行。结果：一个月康复训练后，康复组Fugl-Meyer积分和MBI积分的增加明显高于对照组（P〈0．01），肩手综合征的发生率明显低十对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：早期康复能明显改善脑卒中偏瘫患者的运动功能和日常生活活动能力，且能避免和减少肩手综合征的发生。     

Cardiorespiratory fitness of post-stroke patients: as inpatients and as outpatients

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between disuse weakness due to acute or subacute stroke and cardiorespiratory fitness. The participants were 15 men (average age 48.4 years) who were acute admissions to a hospital specializing in the management of stroke, 11 with cerebral infarction and four with intracerebral hemorrhage. All participants received physiotherapy (40 min/day, 5 days/week) at their bedside until leaving hospital. None of them received physiotherapy in an outpatient clinic. The anaerobic threshold (AT) was measured twice: during admission (an average of 37.3 days after onset) and after discharge (in an outpatient clinic, an average of 37 days after discharge and 42.7 days after the first test). The average AT was 12.5 ml/kg/min in the first test and 14.2 ml/kg/min in the second test (P<0.05). Because ATs in patients were lower after discharge than for healthy control individuals, physiotherapy during admission for stroke should be qualitatively and quantitatively reexamined for the prevention of disuse weakness. After discharge, it is important to give patients a more active rehabilitation program to improve their fitness.     

A cost-effectiveness analysis of home care and community-based nursing homes for stroke patients and their families

A prospective study designed for 336 hospitalized patients with stroke and their families, who were followed from the discharge day to the third month after being discharged, was carried out in order to compare the costs and effectiveness of home care with the community-based nursing homes for stroke patients with different physical function disabilities in terms of ADL scores and their families. The ADL scores of the patients with severe physical function disability did not improve with or without long-term care; however, the patients with moderate physical function disability were significantly improved at the end of the third month, even without interventions from long-term care. The family costs of the patients in nursing homes were substantially lower than the costs for the patients who stayed at home, and the relationship of the family costs of the patients cared for in their own homes was proportional to the patients'physical function status. The labour input from family caregiving accounted for at least 60% of the total family costs of the patients who stayed at home, and the paid for long-term care services accounted for at least 60% of total family costs when the patients stayed in nursing homes. The multiple linear regression demonstrated that the degree of caregiving from families was a predictor of the amount of the costs families incurred for patients with severe physical function disability; as a result the ADL scored on discharge significantly influenced the average total family costs for the patients cared for in their own homes.     

Acquiring and maintaining self-care skills after stroke. The predictive value of apraxia

The degree of self-care in 120 patients who had suffered unilateral cerebrovascular accident (CVA) was assessed at different stages of recovery. The level of ADL (activities of daily living) function was determined on admission and discharge. Patients with right-sided hemiplegia (r. hem.) were given a set of apraxia tests on admission to the hospital. The results of ADL evaluation showed improved ADL function between admission and discharge, but a worsening after returning home. There were some significant relationships between ADL function in hospital and apraxia. All the apraxia variables are significant as predictors of subsequent dependency. The results show the seriousness of problems related to apraxia in rehabilitation of stroke patients with a lesion in the left hemisphere. One conclusion is that the treatment procedure ought to be directed to the various symptoms of apraxia. The effect of apraxia on ADL in the domestic situation has to be given more attention. More treatment should be given in the home, as patients seem to have difficulty in transferring the skills learned in hospital to the home situation and in maintaining them.     

Relationship of initial hematocrit level to discharge destination and resource utilization after ischemic stroke: a pilot study

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between initial hematocrit level at the time of ischemic stroke, discharge destination, and resource utilization. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: University hospital. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1012 consecutive patients with ischemic stroke admitted to a university health system between August 3, 1995, and June 24, 1999. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable.Main Outcome Measures: Length of stay, hospital cost, and discharge disposition. RESULTS: Of 1012 patients presenting with ischemic stroke, 58% were discharged home, 10% were discharged home with home care services, 15% were discharged to a rehabilitation hospital, 11% were discharged to a skilled or intermediate care facility, and 6% died. After adjusting for age, sex, race, and comorbidities, a significant association (P=.009) existed between discharge outcome and initial hematocrit level. The probability of achieving an equivalent or less favorable outcome increased at both high and low hematocrit levels, with a minimum probability at a hematocrit level of approximately 45%. CONCLUSIONS: An association exists between hematocrit level at the time of ischemic stroke and discharge outcome. Midrange hematocrit levels appear to be associated with discharge to home rather than to an inpatient rehabilitation unit or to a nursing facility. Further study is indicated to examine the relationship among hematocrit level, stroke severity, and outcome.     

Patient knowledge and expectations for functional recovery after stroke

OBJECTIVE: Understanding the causes and outcomes of stroke is important for stroke survivors and may affect their success in rehabilitation and their risk of recurrent stroke; therefore, this study was performed to assess the knowledge and expectation of functional recovery in stroke patients undergoing acute inpatient rehabilitation. DESIGN: Survey study of 50 consecutive stroke patients undergoing inpatient rehabilitation at a single urban rehabilitation hospital. RESULTS: Forty-six percent of participants were able to correctly identify whether they had sustained a cerebral infarct or hemorrhage. Rehabilitation length of stay was, on average, 1 wk longer than anticipated by patients. Patients overestimated their functional abilities on initial assessment and at discharge compared with staff assessments, with some improvement in accuracy for discharge predictions. Ninety-four percent of participants expected to be discharged home, and most achieved this goal. Although no participant anticipated discharge to a nursing home, 10% of patients were discharged to this location. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of stroke and its treatment was limited, and expectations for recovery tended to exceed actual accomplishments. There are significant areas of opportunity for enhanced educational efforts for stroke patients undergoing inpatient rehabilitation.     

The physiotherapy clinical outcome variables scale predicts length of hospital stay, discharge destination and future home facility in the acute comprehensive stroke unit

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were: to follow the course of recovery of motor function following acute stroke, as assessed by the Physiotherapy Clinical Outcome Variables Scale (COVS), and; to investigate the ability of this instrument to predict length of hospital stay, discharge destination and future home facility. METHODS: In this prospective longitudinal study, COVS was registered at admission and discharge from an acute stroke unit and at 3 months post-stroke onset. SUBJECTS: Sixty subjects were recruited consecutively from a sample of patients after first-ever acute stroke, and of these, 50 received follow-up assessment. OUTCOME VARIABLES: Length of hospital stay, discharge destination and home facility 3 months post-stroke. RESULTS: The overall COVS scores increased significantly during the 3-month follow-up. The admission COVS score correlated negatively with length of stay. A cut-off at 50 points and 41 points could predict discharge destination and future home facility, respectively. CONCLUSION: COVS measures improvements and can predict length of hospital stay, discharge destination and future home facility. Thus, it could be used in early prediction for effective planning of the acute stroke unit services and efficient discharge planning.     

Targeted postoperative care improves discharge outcome after hip or knee arthroplasty

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether targeted postoperative care, based on preoperative risk assessment, can increase the number of patients who are discharged home directly from acute care after elective hip or knee arthroplasty. DESIGN: Quasiexperimental with historical control. SETTING: A public university teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred patients who had an elective hip or knee arthroplasty. INTERVENTIONS: Between January and July 2001, 50 patients had their risk of discharge to extended inpatient rehabilitation assessed preoperatively with a newly developed Risk Assessment and Prediction Tool (RAPT). Postoperative management was targeted on the basis of the identified level of risk. Results were compared with those of a similar group of 50 patients treated between January and July 2000. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Discharge destination, length of stay (LOS), and readmission rates. RESULTS: The percentage of patients discharged directly home increased significantly, from 34% during 2000 to 64% in 2001 (P=.002), with no increase in readmission rates in the 12 months postdischarge. In addition, the mean acute hospital LOS decreased by 1.1 days to 7.5 days in 2001 (P=.02). CONCLUSIONS: Use of the RAPT and targeted postoperative care resulted in more patients being discharged directly home after hip or knee arthroplasty while hospital LOS further decreased.     

Effectiveness of home rehabilitation after stroke in Israel

On discharge from an acute general hospital after a stroke, 191 patients were in need of, and were appropriate for, multidisciplinary rehabilitation. One-hundred-and-one patients (52.4%) received it in a rehabilitation institution as inpatients (the institutional rehabilitation group (IR) group) and 91 patients received it at home (the home rehabilitation (HR) group). Patients in the HR group had their mobility, activities of daily living (ADL), range of movements, tonus, coordination and sensation determined on admission to home rehabilitation and on discharge from it, 6 weeks to 2 months later. This group contained more women and more patients able to walk with devices and who were partially independent in ADL. The IR group consisted of more men and more patients with diabetes and marked difficulties in ADL and ambulation. In both groups the Barthel index and the Frenchay activities index were determined 1 year after the stroke by way of a telephone interview and no meaningful differences were found between the two groups. IR was considerably more expensive than HR. In Israel there exists a subpopulation of acute stroke survivors in need of, and appropriate for, multidisciplinary rehabilitation that can be provided at home; such rehabilitation was found to be effective in the short and long term, as well as cost effective.