MRI and MR angiography of vertebral artery dissection

A review of 4,500 angiograms yielded 11 patients with dissection of the vertebral arteries who had MRI and (in 4 patients) MR angiography (MRA) in the acute phase of stroke. One patient with incidental discovery at arteriography of asymptomatic vertebral artery dissection and two patients with acute strokes with MRI and MRA findings consistent with vertebral artery dissection were included. Dissection occurred after neck trauma or chiropractic manipulation in 4 patients and was spontaneous in 10. Dissection involved the extracranial vertebral artery in 9 patients, the extra-intracranial junction in 1, and the intracranial artery in 4. MRI demonstrated infarcts in the brain stem, cerebellum, thalamus or temporo-occipital regions in 7 patients with extra- or extra-intracranial dissections and a solitary lateral medullary infarct in 4 patients (3 with intracranial and 1 with extra-intracranial dissection). In 2 patients no brain abnormality related to vertebral artery dissection was found and in one MRI did not show subarachnoid haemorrhage revealed by CT. Intramural dissecting haematoma appeared as crescentic or rounded high signal on T1-weighted images in 10 patients examined 3–20 days after the onset of symptoms. The abnormal vessel stood out in the low signal cerebrospinal fluid in intracranial dissections, whereas it was more difficult to detect in extracranial dissections because of the intermediate-to-high signal of the normal perivascular structures and slow flow proximal and distal to the dissection. In two patients examined within 36 h of the onset, mural thickening was of intermediate signal intensity on T1-weighted images and high signal on spin-density and T2-weighted images. MRA showed abrupt stenosis in 2 patients and disappearance of flow signal at and distal to the dissection in 5. Follow-up arteriography, MRI or MRA showed findings consistent with occlusion of the dissected vessel in 6 of 8 patients. Received: 27 February 1996 Accepted: 4 June 1996     

Iatrogenic arterial dissection: Treatment by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty

Iatrogenic arterial dissection may require intervention, depending on the severity of resulting stenosis and the degree of symptoms. We present 5 cases of iatrogenic arterial dissection: 1 with dissection of the lower abdominal aorta, common iliac artery, and external iliac artery, and 3 with external iliac artery dissections, all managed with percutaneous transfemoral transluminal angioplasty; and 1 with dissection of the superior mesenteric artery with angioplasty performed by the translumbar approach. Four of the 5 patients had no additional therapy; 1 patient eventually underwent surgery for an asymptomatic residual pseudoaneurysm seen on abdominal computed tomography. Angiographic follow-up in 2 patients demonstrated persistent improvement in stenosis, 1 at 2 weeks after angioplasty, and the other, 6 weeks following angioplasty. None of the 5 patients required further therapy for recurrence of symptoms on clinical follow-up obtained up to 1 year after angioplasty. Though the incidence of recurrent arterial stenosis following angioplasty for dissection may be greater than that incurred after intravascular stent placement or surgery, angioplasty may be effective, and has the advantage of being less expensive than both of these treatment modalities, and, more widely available and applicable than intravascular stents.     

头颈联合CTA对动脉成窗变异的评价

目的探讨头颈联合64排容积CT血管造影(CTA)对动脉成窗变异的诊断价值及其临床意义。方法搜集行64排容积CT头颈联合CTA的患者资料1042例,对获得图像进行容积再现(volume rendering,VR)、最大密度投影(maximum intensity projection,MIP)、多平面重组(multiplanar reconstruction,MPR)及曲面重组(curve planarreconstruction,CPR)等后处理,比较各组图像对头颈部动脉成窗变异的显示情况,分析头颈部动脉成窗变异的检出率、部位、CTA表现、与周围结构的关系及伴发其他血管性病变等。结果 1042例中,头颈动脉成窗变异58例,共计61处,位于基底动脉24处、椎动脉16处、大脑前动脉12处、前交通动脉区7处、大脑中动脉2处。根据CTA表现分型,42处为裂隙型,19处为凸透镜型。58例成窗变异中12例伴有颅内动脉瘤,8例伴有椎动脉发育不良,1例伴有右侧椎动脉行径异常,10例伴胚胎型大脑后动脉。结论头颈联合CTA可以立体、直观、准确地显示头颈部动脉成窗变异的位置、形态、毗邻关系、有无伴发其他血管性病变等,有助于指导临床对伴发的血管性病变制定合理的治疗方案。     

腹部小动脉夹层64层螺旋CT血管造影表现

目的探讨腹部小动脉夹层64层螺旋CT血管造影（CTA）的表现。方法回顾性分析11例腹部小动脉夹层患者CT原始及后处理图像,主要应用容积显示（VR）、曲面重组（CPR）、最大密度投影（MIP）、多平面重组（MPR）等后处理技术,进行腹腔干、肠系膜上动脉、肾动脉图像重建观察夹层情况。结果MSCTA能清晰显示腹部小动脉夹层,其中肠系膜上动脉夹层5例,腹腔干夹层4例,肾动脉夹层2例。结论64层CT及其后处理技术对腹部小动脉夹层及相关疾病有很好的诊断价值,为临床诊断和治疗提供了依据。     

Percutaneous fenestration of a type I aortic dissection for relief of lower extremity ischemia

A 36-year-old patient underwent successful percutaneous fenestration of a type I aortic dissection which had caused occlusion of the right common iliac artery and ischemia of the right lower extremity. The patient is currently (6 months postfenestration) ambulating without any signs of vascular compromise. The technique may be useful in patients who are at high risk for surgical procedures.     

主动脉夹层螺旋CT血管造影成像的方法与技巧

目的：探讨在主动脉夹层中进行SCTA影像后处理的方法与技巧。方法：选择成功进行SCTA的47例主动脉夹层病例，扫描层厚4－8mm，重建间隔2－3mm，螺距1．25－1．75，数据输入工作站，采用MPR、MIP、SSD及VR等方式进行影像后处理。结果：影像后处理方法有技巧需要在VQ工作站上反复摸索方能熟练掌握；不同的后处理方式得到的图像有不同的显示特点；通过采用不同的显示技术或多种技术相结合；主动脉夹层真假腔、内膜片等得到全面、立体、良好地显示。结论：除了合理地制定扫描计划、选择扫描参数等扫描因素之外，影像后处理方法及技巧的熟练掌握亦是成功获取高质量主动脉夹层图像必不可少的要素。     

多层螺旋CT血管成像技术对主动脉夹层的诊断价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT血管成像技术对主动脉夹层的诊断价值。方法主动脉夹层(AD)患者17例全部经螺旋CT平扫加增强扫描,并结合二维三维图像重建技术观察。结果本组17例按DeBakey分型,Ⅰ型3例,Ⅱ型1例,Ⅲ型13例。多层螺旋CT血管成像技术的敏感性,特异性较高,能直观、立体地显示真假腔、破裂口、内膜瓣、夹层累及范围和主动脉各分支情况。结论多层螺旋CT血管成像技术可以迅速准确诊断主动脉夹层,是最实用的并值得首选的影像检查方法。     

64层螺旋CT血管成像在主动脉夹层诊断中的临床价值

目的:探讨64层螺旋CT血管成像(CTA)在主动脉夹层(AD)诊断及术前评价中的应用价值。方法:58例连续性AD患者行64层螺旋CTA,对所有数据进行MPR、MIP、VR等重建分析。结果:CTA结果显示依据DeBakey分类法,Ⅰ型夹层14例,Ⅱ型2例,Ⅲ型42例。所有患者均存在明确的撕裂内膜片及真假腔,动脉期真腔平均CT值较假腔高,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000<0.05)。所有患者均明确显示了初始破口的位置,55例显示了一个或多个再破口,3例Ⅲ型患者未显示再破口。39例Ⅲ型患者初始破口位于主动脉弓降部或降胸主动脉近端,其近端瘤颈长度、宽度分别为0.4～10.8cm(平均3.5cm)、2.2～3.6cm(平均2.8cm),瘤体最大径为3.2～9.2cm(平均5.4cm)。图像准确显示了所有患者主动脉重要分支受累以及假腔内血栓形成情况。结论:64层螺旋CT血管成像具有无创、快速、准确性高等优点,是主动脉夹层诊断及术前评价的可靠影像学检查方法之一。     

Prospective evaluation of peripheral arterial occlusive disease by 2D MR subtraction angiography

The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of two-dimensional (2D) MR subtraction angiography of lower extremities in patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial occlusive disease with conventional angiography as the standard of reference. Twenty patients were prospectively included. 2D subtraction MR angiography (MRA) consisted of multisection gradient-recalled echo (GRE) acquisitions with the shortest TE available on our machine (4 msec), obtained in the coronal plane before and after intravenous bolus administration of gadolinium chelate. MR images were reconstructed after subtraction with a maximum-pixel-intensity-projection (MIP) algorithm. MRA was performed in all cases 1–4 days before diagnostic angiography. In a prospective blinded analysis, the number and location of significant (ie, >50%) stenoses and occlusions were evaluated for each vascular segment. Sensitivity and specificity were used to evaluate MRA data. Significant stenoses (38 of 46, 83%) and occlusions (66 of 67, 99%) seen at conventional angiography were identified with MRA. The sensitivity and specificity of MRA for determination of stenoses >50% or occlusions was 100% and 97%, respectively. The location and extent of stenoses and/or occlusions on MRA and angiograms were well correlated (kappa values, r = .73, P < .05). Contrast 2D MR subtraction angiography, by providing comparable information to that of conventional angiography, is well suited to evaluate the presence and severity of atherosclerotic lesions of the lower limbs.     

螺旋CT血管造影术在夹层动脉瘤诊断中的应用

目的评价螺旋CT血管造影技术在夹层动脉瘤诊断中的临床应用价值。方法21例夹层动脉瘤行螺旋CT连续容积增强扫描，并将获得的数据传至工作站行三维重建，结合横断面及三维重建图像进行分析。结果根据Debakey分型，De．bakeyⅠ型10例，DebakeyⅢ型11例，两型中不典型夹层各2例。典型夹层动脉瘤的CT征象主要是分离移位的内膜、真假腔、主动脉壁增厚、钙化、主动脉不规则扩张；不典型主动脉夹层动脉瘤的征象为主动脉壁呈半月状或环状增厚，伴或不伴有内膜钙化内移。结论螺旋CT血管造影检查在诊断主动脉夹层动脉瘤中是一种安全有效的便于治疗后观察对比的方法。     

Multidetector CT angiography in spontaneous popliteal artery dissection

Primary dissection of the femoropopliteal or popliteal arteries is rare in the absence of involvement of the aorta or aneurysmal arterial changes. In this report, we present multidetector CT angiography findings of a case of a spontaneous nonaneurysmal dissection limited to the left popliteal artery in an otherwise healthy 40-year-old woman.     

Case Report. MRI and MR angiography of basilar artery dissection in a child

MRI showed a pontine infarct and mural thickening of intermediate signal in T1-weighted images proximal to occlusion of the basilar artery in a 10-year-old boy. Two days later the mural thickening was of high signal, consistent with methaemoglobin formation and MR angiography (MRA) showed nonspecific lack of flow in the mid-segment of the basilar artery, which corresponded to a tapered occlusion at arteriography. MRI is more useful than MRA for noninvasive diagnosis of basilar artery dissection. Received: 2 August 1996 Accepted: 8 November 1996     

螺旋CT血管造影及三维重建在主动脉夹层诊断中的应用

目的:评价螺旋CT血管造影(SCTA)及三维重建在主动脉夹层诊断中的临床应用。方法:对21例主动脉夹层患者进行了SCTA成像及三维重建,并与手术及血管造影对照。结果:SCTA能清楚显示主动脉夹层病变及其复杂的解剖关系,如双腔、内膜片及累及的范围等。与血管造影及手术对照,SCTA的诊断符合率达100％。结论:SCTA二维与三维重建的联合应用,有助于主动脉夹层的诊断并可指导手术,且有望取代传统血管造影。     

MSCTA对主动脉夹层的诊断敏感性与特异性

目的探讨多层螺旋血管成像CT(MSCTA)在主动脉夹层诊断中的应用价值。方法 32例临床考虑主动脉夹层患者均经MSCTA扫描。随后采用图像后处理技术多平面重组(MPR)及曲面重组(CPR),最大密度投影(MIP)以及容积再现(VR),回顾性地分析其影像表现。结果 MSCTA各种图像后处理技术能清楚显示主动脉夹层发生部位、范围、真假腔的大小与形态、受累血管分支情况以及有无合并钙化、血栓形成等。本组MSCTA对主动脉夹层的诊断敏感性100%,特异性100%。结论 MSCTA是诊断主动脉夹层的一种无创、快速、安全、准确的检查方法,可作为主动脉夹层的首选影像检查。     

Digital distal lower limb angiography: comparison of selective iliac injection with vasodilators and bolus chasing technique

From October 1992 to May 1993 we carried out a prospective study on 30 patients, mean age 70 years, suffering from lower limb ischaemia (mild, n = 12; moderate, n = 9; severe, n = 9). Four masked investigators compared the outcome of two techniques for the preoperative evaluation of distal vessels of the lower limbs. The reference technique was digital subtraction angiography (DSA) with selective iliac injection, fixed centring on one ankle, and use so vasodilators. The new method was DSA with the so-called bolus chasing technique: after an injection above the aortic bifurcation, an acquisition during a continuous longitudinal translation movement allows all the arteries of the lower limbs to be visualised down to the most distal point. Both techniques are well tolerated and we found no significant difference in the number of distal arteries seen with the two methods. To assess the permeability of the distal lower limb network, the bolus tracking technique is as informative as an iliac selective injection, without its constraints. Consequently, we will routinely use it as the technique of choice. Correspondence to: R. Duvauferrier     

孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层的治疗策略

目的:探讨孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层的诊断与治疗策略.方法:分析2010年7月-2014年7月收治于武汉协和医院的19例ISMAD患者资料;13例患者拟行介入治疗,其中1例因术中无法成功置入支架而转行保守治疗,余12例成功完成介入手术(手术方式各异);共7例患者行药物保守治疗.结果:2例支架植入配合弹簧圈填塞假腔患者术后复查,肠系膜上动脉通畅,假腔未见显示;3例单纯支架植入患者,其中2例假腔完全闭塞,1例患者假腔接近闭塞;1例仅假腔填塞弹簧圈患者,术后复查弹簧圈未填塞部分假腔仍存在;3例双层裸支架植入患者术后复查,假腔完全闭塞;3例置管溶栓患者,2例复查示肠系膜上动脉通畅、腹痛症状消失,1例患者有间断性腹痛,但程度降低、疼痛间歇期延长;保守治疗的7例患者随访期未见明显腹痛.所有患者均未出现肠坏死等严重并发症.结论:孤立性肠系膜上动脉夹层治疗方案与分型关系密切,Yun Ⅰ型、Ⅱb型通过抗凝、抗血小板、扩管等保守治疗通常效果较好;Ⅱa型宜选择介入治疗;Ⅲ型患者如果没有肠坏死征象可以置管溶栓治疗并密切观察,必要时行外科手术.     

颈动脉假性动脉瘤的血管造影诊断

目的探讨颈动脉假性动脉瘤的血管造影表现及诊断价值。方法由2名有经验的放射学医师按双盲法对16例颈动脉假性动脉瘤的血管造影及临床资料进行回顾性分析,然后共同讨论并达成一致意见。结果16例患者经血管造影均能明确诊断,动脉瘤位于颈总动脉者1例,颈动脉分叉处9例,颈内动脉5例,颈外动脉1例。血管造影主要表现为瘤腔内造影剂滞留(12例),瘤腔内形成涡流(9例),动脉瘤开口处“喷射征”(7例),颈动脉分叉角度增大,颈内、外动脉移位(9例)。结论血管造影是诊断颈动脉假性动脉瘤最有价值的检查方法,其不但可明确诊断,而且有利于临床治疗方式的选择。     

Unusual manifestations of aortic dissection

Two unusual manifestations of aortic dissection, rupture into the main pulmonary artery and rupture into the inferior vena cava, are presented. The latter complication has not been reported previously in the literature. The value of inferior vena caval oximetry to delineate the site of fistulous communication is stressed.     

Posttraumatic giant renal pseudoaneurysm

Renal artery pseudoaneurysms secondary to blunt abdominal trauma are uncommon. We report a giant renal pseudoaneurysm, diagnosed by computerized tomography 5 months after a blunt trauma, which was confirmed by catheter angiography and treated with selective embolization.