MRI对膝关节半月板损伤的诊断价值分析

目的回顾性分析膝关节半月板损伤的MRI表现。方法收集具有完整MRI与超声检查的膝关节半月板损伤患者68例的检查资料,分析MRI影像改变,根据半月板内部MR信号特征将半月板损伤分为I-Ⅲ级。结果 68例患者、95个半月板中,MRI诊断Ⅰ级损伤9个,Ⅱ级损伤38个,Ⅲ级损伤48个。以关节镜检查结果作为标准,MRI对半月板撕裂诊断的准确度为87.37%（83/95）。超声对膝关节半月板损伤诊断准确度63.16%（60/95）。MRI显著优于超声（P〈0.05）。结论 MRI检查对膝关节损伤的诊断具有明显独特性,可作为临床诊断膝关节半月板损伤的常用检查方法。     

低场强磁共振诊断膝关节半月板损伤的研究

目的研究探讨低场强磁共振诊断膝关节半月板损伤的临床应用价值。方法选取我院收治可疑膝关节半月板损伤的患者45例为研究对象,回顾性分析患者的基本临床资料以及MRI检查的影像学特征,按照stoller半月板退变和损伤的MRI分级标准对患者进行分级,患者经关节镜检查证实,计算MRI诊断的准确率。结果经MRI检查,本文涉及的45例患者共计50个膝关节,有半月板撕裂情况的有56处,其中,属于半月板Ⅰ级损伤的膝关节有21个,属于半月板Ⅱ级损伤的有19个,属于半月板Ⅲ级损伤的有10个。在发生半月板撕裂的56处损伤中,30处属于内侧半月板撕裂,28处属于外侧半月板撕裂,还有8处属于内外侧半月板同时撕裂的情况,根据患者的撕裂形状分,水平撕裂、纵形撕裂、斜形撕裂分别有23、2和31处。将关节镜的检查结果作为标准参照,使用低场强磁共振诊断膝关节半月板损伤的准确率为93.3%。结论低场强磁共振诊断膝关节半月板损伤具有无创,诊断准确性强的优点,能为患者的临床治疗提供有效的指导。     

MRI对膝关节半月板损伤的诊断价值

目的探讨磁共振成像（MRI）对膝关节半月板损伤诊断价值。方法回顾性分析33例经临床或手术证实的膝关节半月板损伤患者,分析其MRI征象的特征并分级。结果33例患者半月板损伤数为37个,其中Ⅰ级4个（10．8％）,Ⅱ级18个（48．6％）,Ⅲ级15个（40．5％）。结论MRI作为一种无创性的检查手段,能清楚地显示半月板变性和撕裂,正确地诊断半月板损伤的部位、形态及严重程度,是膝关节半月板损伤的最佳检查方法。     

MRI诊断膝关节半月板损伤的应用价值

目的研究磁共振成像(MRI)对膝关节半月板损伤的诊断价值。方法膝关节损伤患者54例,对其中经临床或关节镜诊断为半月板损伤的37例行MRI征象分析。结果半月板(角)损伤共83个:Ⅰ级损伤17个,表现为不与半月板关节面相接触的球状或椭圆状高信号;Ⅱ级27个,表现为水平线状高信号,可延伸至关节囊缘(内侧),但未达到半月板关节面缘;Ⅲ级39个,表现为半月板内高信号达关节面,多发于内侧半月板后角。与关节镜结果比较,MRI诊断半月板损伤的准确性为90.4%。结论 MRI是可靠的半月板损伤的诊断方法。     

半月板损伤磁共振与关节镜结果的对照分析

目的了解磁共振成像(MRI)在膝关节半月板损伤诊断中的价值和意义,探讨MRI对半月板损伤误诊、漏诊的可能原因。方法回顾性分析90例患者96个膝关节MRI图像(对半月板的评价参照Stoller3级分级标准,正常半月板信号计为0级),并与关节镜结果进行对比分析。结果MRI诊断半月板损伤的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为86.3%、89.0%、88.2%。结论MRI对半月板损伤有很高的诊断价值,对指导患者的治疗有重要的临床意义。     

结合BLADE技术的MRI与关节镜在膝关节半月板损伤诊断的对比研究

目的探讨膝关节半月板损伤患者行结合BLADE技术的磁共振诊断价值,并与关节镜诊断对照分析。方法选取2016年7月~2017年12月期间54例108个半月板做过结合BLADE技术MRI(A组)及关节镜检查(B组)的MRI图像进行回顾性分析。MRI半月板信号分为4级:0级表示正常半月板;Ⅰ级及Ⅱ级信号考虑为半月板变性;Ⅲ级信号即半月板撕裂。关节镜表现主要描述为正常半月板、无撕裂半月板及撕裂半月板。结果 54例108个半月板中,MRI诊断真阳性44个,真阴性48个,假阳性7个,假阴性9个,关节镜阳性53个,阴性55个。敏感度为83%,特异度为87.3%,准确度为85.2%,漏诊率为16.9%,误诊率为12.7%。膝关节常规扫描中结合使用BLADE技术扫描后,图像的伪影消除,半月板内病灶清晰度明显提高。结论 MRI对膝关节半月板损伤诊断具有重要的临床应用价值,膝关节半月板损伤患者行结合BLADE技术的磁共振具有较高诊断价值,能够提高诊断敏感性及准确性,为临床尽早采取有效治疗措施提供依据,从而改善患者预后,可应用于临床。     

磁共振检查在膝关节损伤诊断中的价值

目的:探讨核磁共振在膝关节损伤诊断中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析90例膝关节损伤患者的MRI检查结果,分析MRI检查在各类膝关节损伤中的诊断价值。结果:MRI诊断骨质改变有63例,半月板损伤有56个,韧带损伤有95条,关节腔积液有81例,所有病例均经关节镜及手术、临床检查证实。结论:膝关节MRI检查可广泛应用于膝关节半月板、韧带、关节软骨等的损伤。     

磁共振在膝关节半月板损伤中的应用

目的探讨膝关节半月板损伤应用磁共振(MRI)诊断的价值。方法回顾性分析我院2013年1月¹2月收治的半月板损伤患者76例的MRI的影像资料。结果本组76例患者全部经手术及关节镜临床检查发现半月板发生损伤为98处,采用MRI诊断出半月板损伤为96处,临床诊断率为98.0%;手术及关节镜临床检查、MRI诊断Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级诊断率比较差异无统学意义(P>0.05)。结论将MRI应用于半月板损伤应用价值较高,具有无创伤、判断准确、信号改变清晰等优点,值得应用。     

低场MRI对膝关节损伤的临床诊断价值

目的探讨低场MRI对膝关节外伤的临床诊断价值。方法回顾性分析经关节内镜、手术或临床证实的115例(140个膝关节)膝关节外伤患者的临床及MRI资料。结果应用低场强MRI检查,骨折37个、半月板损伤42个、韧带损伤60例、膝关节周围软组织损伤85例、关节腔积液60例,均具有较高的诊断率。结论低场MRI能检查出骨折、骨挫伤、半月板损伤、关节腔积液、韧带及周围软组织损伤,是膝关节外伤中不可缺少的检查手段,对临床膝关节损伤诊断具有重要指导意义,具有很高的价值。     

MRI对膝关节半月板损伤的诊断价值

目的 对比半月板损伤的MRI表现和关节镜检查结果,探讨MRI对膝关节半月板损伤的诊断价值.方法 对52例患者53个膝关节半月板损伤的MRI表现与关节镜所见进行对照分析.结果 本组52例53膝106个半月板中,以关节镜检查结果作为对照标准,MRI对半月板损伤诊断的符合率为77.4%,敏感性为69.6%,特异性为86.0%,阳性预测值为84.8%.结论 MRI是半月板损伤很有价值的无创性诊断方法.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.