湖北汉族人群C4性片段长度多态性的研究

用限制性内切酶ＴａｑＩ和Ｃ４基因５＇末端探针ｐＡＴ－Ａ检测５８份湖北地区健康献血员基因组ＤＮＡ的Ｃ４基因限制性片段长度多态性（ＲＦＬＰ），观察到７．０ｋｂ、６．０ｋｂ和５．４ｋｂ三种Ｃ４基因片段，它们共组成三种常见的Ｃ４基因ＲＦＬＰ表型，即Ａ：７．０－５．４ｋｂ（频率为２４．１４％）；Ｂ：７．０－６．０ｋｂ（频率为２０．６９％）和Ｃ：７．０－６．０－５．４ｋｂ（频率为５５．１７％）。在所检测的样本     

湖北汉人全身性红斑狼疮患者补体第4成分基因限制性片段长度多态性的研究

用Ｃ４５末端探针和限制性内切酶ＴａｑⅠ对７５例湖北汉人ＳＬＥ患者和５８例正常人进行了ＲＦＬＰ检测，同时用琼脂糖凝胶电泳免疫固定方法测定了其中５１例患者和５７例正常对照的Ｃ４蛋白质表达情况，结果发现，患者中２４例（３２．０％）的ＲＦＬＰ带型为７．０－５．４ｋｂ（Ａ型），１０例（１３．３％）为７．０－６．０ｋｂ（Ｂ型），４０例（５３．３％）患者ＲＦＬＰ带型为７．０－６．０－５．４ｋｂ（Ｃ型），仅一例（１．３％）带型为７．０－６．４－５．４ｋｂ（Ｄ型），即带有表示Ｃ４Ａ基因缺失的６．４ｋｂ片段。正常对照组中ＲＦＬＰ带型仅检出Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ三型，与患者组在分布上无统计学差异。Ｃ４表型分析结果发现，患者中Ｃ４ＡＱ０者为２２例（４３％），正常对照中Ｃ４ＡＱ０者为１０例（１７．５％），计算ＲＲ值＝３．５６，χ２＝８．４６，Ｐ＜０．０１。上述结果表明，Ｃ４Ａ蛋白质缺失与ＳＬＥ易感性密切相关，但在湖北人群中Ｃ４Ａ蛋白质缺失的主要原因可能不是由于Ｃ４Ａ基因的缺失所致。     

湖北汉人全身性红斑狼疮患者补体第4成分基因限制性片段长度…

用Ｃ４５＇末端探针和限制性内切酶ＴａｑＩ对７５例湖北汉人ＳＬＥ患者和５８例正常人进行了ＲＦＬＰ检测，同时用琼脂糖凝胶电泳免疫固定方法测定了其中５１例患者和５７例正常对照的Ｃ４蛋白质表达情况，结果发现，患者中２４例的ＲＦＬＰ带型为７．０－５．４ｋｂ，１０例为７．０－６．０ｋｂ，４０例（５３．３％）虱ＲＦＬＰ带型为７．０－６．０－５．４ｋｇ，仅一例Ｄ（１．３％）带型为７．０－６．４－ｋｂ，即带有表示Ｃ     

中国人C4Qo表型的C4DNA限制性片段长度多态现象：静息基因的机制初探

对１７例中国人Ｃ４Ａ／Ｃ４Ｂ表型中含有Ｑ０的个体的基因组ＤＮＡ进行了ＨｉｎｄⅢＲＦＬＰ的检测。从五型Ｃ４Ａ／Ｃ４Ｂ（３，０／１，１；３；０／２．１；３．３／１．０：３．２／１．０；３．０／１．０）中共检出５种ＲＦＬＰ片段组合Ａ：３２－２５－１５ｋｂ；Ｂ：３２－１５ｋｂ；Ｃ：２５－１５ｋｂ；Ｄ：３２－１５－８．５ｋｂ；Ｅ：２５－１５－８．５ｋｂ）。根据代表Ｃ４Ａ基因缺失的８．５ｋｂ片段的有无，测出大约５０％的Ｃ４ＡＱ０是由基因缺失造成的。此外，本文还对Ｃ４ＡＱ０时Ｃ４Ｂ长、短基因的分配，Ｃ４ＢＱ０时Ｃ４基因的变动情况等进行了分析与讨论。     

中国人细胞色素P4502D6基因多态性

目的为探讨中国人ＣＹＰ２Ｄ６酶基因的多态性分布规律。方法应用聚合酶链反应和ＸｂａⅠ限制性片段长度多态性（ＲＦＬＰ）对１００名正常汉族人的ＣＹＰ２Ｄ６基因做了研究。结果发现在中国人群该基因Ａ、Ｂ、Ｄ和Ｅ４种引起酶活性缺失的突变频率分别为１％、６．５％、０．５％和１％；ＸｂａⅠＲＦＬＰ显示：２９ｋｂ／２９ｋｂ、４４ｋｂ／２９ｋｂ和４４ｋｂ／４４ｋｂ基因型的频率分别为３８％、４６％和１３％；而且还发现虽然Ａ和Ｂ突变主要于２９ｋｂ／２９ｋｂ基因型，但也有１２％的Ｂ突变见于４４ｋｂ／４４ｋｂ基因型。结论中国人ＣＹＰ２Ｄ６基因的这四种引起酶缺乏性的突变频率均较欧美人低。ＸｂａⅠ４４ｋｂ等位基因频率相对较高。     

全身性红斑狼疮病人C4基因组DNA限制性片段长度多态性的检测

以Ｃ４基因５＇ｃＤＮＡ片段为探针，经Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ印迹杂交法对２４例全身性红斑狼疮（ＳＬＥ）病人基因组ＤＮＡ的Ｃ４基因限制性片段长度多态性（ＲＦＬＰ）进行了分析，并与６０例健康人资料进行了对比。结果显示，ＳＬＥ病人Ｃ４Ａ基因缺失的表型频率与基因型频率远较健康人为高，分别为２９．２％对６．７％（Ｘ＾２＝７．７５，Ｐ＜０．０１）及１８．７％对３．３％（Ｘ＾２＝１０．８，Ｐ＜０．００５）。在两名同合子     

我国Marfan综合征基因连锁标记的研究

为了探索对Ｍａｒｆａｎ综合征进行产前诊断和症状前诊断的方法，应用１５号染色体ＦＢＮ１基因内两个多态位点ＴａｑⅠ限制性片段长度多态性（ＲＦＬＰ）和（ＴＡＡＡＡ）ｎ扩增片段长度多态性（Ａｍｐ－ＦＬＰ）为遗传标记，在正常人群中检出前者有５．０ｋｂ（＋）和６．０ｋｂ（－）两种等位基因，基因频率各为２７％和７３％；后者有１５０ｎｔ（１）和１６０ｎｔ（２）两种等位基因，基因频率分别为３１％和６９％，未见白种人中的罕见变异型。两个患病家系的单倍型分离分析表明，致病基因均与－，２单倍型连锁，提示中国人群中Ｍａｒｆａｎ综合征也与ＦＢＮ１基因连锁。以该基因内的多态位点为遗传标记，可对该病的一些家系成员进行产前或症状前诊断。     

动脉粥样硬化性脑梗塞患者载脂蛋白B基因的MspⅠ限制性片段长度多态性研究

为了解动脉粥样硬化性脑梗塞（ａｔｈｅｒｏｓｃｌｅｒｏｔｉｃｃｅｒｅｂｒａｌｉｎｆａｒｃｔｉｏｎ，ＡＣＩ）与载脂蛋白代谢异常的关系，利用ＡｐｏＢｃＤＮＡ探针（ＬＢ１．５）检测了５４名ＡＣＩ患者和６２名正常对照者的载脂蛋白Ｂ（ＡｐｏＢ）基因ＭｓｐⅠ限制性片段长度多态性（ＲＦＬＰ）等位基因频率。结果显示，１１６份标本共出现２．３５ｋｂ（Ｍ１）和２．６０ｋｂ（Ｍ２）两条杂交片段。Ｍ２等位基因频率在ＡＣＩ（０．１５７）和对照者（０．０５６）之间存在明显差异（χ２＝７．１７，Ｐ＜０．０１）。Ｍ２基因的检出和基因频率的获得为进一步揭示ＡｐｏＢ基因区域在ＡＣＩ的脂类代谢中的作用提供了一个很好的遗传标记。还就不同基因型与血脂、脂蛋白水平的关系进行了讨论。     

用PCR—RFLP方法检测动脉硬化性脑梗死患者的载脂蛋白E基因多态性分布

目的 研究动脉硬化性脑梗死（ＡＣＩ）患者中的载脂蛋白Ｅ（ＡｐｏＥ）基因的分布。方法 利用聚合酶链式反应（ＰＣＲ）技术扩增ＡｐｏＥ基因含编码１１２位和１５８位氨基酸的片段，并用限制性片段长度多态性（ＲＦＬＰ）技术对ＡＣＩ患者和相应健康对照的ＡｐｏＥ基因进行分型，从而进行ＡＣＩ与ＡｐｏＥ等位基因多态性的关联分析。结果 ＡＣＩ患者中ＡｐｏＥ等位基因ε４占２８．３０％，明显高于正常人对照组的７．６４％，而等位基因ε３则占５７．５５％，低于正常人对照组的８４．１２％，均有极显著性差异（ｐ〈０．０１）。结论 ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ是一种快速有效的ＡｐｏＥ基因分型方法，ε４可能为ＡＣＩ的易感因子，而ε３则为保护因子。     

长春地区汉族人群C—ab1等位基因的遗传多态性

以完整的Ｖ－ａｂ１癌基因为探针，用ＤＮＡ印迹杂交方法在长春地区汉族人群中随机检测到Ｃ－ａｂ１癌基因位点存在限制性片段长度多态性（ＲＦＬＰ），其原因是Ｃ－ａｂ１癌基因位点存在ａ，ｂ，ｃ３个等位基因。ａ等位基因频率为９４．７％，ｂ等位基因频率为１．９％，ｃ等位基因频率为３．４％，与Ｃａｕｃａｓｉａｎ人群Ｃ－ａｂ１ ＲＦＬＰ比较，ａ，ｂ等位基因相同，基因频率相似，而在中国人群中新发现一个Ｃ等位基因。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.