内镜下乳头括约肌小切开联合气囊扩张术对胆总管结石患者的疗效观察

目的 观察乳头括约肌小切开联合气囊扩张术对胆总管结石( CDS)患者的疗效.方法 将我院2010年1月至2011年9月间的161例CDS患者分为3组,54例行内镜下乳头括约肌切开术(EST组),54例行内镜下乳头气囊扩张术(EPBD组),53例行内镜下乳头括约肌小切开联合气囊扩张术(sEST+EPBD组),均根据实际情况在乳头治疗后行取石篮取石和(或)气囊取石,部分患者以碎石篮碎石后取石.结果 与EST组比较,sEST+EPBD组术后并发症的发生率显著降低,出血发生减少,较EPBD组提高了一次取石的成功率,明显降低了术后高淀粉酶血症的发生率.结论 应用乳头括约肌小切开联合气囊扩张术治疗胆总管结石,术后并发症减少,在胆总管结石取石治疗中更为有效、安全.     

EST治疗LC术后胆总管结石体会

目的 探讨腹腔镜下胆囊切除术(LC)后行内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)和内镜乳头括约肌切开术(EST)治疗胆总管结石的安全性和效果. 方法 对LC术后出现黄疸或胆管炎的56例胆总管结石患者,行ERCP明确诊断并利用EST取石. 结果 56例患者共取出结石72枚,3例第2次行ERCP并用气囊取石成功,术后患者均痊愈出院,复查B超无结石残存或胆管扩张. 结论 EST治疗胆囊切除术后胆总管结石,安全、无创、有效,是治疗LC术后胆总管结石的首选方法.     

内镜治疗胆总管结石的经验体会

目的: 内镜治疗胆总管结石的疗效评估. 方法: 对140例胆总管结石患者采用内镜治疗.其中10例≤8 mm结石采用内镜乳头气囊扩张术(EPBD),114例9~15mm结石采用经内镜乳头括约肌切开术(EST),16例>15 m结石采用内镜下机械碎石法(EML). 结果: 本组取石成功率为97.2%,其中118例一次取净结石,18例2~3次取净结石,4例取石未成功.总并发症发生率为6.5%,其中急性胆管炎3例,急性胰腺炎6例. 结论: 内镜治疗胆总管结石是安全、有效的.     

内镜下乳头切开术治疗胆总管结石

目的 观察内镜下乳头切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)治疗胆总管结石的疗效.方法 回顾分析56例行内镜下乳头肌切开术患者的临床资料,观察胆总管结石取出情况.结果 内镜下乳头切开术对胆总管结石的取出成功率达94.6%,并发症发生率8.9%.结论 EST是治疗胆总管结石的有效、安全、微创手段.     

内镜在胆囊切除术后综合征病因诊断和治疗中的应用价值

目的: 探讨内镜在胆囊切除术后综合征病因诊断和治疗中的应用价值.方法: 对86例胆囊切除术后综合征病人行ERCP检查明确病因后,对胆管结石者行EST和EPBD后取石;对乳头炎性狭窄者行EST或EPBD治疗;对乳头旁憩室压迫乳头开口和SOD者行EPBD治疗;对乳头肿瘤和肝门胆管癌行EMBE;对化脓性胆管炎,继发性胆总管多发结石、结石难以一次取净及术后胆瘘、胆管中段狭窄者行ENBD.结果: 83例(96.5%)ERCP成功.未发现异常7例.胆管结石45例,其中41例经1~3次内镜取石后取净.乳头炎性狭窄4例,经EST或EPBD治疗1次成功.乳头旁憩室压迫乳头开口7例,SOD 2例,行EPBD治疗1次成功.胆管中段狭窄4例,2例行ENBD成功.乳头肿瘤4例,肝门胆管狭窄5例,行内支架治疗后黄疸减退.胃十二指肠溃疡3例.胆囊管结石残留2例.总的并发症发生率6.97%.结论: ERCP能及早发现胆囊切除术后综合征确切病因并给予相应内镜治疗.     

内镜在胆囊切除术后综合征病因诊断和治疗中的应用价值

目的 探讨内镜在胆囊切除术后综合征病因诊断和治疗中的应用价值. 方法 对86例胆囊切除术后综合征患者行ERCP检查明确病因后,对胆管结石者行EST和EPBD后取石;对乳头炎性狭窄者行EST或EPBD治疗;对乳头旁憩室压迫乳头开口和SOD者行EPBD治疗;对乳头肿瘤和肝门胆管癌行EMBE;对化脓性胆管炎,继发性胆总管多发结石、结石难以一次取净及术后胆瘘、胆管中段狭窄者行ENBD. 结果 83例(96.5%)ERCP成功.未发现异常7例.胆管结石45例,41例经1~3次内镜取石后取净.乳头炎性狭窄4例,经EST或EPBD治疗1次成功.乳头旁憩室压迫乳头开口7例,SOD 2例,行EPBD治疗1次成功.胆管中段狭窄4例,2例行EPBD成功.乳头肿瘤4例,肝门胆管狭窄5例,行内支架治疗后黄疸减退.胃十二指肠溃疡3例.胆囊管结石残留2例.总的并发症发生率6.97%. 结论 ERCP能及早发现胆囊切除术后问题,确切病因并给予相应内镜治疗.     

内镜在胆囊切除术后综合征的病因诊治中的价值

目的:探讨内镜在胆囊切除术后综合征病因诊断和治疗中的应用价值.方法:对73例胆囊切除术后综合征病人行ERCP检查明确病因后,对胆总管结石者行内镜乳头括约肌切开术(EST)和内镜乳头气囊扩张术(EPBD)后取石;对乳头狭窄者行EST或EPBD治疗;对乳头旁憩室压迫乳头开口者行EPBD治疗;对胆管中段狭窄者行内镜鼻胆管引流(ENBD);对乳头肿瘤和肝门胆管癌行胆管内支架治疗(EMBE).结果:69例(94.5%)ERCP获得成功.其中未发现异常者7例其中胆总管结石41例,39例经1～3次内镜取石后取净其中乳头狭窄10例,经EST或EPBD治疗1次成功其中胆总管中段狭窄4例,2例行ENBD成功;乳头旁憩室压迫乳头开口2例,行EPBD治疗1次成功;乳头肿瘤和肝门胆管癌各1例,行EMBE治疗后黄疸减退;诊断为胃十二指肠溃疡者3例.治疗后总的并发症发生率为5.5%(4/73).结论:ERCP能及早查明胆囊切除术后综合征的确切病因,并予相应有效治疗.     

腹腔镜切肝联合纤维胆道镜治疗左肝内及胆总管结石7例报告

目的 探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜下免切开胆总管治疗左肝内及胆总管结石的适应证与手术疗效.方法 对7例胆总管免切开腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗胆总管及左肝内胆管结石伴肝叶纤维化病例的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 6例患者成功行腹腔镜胆囊切除、左肝外叶切除,经左肝断面胆管行胆道镜探查取石,手术时间145~295 min,术中出血240~750 m L,无输血.术后3~5 d左肝断面引流管均顺利拔除,无胆漏及腹腔内出血.1例胆总管有残余小结石,予以内镜下乳头括约肌切开术成功取出结石.术后患者住院时间为5~9 d,2个月后复查未见明显残余结石.1例因胆总管结石较多不易取出及结石有嵌顿导致手术失败,而行胆总管切开取石T管引流.结论 胆总管免切开腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗左肝内及胆总管结石是安全可行的.     

内镜下括约肌小切开联合气囊扩张术治疗胆总管结石比较分析

目的 比较内镜下括约肌切开术（EST）和内镜下括约肌小切开联合气囊扩张术（sEST＋ EPBD）治疗胆总管结石的效果及并发症.方法 回顾性分析2009年以来采用EST、sEST＋EPBD两种方法治疗的胆总管结石患者的临床效果及并发症.全组共计272例,151（2009年1月至2010年12月）例行内镜下乳头括约肌切开术（EST）,121（2011年1月至2013年12月）例行内镜下乳头括约肌小切开联合气囊扩张术（EST、sEST＋ EPBD）,均根据实际情况在乳头治疗后行取石篮取石和（或）气囊取石,部分患者以碎石篮碎石后取石.采用SPSS16.0软件分析,对计量资料t检验,计数资料x2检验,P＜0.05表示具有统计学意义.结果 所有患者采用主动取石,均全部一次性取尽结石,无自然排石.两种方法取石效果相同,sEST＋ EPBD组术后并发症的发生率显著降低,出血发生减少,明显降低了术后高淀粉酶血症的发生率.术后并发症发生率：EST组7.94％（12/151）,sEST＋EPBD组2.47％（3/121）,EST组明显高于sEST＋ EPBD组,差异具有统计学意义（x2=3.854,P＜0.05）.结论 应用乳头括约肌小切开联合气囊扩张术治疗胆总管结石,术后并发症减少,在胆总管结石的治疗中更为有效、安全.     

内镜下胆总管结石合并十二指肠乳头旁憩室治疗方式的选择

目的 探讨内镜下胆总管结石合并十二指肠乳头旁憩室治疗方式的选择.方法 对143例胆总管结石合并十二指肠乳头旁憩室患者分别运用内镜下乳头括约肌切开术（EST）、乳头扩张术（EPBD）和乳头括约肌切开术联合乳头扩张术（EST＋EPBD）,并辅以取石篮、取石球囊、鼻胆管和碎石篮机械碎石进行取石.结果 43例患者行EST术,42例成功取石,并发出血4例、穿孔2例、急性胰腺炎1例、结石复发1例;39例患者行EPBD术,38例成功取石,并发出血1例、急性胰腺炎5例、结石复发2例;61例患者行EST＋EPBD术,59例成功取石,并发急性胰腺炎1例、结石复发2例,无出血、穿孔患者.共4例取石失败,1例因直径大于3 cm,2例因胆总管结石充满,1例因行毕Ⅱ式吻合后镜身不够长转外科手术治疗.所有并发症均经保守治疗治愈.结论 内镜下运用乳头括约肌切开术联合乳头扩张术对胆总管结石合并十二脂肠乳头旁憩室治疗是一种微创、安全、有效的首选治疗手段.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.