手术治疗胃癌肝转移的预后分析

目的：探讨手术治疗胃癌肝转移的预后因素．方法：对25例患者临床病理特征及生存应用多元分析其与预后的关系。结果：20例行同时性肝切除，5例行异时性肝切除，1、3、5年生存率分别为84．0％，28．0％，21．0％。肝转移灶数目（孤立和多灶），转移灶分布（单叶和多叶），肝切除方式，原发灶组织学类型，淋巴结转移及脉管瘤栓与预后相关，多元分析显示多灶肝转移，原发灶淋巴结转移、脉管瘤栓是其预后独立危险因素。结论：对出现孤立转移灶、原发灶无淋巴结转移且无脉管瘤栓的胃癌肝转移患者应手术切除以获得更好的预后。     

头颈部恶性黑色素瘤45例临床分析

头颈部恶性黑色素瘤临床少见,是恶性程度高、易转移、复发率高和预后差的恶性肿瘤之一。我院自1984年～1996年共收治45例,现报告如下: 1 临床资料 1.1 一般资料 全组45例恶性黑素瘤(以下简称恶黑)患者,男31例,女14例;年龄18岁～72岁,平均45岁。病程7天～1年,平均6个月。本组头颈部皮肤恶黑11例(男6例,女5例),头颈部粘膜恶黑30例(男16例,女14例),腮腺、颌下腺各2例。其中头颈部皮肤恶黑伴有颌下或颈部淋巴结转移者3例,头颈部粘膜恶黑伴有颌下及颈部淋巴结转移者16例。 1.2 诊断 本组45例患者的手术切除标本经病理学检查和免疫组化方法确诊均为恶性黑色素瘤,其中12例为无色素性黑色素瘤。 1.3 治疗 头颈部皮肤恶黑11例患者中,8例术前及术后均给予DTIC、CCNU、VCR、CTX或PDD方案化疗;术中对病灶采取扩大切除,术后行放疗或免疫治疗;对于有颈部淋巴结或颌下淋巴结转移的患者,予以行颈部清扫术或颌下三角清扫术。头颈部粘膜恶黑30例中,有18例于术前或术后以上述方法化疗。术中对病灶采取扩大切除,术后行放疗或免疫治疗。腮腺及颌下腺各2例仅行病灶扩大切除。     

手术治疗分化型甲状腺癌190例回顾性分析

目的：通过190例分化型甲状腺癌手术治疗回顾性分析，旨在探讨分化型甲状腺癌的手术切除范围及颈部淋巴结清扫回顾。方法：选取1980年1月至1996年12月收治190例经手术、病理证实为分化型甲状腺癌，其中长期随访140例。结果：156例限于一侧腺叶内的肿瘤，行甲状腺腺叶、峡部切除术，随访102例，仅1例对侧腺叶出现癌复发。96例肿物直径大于1．5cm，并且颈部淋巴结无肿大者，行预防性颈淋巴结清扫，54例发现颈部淋巴结有转移灶。结论：为了降低复发率和避免并发症，甲状腺腺叶、峡部切除是理想的术式；对于原发肿瘤直径大于1．5cm，无论术前、术中是否触到肿大淋巴结，均需作改良颈淋巴结清扫；对临床颈淋巴结阳性者，应根据具体情况实施功能或传统颈淋巴结清扫术。     

食管癌、贲门癌术后颈部淋巴结转移灶的再手术治疗

目的：探讨食管癌、贲门癌切除术后常见颈部淋巴结转移灶再手术治疗的可行性与必要性。方法：对26例食管癌、贲门癌切除术后颈部淋巴结转移的病例，施行包括转移灶在内的颈部区域性淋巴结清扫术，所有病例均经检查、证实、确认除颈部外无其他部位临床转移灶；清扫术前有一部分曾是接受过化疗、放疗或不能耐受继续放、化疗的患者。结果：26例再手术病人，单纯探查3例（11．5％），清扫23例（88．5％），术后并发症主要有：吻合口瘘、淋巴瘘，膈神经、喉返神经损伤等；2例术后3个月内死亡，1例半年内死亡。结论：食管癌、贲门癌切除术后发生单纯颈部淋巴结转移的患者，再手术治疗是可行的和必要的，尤其对于颈静脉角淋巴结转移的患者（占92．3％）再手术非常必要，对于放、化疗无效或不能耐受放、化疗的患者，手术清扫应持积极态度；颈部转移灶较晚的病例，尤其是发生气管、食管沟或椎旁转移者，手术风险大，探查率高，效果差，应当慎重。     

乳腺癌保乳手术治疗的临床研究

目的：总结保乳手术治疗早期乳腺癌临床经验及观察近期疗效。方法：2000年1月至2006年12月采用肿块局部广泛切除加腋淋巴结清扫或象限切除加腋淋巴结清扫治疗临床单发的、肿瘤直径小于3．0cm、无区域淋巴结转移的女性乳腺癌患者51例，手术切缘距瘤缘2．0cm～3．0cm，术后行辅助放疗、化疗及内分泌治疗。结果：全组随访3～84个月，局部无复发或远处转移。结论：早期乳腺癌病人接受保乳手术治疗可以取得满意的临床和美容效果。     

分化型甲状腺癌再手术42例分析

１９８５年１月至１９９５年１０月，４２例分化型甲状腺癌施行了再手术治疗。其中男性７例，女性３５例。再手术原因：原发癌灶残留；术后复发；颈淋巴结转移灶残留；对侧甲状腺及对侧颈淋巴结出现癌灶。再手术方式：原发癌灶局切者应再次切除残叶及峡部；对肿瘤侵出包膜者，作者认为应放宽预防性淋巴结清扫术的指征，有淋巴结转移者施行传统性或功能性颈淋巴结清扫术；对侧腺叶出现癌灶或对侧出现颈淋巴结转移者，应做对侧甲状腺癌的根治手术。     

甲状腺微小癌（附48例报告）

目的 探讨甲状腺微小癌的临床病理特点及外科治疗方式。方法 对1992年7月－2000年7月收治的48例甲状腺微小癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析、总结。结果 多灶性占12．5％（6／48）,颈清病例的颈淋巴结转移率为45．0％（9／20）。腺叶切除20例,腺叶切除加气管旁淋巴结清扫8例,腺叶切除加改良颈淋巴结清扫12例,其它术式8例。随访1－8年,除1例对侧再发微小癌外,其余均未见复发和转移。结论 甲状腺微小癌可有颈淋巴结转移,多灶性亦不少见。腺叶切除或加改良颈淋巴结清扫为主要手术方式,一般不作预防性颈部清扫,不作全甲状腺切除。     

胸段食管癌手术治疗后的死因与复发类型

背景与目的：食管癌的死因包括局部浸润和／或远处转移，手术的介入会对死因产生影响。本研究对食管癌术后死亡时的复发类型及死亡原因进行总结，分析食管癌死亡时间以及导致食管癌死亡的危险因素。方法：1999年6月-2004年6月手术治疗后确诊死亡的食管癌80例，收集临床病理资料。用Spearnmn法进行各个临床因素与复发类型、生存时间的相关分析；用Kaplan—Meier法绘制生存曲线，以log—rank比较各因素埘死亡时间的影响：结果：全组一年内死亡为49例（61．3％），2年内死亡为67例（83．8％）。死亡原因为纵隔内复发16例（20％），淋巴道转移30例（37．5％），血道转移为34例（42．5％）。行淋巴结清扫的复发类型以血道转移为主，与淋巴结采样的相比有明显差异，P〈0．01；纵隔内复发、淋巴道转移与血道转移3组患者的生存时间无显著区别。64例肿瘤完全切除的患者，淋巴结阴性的比阳性的生存时间长（P=0．0468）。淋巴结采样的一年内死亡比淋巴结清扫的明显多，P=0．02；姑息切除的无一例活过2年。结论：血道转移、纵隔内复发及淋巴道复发都是引起食管癌死亡的重要原因，而复发类型与淋巴结切除程度有关：食管癌的完全切除及淋巴结清扫可降低局部复发，减少因局部及区域复发而导致的死亡。     

Ⅰ～ⅢA期非小细胞肺癌淋巴结清扫范围的前瞻性研究

目的 探讨非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）外科治疗中系统性淋巴结清扫的作用。方法 对可手术的504例Ⅰ-ⅢA期病例随机分成研究组和对照组。研究组在肺切除同时行系统纵隔淋巴结清扫术;对照组则在肺切除同时仅行肺门淋巴结清扫术;纵隔淋巴结肉眼怀疑转移者则行该淋巴结摘除术。凡符合入选标准病例均对术式、病理类型、病理分级、肿瘤体积、淋巴结切除总数目、淋巴结转移数目、淋巴结转移比（淋巴结转移数量／淋巴结切除总数量）、PTNM分期、辅助治疗、随访期间内的复发转移、手术并发症、生存时间、生存质量等13项指标进行观察和评价。生存分析用Kaplan-Meier法,预后分析用Cox成比例危险率模型。结果 504例中,符合研究标准的病例共320例,研究组160例,平均每例切除淋巴结9．49个;对照组160例,平均每例切除淋巴结3．63个。Ⅰ期肺癌研究组的1,3,5,9年生存率分别为91．8％、86．9％、81．4％和74．2％,对照组为88．7％、72．5％、58．5％和52．1％,差异有显著性。Ⅱ、ⅢA期两组间的生存曲线差异无显著性。影响长期生存率的因素有术后分期、淋巴结转移比和淋巴结清扫范围3个因素。结论 肺叶（全肺）切除加上系统性的胸内淋巴结清扫,能减少肺癌术后局部复发率和远处转移率,提高长期生存率,可列为非小细胞肺癌的规范性术式。     

分化型甲状腺癌再手术42例分析

１９８５年１月至１９９５年１０月，４２例分化型甲状腺癌施行了再手术治疗。其中男性７例，女性３５例。再手术原因；原发癌灶残留；术后复发；对侧甲状腺及对侧颈淋巴结出现癌灶，再手术方式：原发癌灶局切者应再次切除残叶及峡部；对肿瘤侵出包膜者，作者认为应放宽预防性淋巴结清扫术的指征，有淋巴结转移者施行生或功能性颈淋巴结清扫术；对侧腺叶出现癌灶或对侧出现颈淋巴结转移者，应做对侧甲状腺癌根治手术。     

Regional non-nodal metastases of cutaneous melanoma

The authors studied the prognosis of patients with so called local recurrences, satellites and in-transit metastases from cutaneous melanoma on the basis of 291 patients. These are the 19.3% of the 1503 patients with stage I and II melanoma originally submitted to surgical treatment at the National Cancer Institute of Milano (Italy). The majority of patients were males (M/F = 0.7): 102 had local recurrence, 99 in-transit metastases, 24 satellites and 66 both local and in-transit metastases. Regional non-nodal metastases were not related with the site of origin, and inadequate treatment of primary. These metastases were more frequently observed in patients who were submitted to regional node dissection no matter whether in discontinuity or in continuity with primary tumor. The frequency of regional non-nodal metastases was found to increase with increasing thickness of primary melanoma or, in stage II patients, with the number of involved nodes. Local and in-transit metastases were related with prognostic criteria in the same way. The overall survival was very close between in-transit and local metastases. Similar survival rates were observed comparing regional non-nodes and disseminated cutaneous and subcutaneous metastases. The authors conclude that the distinction between local recurrences, satellites and in-transit metastases is artificial and that these metastatic events are not prognostically dissimilar from metastases in distant skin areas.     

Vulvar melanoma: is there a role for sentinel lymph node biopsy?

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to evaluate the author's recent, preliminary experience with the sentinel lymph node procedure in patients with vulvar melanoma and to compare this experience with treatment and follow-up of patients with vulvar melanomas who were treated previously at their institution. METHODS: From 1997, sentinel lymph node procedure with the combined technique (99mTechnetium-labeled nanocolloid and Patente Blue-V) was performed as a standard staging procedure for patients with vulvar melanoma with a thickness > 1 mm and no clinically suspicious inguinofemoral lymph nodes. For the current study, clinicopathologic data from all 33 patients with vulvar melanoma who were treated between 1978 and 2000 at the University Hospital Groningen were reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS: From January 1997 until December 2000, identification of sentinel lymph nodes was successful in all nine patients who were referred for treatment of vulvar melanoma. Three patients underwent subsequent complete inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy because of metastatic sentinel lymph nodes. In follow-up, groin recurrences (in-transit metastases) occurred in two of nine patients, both 12 months after primary treatment. Both patients had melanomas with a thickness > 4 mm and previously had negative sentinel lymph nodes. There was a trend toward more frequent groin recurrences in patients after undergoing the sentinel lymph node procedure (2 of 9 patients) compared with 24 historic control patients (0 of 24 patients; P = 0.06). Five of 33 patients developed local recurrences: Two patients had groin recurrences, and 11 patients developed distant metastases. Twelve patients died of vulvar melanoma. Seventeen patients with a median follow-up of 66 months (range, 9-123 months) are currently alive (overall survival rate, 52%). CONCLUSIONS: Although the numbers were small, this study showed that the sentinel lymph node procedure is capable of identifying patients who have occult lymph node metastases and who may benefit from lymphadenectomy for locoregional control and prevention of distant metastases. However, the data also suggest that the sentinel lymph node procedure may increase the risk of locoregional recurrences (in-transit metastases), especially in patients with thick melanomas. The potential role of the sentinel lymph node procedure as an alternative method of lymph node staging in patients with vulvar melanoma needs further investigation only within the protection of clinical trials and probably should be restricted to patients with melanomas with intermediate thickness (1-4 mm).     

Ultrasound examination of regional lymph nodes significantly improves early detection of locoregional metastases during the follow-up of patients with cutaneous melanoma: results of a prospective study of 1288 patients

BACKGROUND: In regional lymph node metastasis of cutaneous melanoma, the number and volume of involved lymph nodes are the most important prognostic factors. Several studies have revealed that palpation of the lymphatic drainage area(s) and regional lymph nodes has a high rate of false-negative results during follow-up. The aim of the current study was to assess the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound versus clinical diagnosis in the detection of subcutaneous and regional metastases. METHODS: During a period of 42 months, a total of 6328 lymphatic drainage areas were examined clinically and by ultrasound (7.5-10 MHz) in 1288 melanoma patients at 4435 follow-up consultations. When an ultrasound finding was suggestive of metastasis, surgery and histopathologic evaluation were performed. The results of clinical examination, ultrasound examination, and histopathologic findings were compared. RESULTS: In 504 ultrasound examinations performed on 235 patients, metastatic disease was diagnosed in 263 examinations following surgery (179 patients). Due to advanced disease or rejection, an additional 56 patients did not undergo surgery. In 239 of the 263 positive findings (90.9%), metastases from melanoma were histopathologically confirmed. In 8 cases (3%) a second malignancy and in 16 cases (6. 1%) benign lymphadenopathy was histopathologically diagnosed. Palpation of subcutaneous lymph nodes and lymph nodes gave false-negative results in 68 of the 238 cases of histopathologically proven metastases (28.6%). Clinical examination was least sensitive in the supraclavicular, axillary, and infraclavicular regions. The sensitivity and specificity for ultrasound examination were 89.2% and 99.7%, respectively, and 71.4% and 99.7% for clinical examination, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: For early diagnosis of in-transit and regional lymph node metastases in cutaneous melanoma, ultrasound scanning is distinctly superior to clinical examination. Controlled follow-up studies are proposed to examine the possible beneficial effects on survival time resulting from the ultrasound examinations of the lymphatic drainage area(s) and regional lymph nodes.     

Locoregional cutaneous metastasis in patients with therapeutic lymph node dissection for malignant melanoma: risk factors and prognostic impact

In patients with lymph node metastasis of malignant melanoma, the incidence of additional locoregional cutaneous metastases has not been well documented. More importantly, the prognostic impact of locoregional cutaneous metastases appearing prior to therapeutic lymphadenectomy is unclear. Using Kaplan-Meier estimations and a Cox proportional hazards model, we addressed these questions in 224 patients with palpable lymph node metastases to the axilla or the groin. The 10 year overall probability to develop regional cutaneous metastasis, calculated from primary tumour excision, was 38.7%. Using univariate and multivariate analysis, Breslow thickness was a significant risk factor of in-transit disease in node-positive patients. In 24 patients (10.7%) locoregional cutaneous metastases had appeared before therapeutic lymphadenectomy, but this was not associated with a survival disadvantage. In conclusion, locoregional cutaneous metastases amenable to surgical excision do not significantly influence the survival prognosis after therapeutic lymphadenectomy. In the subpopulation of patients with lymph node metastasis, Breslow thickness predicts the probability of additional locoregional cutaneous metastasis.     

Detection of microscopic melanoma metastases in sentinel lymph nodes.

BACKGROUND: Sentinel lymph node biopsy following radioisotope labeling is a recently developed, minimally invasive surgical staging procedure used in the management of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma. If histologic analysis reveals melanoma metastasis in the sentinel lymph node, completion lymphadenectomy is performed and adjuvant therapy considered. The routine pathologic assessment of the sentinel lymph node consists of bisecting the lymph node along its long axis and histologic examination of one hematoxylin and eosin-stained section of each cut surface. METHODS: In this study, the authors reexamined 235 sentinel lymph nodes reported as negative for melanoma metastasis following routine histologic examination, from 94 patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Stage I and II cutaneous melanoma. RESULTS: Deeper sections into the lymph node and immunohistochemical stains with antibodies to S-100, HMB-45, NK1C3, and MART-1 led to the identification of microscopic metastases in 11 sentinel lymph nodes from 11 patients and capsular nevi in 9 sentinel lymph nodes from 8 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Deeper serial sections and immunohistochemical stains detected microscopic metastases in approximately 12% of cases that would be reported as negative for metastasis by routine pathologic analysis. These techniques also allowed for the identification of capsular melanocytic nevi in the sentinel lymph nodes of 9% of patients. [See editorial on pages 551-2, this issue.] Copyright 1999 American Cancer Society.     

Sentinel lymphonodectomy does not increase the risk of loco-regional cutaneous metastases of malignant melanomas

With regard to malignant melanoma, the impact of lymph node surgery on the development of loco-regional cutaneous metastases (LCM) has not yet been adequately addressed. However, this aspect is of interest, since sentinel lymphonodectomy (SLNE) has been suspected of causing LCM by inducing entrapment of melanoma cells. We analysed 244 patients with SLNE and compared the data with 199 patients treated with delayed lymph node dissection (DLND) for clinically palpable metastases. Analysis of both groups commenced at the time of excision of the primary tumour, using the Kaplan-Meier method. LCM that appeared as a first recurrence, as well as the overall probability of developing LCM, were recorded. For sentinel-negative patients with a primary melanoma >1mm thick, the 5-year probability of developing LCM as a first recurrence was 6.9 +/- 0.02% (+/-standard error of the mean (SEM)). The probability was 17.6 +/- 0.03% in the DLND group. Comparing the two node-positive subgroups, the probability of developing LCM as a first recurrence was significantly higher in patients with positive SLNE (27.3 +/- 0.05%, P = 0.03). However, the 5-year overall probability of developing LCM did not differ significantly in the node-positive groups (33.3% in the DLND group vs. 33.7% in patients with positive sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs)). Since early excision of lymphatic metastases by SLNE avoids nodal recurrences, thereby prolonging the recurrence-free interval, the chance of LCM to manifest as a first recurrence should inevitably increase. However, the overall in-transit probability is not increased after SLNE.     

Prognostic factors for survival after isolated limb perfusion for malignant melanoma

AIMS: Risk factors were determined for mortality within 1 year after isolated limb perfusion (ILP). METHODS: All of 439 patients who underwent ILP for melanoma of the extremities were studied. Ninety percent of the patients had MD Anderson stage IIB or III disease at the time of ILP. ILP was performed with melphalan with or without TNFalpha under mild hyperthermic (38-40 degrees C) or normothermic (37-38 degrees C) conditions in 80% of the cases. RESULTS: Sixty-nine patients died within this period, 64 of metastatic melanoma. The indication for ILP was an unresectable primary (n=3), a local recurrence (n=24) or adjuvant to excision of primary lesions (n=17) in patients with stage IIIB regional lymph node metastases. These patients or patients with stage IIIAB melanoma with satellites and/or in-transit metastases with regional lymph node metastases had a relative risk of 4.6 (95% CI 2.0-6.6) and 3.6 (95% CI 2.1-10) of dying within 1 year from ILP, respectively (p<0.001). In patients with stage IV disease (distant metastases), the relative risk was 22 (95% CI 3.8-127, p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Patients with advanced limb melanoma have an increased risk of death within 1 year after ILP when regional lymph node or distant metastases are present.     

Review of the 2001 AJCC staging system for cutaneous malignant melanoma

The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system for melanoma has recently been revised and published. The previous staging system had not been substantially modified since the late 1980s. In a series of papers, the staging system for melanoma was critically analyzed, and many shortcomings were identified. Many well-established prognostic factors were not used in the staging system. This assessment has led to a substantially modified staging system for cutaneous melanoma in 2001 that is a considerable improvement over past staging systems, albeit more complex. The following modifications are the most important: 1) The primary determinant of tumor (T) staging is tumor thickness as measured in millimeters. The Clark level of invasion is now used only for defining T1 (< or = 1mm) melanomas; 2) The cutpoints for tumor thickness are less than or equal to 1 mm, 1 to 2 mm, 2 to 4 mm, and greater than 4 mm; 3) Ulceration has been added in describing the primary tumor; 4) Local recurrence, satellite disease, and in-transit metastases have similar prognosis and are now all classified together as regional stage III disease; 5) Size of lymph node as prognostic factor has been eliminated and replaced with the number of positive nodes; 6) The presence of an elevated serum lactic dehyrogenase level is used in the metastasis (M) category. This revised staging system more precisely defines prognosis and will improve the stratification of patients in future clinical trials.     

Long-term follow-up of 163 consecutive patients treated with isolated limb perfusion for in-transit metastases of malignant melanoma

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of the present study is to describe our experience with isolated limb perfusion (ILP) in the treatment of in-transit metastases of malignant melanoma and to determine prognostic factors for response, local progression, survival and toxicity. Materials and methods: A retrospective follow-up of all patients (n?=?163) treated between January 1984 and December 2008 using data collected from individual patient records and the Swedish National Patient Register. Results: Clinical response was evaluable in 155 patients, 65% had a complete response (CR) and 20% had a partial response (PR). Local progression occurred in 63% of the patients after a median time of 16 months. Negative prognostic factors in univariate analyses were proximal location of the primary tumour, >10 in-transit metastases and if there was no CR after ILP. In multivariate analysis, proximal location of the primary tumour and no CR after ILP were significant prognostic factors. Median cancer-specific survival was 30 months, and negative prognostic factors in univariate analyses were male gender, positive lymph node status, systemic metastases, bulky tumour, >10 in-transit metastases and if there was no CR after ILP. In multivariate analysis, positive lymph node status, bulky tumour and no CR after ILP were significant prognostic factors. A majority (97%) of the patients had a Wieberdink grade II–III local toxicity. Four patients underwent limb amputation after a median of 19 months, none because of toxicity. Conclusion: We found that ILP is a safe method with a high response rate for the treatment of patients with in-transit metastases of malignant melanoma.