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1.
A. Robert P. Ducos J. M. Francin 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1999,72(4):223-228
Objective: The objective of the study was to validate a new and simple method to determine MOCA in the urine of exposed workers. Methods: The separation, identification and quantification of urinary MOCA were performed in spiked urines by a sensitive and practical
high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method and applied to urine samples of 11 workers occupationally exposed to
MOCA; the postshift urinary levels of MOCA in their urine samples with and without hydrolysis, “total” and “free” MOCA respectively,
were determined. In addition, we investigated the use of citric or sulfamic acid as preservatives of urine samples. Results: The “total” and “free” MOCA were extracted with isooctane from hydrolysed and nonhydrolysed 20-ml urine samples respectively.
After evaporation, the residue was dissolved in 4 ml of 2 · 10−2 M aqueous hydrochloric acid and analysed by an isocratic HPLC system using both ultraviolet (UV) detection at 244 nm and
electrochemical detection working in oxidation mode (0.9 V) with an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Mobile phase (50% acetonitrile
in water containing 0.4% acetate buffer solution pH = 4.6) was used to complete the 20-min analysis. “Free” and “total” MOCA
were chromatographed on a reversed-phase C8 column (5 μm; 250 mm × 4 mm). The standard curve of MOCA was linear over the range
5–500 μg/l in human urine. The detection limit was 1 μg/l for a 20-μl injection volume; the repeatability ranged from 5.6
to 1.3% (n = 6) for spiked urines at 5 and 500 μg/l, with a percentage recovery of 94 ± 3%. The reproducibility of the method was 7.3%
(n = 4) for spiked urine at 10 μg/l. The use of sulfamic acid as a preservative of urine samples is important to improve the
precision and accuracy of the analysis. Conclusion: The results indicate that these analytical procedures using conventional apparatus may be used routinely and reliably with
large numbers of urine samples for biological monitoring of the exposure to MOCA. The occupational exposure to MOCA in some
factories in France is studied in the second part of this work.
Received: 10 November 1998 / Accepted: 25 March 1999 相似文献
2.
Biomonitoring of manganese in blood, urine and axillary hair following low-dose exposure during the manufacture of dry cell batteries 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Bader M Dietz MC Ihrig A Triebig G 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1999,72(8):521-527
Objectives: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 100 workers from three different workplace areas in a dry cell battery manufacturing
plant and on 17 currently nonexposed referents, to examine the relationship between the external exposure to manganese dioxide
(MnO2) and the body burden of manganese in blood, urine and hair. Methods: Inhalable dust was measured gravimetrically after stationary active sampling. Manganese was analyzed in dust samples, blood,
urine and axillary hair by atomic absorption spectro- metry. Results: The average air concentrations of manganese in the three workplace areas were 4 μg/m3 (range: 1–12 μg/m3), 40 μg/m3 (12–64 μg/m3) and 400 μg/m3 (137–794 μg/m3). Manganese in blood and axillary hair correlated with airborne manganese in group-based calculations but not on an individual
level. The manganese concentrations varied between 3.2 μg/l and 25.8 μg/l in the blood (mean: 12.2 ± 4.8 μg/l) and between
0.4 μg/g and 49.6 μg/g in hair (mean: 6.2 ± 6.2 μg/g in the proximal sequence), respectively. The results for the nonexposed
referents were 7.5 ± 2.7 μg/l (mean) in the blood (range: 2.6–15.1 μg/l) and 2.2 ± 1.8 μg/g (mean) in axillary hair (range:
0.4–6.2 μg/g). In these matrices, manganese differed significantly between the highly exposed workers and both the reference
and the low-exposure group. Manganese in blood revealed the lowest background variance. No differences for manganese in urine
were observed between workers (mean: 0.36 ± 0.42 μg/l, range: 0.1–2.2 μg/l) and referents (mean: 0.46 ± 0.47 μg/l, range:
0.1–1.7 μg/l). Conclusions: Manganese in blood is a specific and suitable parameter for the biomonitoring of MnO2 exposure, although its validity is limited to group-based calculations. Urinary manganese failed to allow a differentiation
between exposed workers and referents. The suitability of manganese analysis in hair for biomonitoring purposes suffers from
a relatively great background variation as well as from analytical problems.
Received: 11 December 1998 / Accepted: 17 July 1999 相似文献
3.
Chiu-Shong Liu Hsien-Wen Kuo Jim-Shoung Lai Tsai-In Lin 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1998,71(5):348-352
Objectives: To investigate chromium-induced renal dysfunction in electroplating workers. Methods: A cross-sectional study was used to evaluate four biochemical markers of renal function. A total of 178 workers were divided
into 3 comparable groups consisting of 34 hard-chrome plating workers, 98 nickel-chrome electroplating workers, and 46 aluminum
anode-oxidation workers, who represented the reference group. Ambient and biological monitoring of urinary chromium were performed
to measure exposure concentrations. Results: Overall, urinary chromium concentrations were highest among hard-chrome plating workers (geometric mean 2.44 μg/g creatinine),
followed by nickel-chrome electroplating workers (0.31 μg/g creatinine) and aluminum workers (0.09 μg/g creatinine). Airborne
chromium concentrations were also highest in the hard-chrome plating area (geometric mean 4.20 μg/m3), followed by the nickel-chrome electroplating area (0.58 μg/m3) and the aluminum area (0.43 μg/m3). A positive correlation was found between urinary chromium and airborne concentrations (r = 0.54, P < 0.01). Urinary concentrations of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) were also highest among hard-chrome plating workers (geometric mean 4.9 IU/g creatinine), followed
by nickel-chrome workers (3.4 IU/g creatinine) and aluminum workers (2.9 IU/g creatinine). The prevalence of “elevated” NAG
(>7 IU/g creatinine) was significantly highest among hard-chrome plating workers (23.5%), then among nickel-chrome workers
(7.1%) and aluminum workers (8.7%). Differences in β2-microglobulin, total protein, and microalbumin were not significant. Conclusion: The author's evidence indicates that NAG is an early indicator of renal dysfunction in hard-chrome plating workers. 相似文献
4.
Benzene in environmental air and human blood 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
F. Brugnone L. Perbellini L. Romeo M. Bianchin A. Tonello G. Pianalto D. Zambon G. Zanon 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1998,71(8):554-559
To study the blood benzene levels resulting from environmental and occupational benzene exposure. Methods: Benzene in venous blood was measured in 243 nonoccupationally exposed subjects (“normal” people) and in 167 workers occupationally
exposed to benzene. All exposed workers gave blood samples at the end of the work shift and on the following morning before
resuming work. Blood benzene was assayed by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry. Occupational benzene exposure was monitored
by environmental personal samplers and measured by GC analysis. Results: The mean occupational benzene exposure for all 167 workers studied was 186 ng/l (58 ppb; range 5–1535 ng/l, 2–500 ppb). Overall,
the mean blood benzene level of all workers was 420 ng/l at the end of the shift and 287 ng/l on the morning thereafter. The
blood benzene levels measured the morning after turned out to be significantly lower (t = 3.6; P < 0.0001) than those measured at the end of the shift. The mean blood benzene level of the 243 “normal” subjects was 165 ng/l,
which was significantly lower than that measured in the workers on the morning thereafter (t=5.8; P < 0.0000001). The mean blood benzene concentration was significantly higher in smokers than in nonsmokers in both the general
population (264 versus 123 ng/l) and in the exposed workers. In the group of nonsmoking workers, whose workplace exposure
to benzene was lower than 100 ng/l, blood benzene levels were similar (210–202 ng/l) to those measured in the nonsmoking general
population (165 ng/l). End-of-shift blood benzene correlated significantly with environmental exposure (y=0.91x + 251; r=0.581; n=162; P < 0.00001). Finally, there was also a significant correlation between blood benzene measured at the end of the shift and
that determined on the morning thereafter (y=0.45x + 109; r=0.572; n=156; P < 0.00001). Conclusion: Nonsmoking workers occupationally exposed to benzene at environmental levels lower than 100 ng/l (mean 35 ng/l) and the nonsmoking
general population exposed to ubiquitous benzene pollution have similar blood benzene concentrations. This suggests that it
is impossible to distinguish between occupational and environmental exposure when the benzene level in the workplace is less
than 100 ng/l.
Received: 31 December 1997 / Accepted: 4 August 1998 相似文献
5.
Kraus T Schaller KH Angerer J Letzel S 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2000,73(1):61-64
Objective: The aim of this case study was to investigate the suitability of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) for detecting
early stages of lung fibrosis induced by aluminium (Al) dust. Methods: A 40-year-old worker was studied who had worked as a stamper for 14 years in a plant producing aluminium powder and had been
exposed to high levels of aluminium dust during this time. The investigation included the collection of general data on health
and details on occupational history, immunological tests, a physical examination, lung function analysis, biological monitoring
of Al in plasma and urine, chest X-rays and HRCT. Results: For many years the man has suffered from an exercise-induced shortness of breath. Lung function analysis revealed a reduction
of the vital capacity to 57.5% of the predicted value. The Al concentration in plasma was 41.0 μg/l (upper reference value
10 μg/l) and in urine 407.4 μg/l [upper reference value 15 μg/l, biological tolerance (BAT) value 200 μg/l] at the time of
diagnosis. Chest X-ray showed unspecific changes. HRCT findings were characterised by small, centrilobular, nodular opacities
and slightly thickened interlobular septae. Exposure to other fibrotic agents could be excluded. Conclusions: HRCT was more sensitive than chest X-rays for detecting this early stage of Al-dust-induced lung disease. The suitability
of HRCT in the surveillance of workers highly exposed to aluminium powder should be evaluated in further studies. Biological
monitoring can be used to define workers at high risk.
Received: 29 March 1999 / Accepted: 26 August 1999 相似文献
6.
Fustinoni S Buratti M Giampiccolo R Brambilla G Foà V Colombi A 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2000,73(6):389-396
Objectives: To compare blood toluene (TOL-B) and urinary toluene (TOL-U) as biomarkers of occupational exposure to toluene, and to set
a suitable procedure for collection and handling of specimens. Method: An assay based on headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was used both for the determination of toluene urine/air partition
coefficient (λurine/air) and for the biological monitoring of exposure to toluene in 31 workers (group A) and in 116 non-occupationally exposed subjects
(group B). Environmental toluene (TOL-A) was sampled during the work shift (group A) or during the 24 h before specimen collection
(group B). Blood and urine specimens were collected at the end of the shift (group A) or in the morning (group B) and toluene
was measured. Results: Toluene λurine/air was 3.3 ± 0.9. Based on the specimen/air partition coefficient, it was calculated that the vial in which the sample is collected
had to be filled up to 85% of its volume with urine and 50% with blood in order to limit the loss of toluene in the air above
the specimen to less than 5%. Environmental and biological monitoring of workers showed that the median personal exposure
to toluene (TOL-A) during the work-shift was 80 mg/m3, the corresponding TOL-B was 82 μg/l and TOL-U was 13 μg/l. Personal exposure to toluene in environmentally exposed subjects
was 0.05 mg/m3, TOL-B was 0.36 μg/l and TOL-U was 0.20 μg/l. A significant correlation (P < 0.05) was observed between TOL-B or TOL-U and TOL-A (Pearson's r=0.782 and 0.754) in workers, but not in controls. A significant correlation was found between TOL-U and TOL-B both in workers
and in controls (r=0.845 and 0.681). Conclusion: The comparative evaluation of TOL-B and TOL-U showed that they can be considered to be equivalent biomarkers as regards their
capacity to distinguish workers and controls and to correlate with exposure. However, considering that TOL-U does not require
an invasive specimen collection, it appears to be a more convenient tool for the biological monitoring of exposure to toluene.
Received: 20 October 1999 / Accepted: 4 March 2000 相似文献
7.
Fukui Y Miki M Ukai H Okamoto S Takada S Higashikawa K Ikeda M 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1999,72(8):516-520
Objectives: The aim of the present study is to investigate whether lead (Pb) in urine (Pb-U) can be a valid surrogate of lead in blood
(Pb-B), the traditional biomarker of exposure to lead in occupational health. Methods: Blood and spot urine samples were collected from 258 workers of both sexes occupationally exposed to lead. The samples were
analyzed for lead by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, and the correlation between Pb-B and Pb-U was examined
by linear regression analysis before and after logarithmic conversion. Results: The correlation coefficient (0.824; P < 0.01) was largest when the relationship between Pb-B and Pb-U was examined with 214 cases of one sex (i.e., men) after Pb-U
was corrected for a specific gravity (1.016) of urine (Pb-Usg) and both Pb-B and Pb-Usg were converted to logarithms. The
geometric means (GMs) of Pb-B and Pb-Usg for the 214 men were 489 μg/l and 81 μg/l, respectively. When Pb-Usg was assumed
to be 100 μg/l in this set of correlations, the 95% confidence range of Pb-B for the group mean was narrow, i.e., 543–575 μg/l
(with GM of 559 μg/l), whereas that for individual Pb-B values was as wide as 355–881 μg/l. Conclusions: The correlation of Pb-U with Pb-B among workers occupationally exposed to Pb was close enough to suggest that Pb-U may be
a good alternative to Pb-B on a group basis, but not close enough to allow Pb-U to predict Pb-B on an individual basis.
Received: 6 April 1999 / Accepted: 17 July 1999 相似文献
8.
Lee BK Ahn KD Lee SS Lee GS Kim YB Schwartz BS 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2000,73(5):298-304
Objectives: To evaluate whether dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) -chelatable lead, an estimate of current bioavailable lead stores, is
a better predictor of lead-related symptoms than are other commonly used lead biomarkers. Methods: A total of 95 male lead workers from three lead industries (one secondary lead smelting facility, one polyvinyl chloride-stabilizer
manufacturing plant, and one lead-acid storage battery factory), and 13 workers without occupational lead exposure recruited
from an occupational health institute, were studied. Blood lead, blood zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP), 4 h DMSA-chelatable lead
(after oral administration of 10 mg/kg DMSA), urine lead, and urinary δ-aminolevulinic acid levels were evaluated as predictors
of 15 lead-related symptoms, assessed by self-administered questionnaire, with linear and logistic regression controlling
for covariates. Total symptoms and symptoms in three categories (gastrointestinal, neuromuscular, and general) were evaluated.
Results: The mean (SD) 4 h DMSA-chelatable lead level was 288.7 (167.7) μg, with a range from 32.4 to 789 μg in the 95 lead workers.
The mean (SD) in the non-exposed subjects was 23.7 (11.5) μg with a range from 10.5 to 43.5 μg. Blood lead, blood ZPP, and
spot urine lead levels ranged from 21.4 to 78.4 μg/dl, 40 to 331 μg/l, and 7.5 to 153.0 μg/l, respectively, in the lead workers,
and from 4.0 to 7.2 μg/dl, 27 to 52 μg/l, and 2.9 to 15.5 μg/l in the non-exposed controls, respectively. The overall mean
symptom score (SD), derived as the sum of 0 or 1 point for absence or presence of 15 symptoms, of the lead workers was 3.7
(2.0), compared to 1.2 (1.5) for the non-exposed workers. DMSA-chelatable lead was the best predictor of symptom scores in
both crude and adjusted analyses, compared with the other biomarkers. Lead workers with DMSA-chelatable lead values greater
than the median (260.5 μg) were 6.2 times more likely to have frequent tingling or numbness of the arms or legs and 3.3 times
more likely to have muscle pain than subjects with lower chelatable lead values. Three symptoms (tingling or numbness of arm
or leg, muscle pain, and feeling irritation at the slightest disturbance) evidenced a dose-dependent relationship with DMSA-chelatable
lead levels. Conclusions: DMSA-chelatable lead was found to be the best predictor of lead-related symptoms, particularly of both total symptom scores
and neuromuscular symptoms, than were the other other lead biomarkers.
Received: 27 January 1999 / Accepted: 29 January 2000 相似文献
9.
Lars Barregård Sverker Eneström Olof Ljunghusen Jörgen Wieslander Per Hultman 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1997,70(2):101-106
Inorganic mercury may cause immunologically mediated disease: e.g., glomerulonephritis, acrodynia, and contact allergy. Animal
models have demonstrated the importance of genetic factors in determining susceptibility and resistance to autoimmunity, as
well as the specific manifestation of the autoimmune response. Findings in groups of workers with occupational exposure to
inorganic mercury have been inconsistent.
Objective: To investigate whether an immune response, caused by exposure to inorganic mercury (Hg), could be shown in occupationally
exposed workers.
Methods: Immunoglobulin G (IgG), antinuclear autoantibodies, antibodies against thyroid, stomach or kidney antigens using indirect
immunofluorescence, antibodies against glomerular basement membrane using ELISA, and circulating immune complexes in serum,
and albumin in urine, were examined in Hg-exposed workers and controls. The two groups, 41 male chloralkali workers exposed
to Hg vapour (mean exposure time 9 years) and 41 unexposed controls were age-matched and recruited from the same company.
Hg concentrations in whole blood (B-Hg), plasma (P-Hg), and urine (U-Hg) were determined using cold vapor atomic spectrometry.
Design: Cross-sectional study.
Results: The mean B-Hg, P-Hg and U-Hg levels were 46 nmol/l, 37 nmol/l, and 27 μg/g creatinine in the exposed group, and 17 nmol/l,
6.9 nmol/l, and 3.4 μg/g creatinine in the referents. No statistically significant differences were found regarding IgG levels,
urinary albumin excretion, prevalence of abnormal titers of autoantibodies or circulating immune complexes. There were no
statistically significant associations between autoantibodies or immune complexes on the one hand and mercury exposure indices
on the other.
Conclusion: The results indicate that, if and when lasting autoimmune response occurs at the mercury exposure levels of the present
study, it is uncommon. A small fraction of humans may, however, be susceptible to the development of autoimmunity, and there
is also a possible “healthy worker” selection. Thus cross-sectional studies of moderate numbers of active workers will have
low power to demonstrate autoimmune effects.
Received: 2 September 1996 / Accepted: 3 January 1997 相似文献
10.
Urinary beryllium – a suitable tool for assessing occupational and environmental beryllium exposure?
Apostoli P Schaller KH 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2001,74(3):162-166
Objectives: The reasons for the slow progress and lack of new knowledge in the biological monitoring of beryllium (Be) are to be found
in the presumed small number of working activities involving exposure to the metal, and the lack of adequate analytical methods.
The reference values for urinary Be reported earlier in the literature appear to be too high, due to the poor specificity
and sensitivity of the adopted methods. The aim of this study was to correlate Be air concentrations and Be urinary levels
to ascertain whether the biological indicator was suitable for assessing occupational exposure to the metal. Methods: To investigate the relationship between the Be concentrations in air and those excreted in urine, we examined 65 metallurgical
workers exposed to very low levels of the metal, and 30 control subjects. The exposed workers were employed in two electric
steel plants and two copper alloy foundries. The alloys were produced in electric furnaces, starting with scrap containing
Be as an impurity. The Be concentrations in the air were monitored by area samplers and the levels of Be in the urine of the
workers were determined in samples taken at the end of the shift. Both determinations were carried out by ICP-MS. Results: The median airborne Be concentrations in the copper alloy plants were 0.27 μg/m3 in the furnace area and 0.31 μg/m3 in the casting area. Median values of 0.03 to 0.12 μg/m3 were determined in the steel plants, the relatively wide range probably due to differing amounts of Be in the scrap. Regression
analysis was performed on the median values from four work areas and the corresponding urinary samples. A significant correlation
was found for the relationship between external and internal exposure. The urinary Be levels were in the range between 0.12
and 0.15 μg/l with observation of the recommended TLV-TWA for inhalable dust of 0.2 μg/m3 (0.2 μg/l at the upper 95th percentile). Conclusions: Sufficient data are not currently available to be able to propose a BEI for urinary Be. Our results show that new investigations
are necessary to improve the evaluation of dose indicators and the relationship between external and internal exposure to
Be.
Received: 15 May 2000 / Accepted: 8 September 2000 相似文献
11.
Ducos P Gaudin R 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2003,76(8):591-597
Objective This work was intended to clarify the extent of exposure of workers occupationally exposed to N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA), a carcinogenic nitrosamine, while working with aqueous metalworking fluids (MWFs) formulated with ("nitrite-formulated") or without ("nitrite-free") nitrite and to study the relationships between the nitrite and NDELA content of the MWFs as well as between the concentration of NDELA in MWFs and in urine.Method Pre-shift and post-shift urine samples from 100 workers directly exposed to MWFs in 15 factories were analysed for NDELA with chemiluminescent detection (TEA) according to a previously described analytical procedure. The method was also applied to eight indirectly exposed workers and to 48 unexposed subjects. The NDELA and
concentrations in 84 fluids used by the workers were also determined.Results No detectable NDELA could be observed in the control group. The mean post-shift NDELA excretion in workers exposed to "nitrite-formulated" and "nitrite-free" MWFs were 44.6 and 0.4 µg/l, with maxima of 277 and 2.7 µg/l, respectively. According to the correlation between the nitrite and NDELA concentrations in "nitrite-free" MWFs, there is a low probability of fluids exceeding 5 mg/l NDELA when the nitrite content does not exceed 20 mg/l. The NDELA concentrations in the fluids and urine were found to be highly correlated, particularly after correction for creatinine (r=0.917 in post-shift samples). Cutaneous contact probably contributes, at least in part, to the overall body uptake of NDELA.Conclusion Due to clear evidence of urinary NDELA excretion in workers exposed to contaminated MWFs, and despite a lack of knowledge of the human risk following NDELA exposure, levels of NDELA in MWFs should be kept as low as possible. NDELA fluid concentrations of less than 1 mg/l must be considered as the objective to be attained, even if the limit of 5 mg/l is temporarily satisfactory and consistent with a nitrite limit of 20 mg/l that is easy to verify with inexpensive colorimetric tests. "Nitrite-formulated" fluids, still sometimes used, should be prohibited. Meanwhile, the material safety data sheets (MSDS) of commercially available products should be clearly labelled to indicate their nitrite content. 相似文献
12.
Lindgren T Willers S Skarping G Norbäck D 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1999,72(7):475-479
Objectives: To measure and compare the urinary cotinine concentration (U-cotinine) in non-smoking cabin attendants (C/A) working with
the Scandinavian Airlines System, before and after work on intercontinental flights with exposure to environmental tobacco
smoke (ETS). Methods: The study material consisted of 24 cabin attendants and one pilot, all volunteers and all without exposure to ETS in the home,
working on 15 intercontinental flights. Information on age, gender and occupation was gathered, as well as possible sources
of ETS exposure in other places, outside work and during previous flights, during a 3-day period prior to the investigation.
Urine samples were taken before departure and after landing, on board, and were kept frozen (−20 °C) until analysis. Cotinine
was analyzed by a previously developed gas chromatographic method, using mass spectrometry (MS) with selected-ion monitoring
(SIM). The difference in U-cotinine before and after the flight was compared. Moreover, the change in U-cotinine during the
flight was related to occupation (work in the forward or aft galley) and observed degree of smoking during each flight. Results: The median U-cotinine was 3.71 μg/g crea; 2.4 μg/l (unadjusted) (interquartile range 2.08–8.67 μg/g crea) before departure,
and 6.37 μg/g crea; 7.1 μg/l (interquartile range 3.98–19 μg/g crea) after landing, a significant difference (P < 0.003). C/A in the aft galley had a significantly higher concentration of U-cotinine after landing than subjects working
in the front of the aircraft (P=0.01). In C/A working in the aft galley, the median increase of U-cotinine was 3.67 μg/g crea; 3.2 μg/l (interquartile range
0.04–13.8 μg/g crea) during flight. In contrast, those seven subjects working in the forward part of the aircraft had no increase
in U-cotinine during the flight (median increase 0.97 μg/g crea; 0.5 μg/l interquartile range 0.27–2.65 μg/g crea). Conclusion: Tobacco smoking in commercial aircraft may cause significant exposure to environmental tobacco smoke among C/A working in
the aft galley, despite high air exchange rates and spatial separation between smokers and non-smokers. This agrees with earlier
studies, as well as measurements on the aircraft, showing a higher degree of ETS-related air pollution in the aft galley than
in the forward galley. The average cotinine concentration in urine was similar to that in other groups with occupational exposure
to ETS, e.g., restaurant staff, police interrogators and office workers. Since smoking in commercial aircraft may result in
an involuntary exposure to ETS among non-smokers, it should be avoided.
Received: 1 February 1999 / Accepted: 29 May 1999 相似文献
13.
Park SH Araki S Nakata A Kim YH Park JA Tanigawa T Yokoyama K Sato H 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2000,73(8):537-542
Objectives: To examine the effects of metallic mercury vapour on the cellular and humoral immune system. Methods: We measured T lymphocyte and natural killer (NK) cell subpopulations, B lymphocytes, and serum immunoglobulins (i.e. IgG,
IgA and IgM) together with total T (CD3+) lymphocytes and total lymphocytes in blood samples from 20 male, fluorescent-lamp
makers (mercury workers) and the same number of gender-, age- and smoking-matched controls. Urinary concentrations of inorganic
mercury (UHg) in the 20 workers ranged from 1.8 to 163.5 (mean 44.8) μg/l. They had been exposed to mercury vapour for 4 to
62 (mean 31) months. Results: Numbers of CD4+CD45RA+ (suppressor-inducer) T lymphocytes and total CD4+ T lymphocytes in the mercury workers were significantly
smaller than those in the controls (paired-sample t-test, P < 0.01). The number of CD57+CD16+ NK cells was inversely correlated with UHg. Conclusion: It is suggested that numbers of CD4+CD45RA+ T lymphocytes and CD57+CD16+ NK cells are inversely affected by exposure to metallic
mercury vapour in workers, with an average urinary inorganic mercury concentration of 45 μg/l being found.
Received: 7 September 1999 / Accepted: 6 May 2000 相似文献
14.
Krämer A Linnert M Wrbitzky R Angerer J 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1999,72(1):52-55
Ambient-air and biological monitoring of occupational xylene exposure were carried out on 2 groups of workers (13 and 10
men, respectively) exposed to a mixture of xylenes during the production of paints or during spraying. Methods: Personal ambient-air monitoring was performed for one complete work shift. Blood and urine samples were collected directly
at the end of the shift. Biological monitoring was based on the determination of the concentration of xylenes in blood and
on the quantification of the sum of the three methylhippuric acids in urine. Results: Average xylene ambient-air concentrations were 29 ppm (production) and 8 ppm (spraying), ranging from 5 to 58 ppm and from
3 to 21 ppm, respectively. The concentrations of xylenes in blood ranged from 63 to 715 μg/l and from 49 to 308 μg/l, with
average values being 380 and 130 μg/l, respectively. Accordingly, the workers engaged in paint production also excreted more
methylhippuric acids in their urine (average 1221 mg/l, range 194–2333 mg/l) than did the sprayers (average 485 mg/l, range
65–1633 mg/l). Discussion: Our results as well as a literature review indicate that occupational xylene exposure on average barely exceeds the threshold
limit value of 100 ppm as proposed by both American and German institutions. Biological monitoring based on the determination
of xylenes in blood and of methylhippuric acids in urine provides sufficient sensitivity and specificity for occupational
health surveillance. The results also confirm the current limit values (BAT values) proposed by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
for xylenes in blood (1500 μg/l) and methylhippuric acids in urine (2000 mg/l).
Received: 27 May 1998 / Accepted: 3 September 1998 相似文献
15.
Urinary nickel as bioindicator of workers' Ni exposure in a galvanizing plant in Brazil 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Oliveira JP de Siqueira ME da Silva CS 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2000,73(1):65-68
Objectives: We measured urinary nickel (U-Ni) in ten workers (97 samples) from a galvanizing plant that uses nickel sulfate, and in ten
control subjects (55 samples) to examine the association between occupational exposure to airborne Ni and Ni absorption. Methods: Samples from the exposed group were taken before and after the work shift on 5 successive workdays. At the same time airborne
Ni (A-Ni) was measured using personal samplers. Ni levels in biological material and in the airborne were determined by a
graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry validated method. In the control group the urine samples were collected twice
a day, in the before and after the work shift, on 3 successive days. Results: Ni exposure low to moderate was detected in all the examined places in the plant, the airborne levels varying between 2.8
and 116.7 μg/m3 and the urine levels, from samples taken postshift, between 4.5 and 43.2 μg/g creatinine (mean 14.7 μg/g creatinine). Significant
differences in U-Ni creatinine were seen between the exposed and control groups (Student's t test, P ≤ 0.01). A significant correlation between U-Ni and A-Ni (r = 0.96; P ≤ 0.001) was detected. No statistical difference was observed in U-Ni collected from exposed workers in the 5 successive days,
but significant difference was observed between pre- and postshift samples. Conclusions: Urinary nickel may be used as a reliable internal dose bioindicator in biological monitoring of workers exposed to Ni sulfate
in galvanizing plants regardless of the day of the workweek on which the samples are collected.
Received: 28 January 1999 / Accepted: 10 July 1999 相似文献
16.
Yokota K Johyama Y Yamaguchi K Takeshita T Morimoto K 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1999,72(1):14-18
Objective: To examine exposure-response relationships in the occurrence of symptoms of the eyes and airways in workers exposed to methyltetrahydrophthalic
anhydride (MTHPA). Methods: A population of 111 workers from 2 condenser plants (A and B) using epoxy resin with MTHPA underwent a questionnaire survey
and serology investigations, and data obtained on 95 subjects in assembly and inspection lines were analyzed for this study.
Results: In all, 24 (65%) of 37 workers in plant A and 38 (66%) of 58 workers in plant B had positive MTHPA-specific IgE. The air
levels of MTHPA detected in assembly and inspection lines were higher in plant A than in plant B (geometric mean 25.5–63.9
and 4.93–5.49 μg/m3, respectively). IgE-sensitized workers in each plant had significantly (P < 0.05) more complaints regarding the eyes and nose than did unsensitized workers, suggesting that there is an IgE-mediated
mechanism in most of these symptoms. The sensitized workers in plant A had higher frequencies for symptoms of the eyes, nose,
and pharynx than did those in plant B (P < 0.02). Furthermore, only 15% of persons often displayed work-related symptoms among the 20 symptomatic workers in plant
B as compared with 73% of the 26 symptomatic workers in plant A (P < 0.0001). These results can be explained by the difference in the MTHPA levels measured in the lines between the two plants.
In plant B the minimal level of MTHPA that was associated with work-related symptoms was 15–22 μg/m3, which was lower than the geometric mean levels detected in assembly and inspection lines in plant A. Conclusions: These results suggest that MTHPA exposure at levels above 15 μg/m3 should be avoided to prevent the development of occupational allergic diseases in most workers.
Received: 4 May 1998 / Accepted: 4 August 1998 相似文献
17.
S. Laitinen M. Linnainmaa J. Laitinen H. Kiviranta M. Reiman J. Liesivuori 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1999,72(7):443-450
Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate workers' exposure to microbes and bacterial endotoxins during the use of metal-working
fluids (MWF). Methods: Air and bulk sampling with biomonitoring of workers' serum IgG antibodies were used to estimate the exposure to biological
agents at 18 workplaces. The types of emulsified MWF used were synthetic fluid, mineral oil or rape seed oil, in grinding,
turning and drilling work. Results: The endotoxin concentrations in the air ranged from 0.04 to 600 ng/m3 when the endotoxin levels in MWF were 0.03–25,000 ng/ml. A high correlation was found between the endotoxin levels and the
bacterial counts from MWF, as well as between the total culturable bacteria and the gram-negative bacteria concentrations
in the air. Comamonas testosteroni and C. acidovorans were the most common strains in the samples but also colonies of Ochrobactrum anthropi, Pantoea agglomerans and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia were isolated from the workplaces. Fungi like Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Penicillium species were identified in the air but only rarely in the MWF. Positive IgG antibodies were found in the sera of 22 of the
25 MWF workers examined. Antibodies against S. maltophilia, P. agglomerans and C. acidovorans were the most common, appearing in 72%, 64% and 64%, respectively, of the cases. The MWF workers showed significantly higher
IgG antibody responses to bacterial antigens than did the controls. Conclusions: The results clearly proved that in occupational hygiene measurements, endotoxins serve as excellent indicators of exposure
to the microbial contaminants of MWF. IgG antibodies against antigens identified from workplace samples could be a practical
tool for occupational health physicians.
Received: 5 February 1999 / Accepted: 14 June 1999 相似文献
18.
Lander F Kristiansen J Lauritsen JM 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1999,72(8):546-550
Objectives: Cast iron products are alloyed with small quantities of manganese, and foundry furnacemen are potentially exposed to manganese
during tapping and handling of smelts. Manganese is a neurotoxic substance that accumulates in the central nervous system,
where it may cause a neurological disorder that bears many similarities to Parkinson's disease. The aim of the study was to
investigate the sources and levels of manganese exposure in foundry furnacemen by a combined measuring of blood-manganese
(B-Mn) and manganese in ambient air (air-Mn). Methods: During a period of 16 months, Air-Mn and B-Mn (denoted `exposure values') were measured involving 24 furnacemen employed
in three small size foundries and 21 scrap recycling workers from one plant. In the study period, 18 furnacemen had B-Mn measured
3–4 weeks after decreasing or stopping exposure (denoted `post-exposure values'). The reference group for the B-Mn measurements
consisted of 90 Danish male subjects. Results: Furnacemen who work in insufficiently ventilated smelting departments inhale, absorb, and retain significant amounts of manganese
in their blood (approx. 2.5–5 μg/l above reference values) despite a generally low measured airborne level of manganese fumes
(0.002–0.064 mg/m3). The `exposure values' compared with `post-exposure values' revealed a significant decrease in the B-Mn (on average 3.7 μg/l)
level of the most exposed furnacemen. Two persons in our study were suspected of suffering clinically subacute manganese intoxication
as both had B-Mn levels beyond the normal limit (25 and 29 μg/l, respectively). The potential problem disappeared completely
after cessation of exposure, and the B-Mn levels decreased to 9.4 and 14.1 μg/l, respectively. Conclusions: Risk assessment based on combined measurements of B-Mn and air-Mn seems to be valid in the interpretation of workers' hazard.
Our study indicates that B-Mn may be a valuable parameter for estimating recent exposure (within 1–2 weeks). However, more
knowledge is needed about the B-Mn level and its relation to neurological symptoms.
Received: 20 January 1999 / Accepted: 14 June 1999 相似文献
19.
Heiko U. Käfferlein Jürgen Angerer 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2001,74(7):470-476
Objectives: Musk xylene (MX), an environmentally important nitromusk compound, is used in different fragrances and soaps as substitute
for natural musk. MX is known to occur in breast milk and plasma samples from the general population. Biological monitoring
was carried out to study the change in MX concentrations in plasma from the general population over a period of about 6 years.
Methods: Forty-one human plasma samples from the general population were collected and analyzed in 1998. The MX concentrations in
plasma were compared with those in samples collected from the general population in 1992/1993. In order to␣study possible
routes of exposure, we also analyzed perfumes (n=8), various body-care products (n=17), and detergents (n=5) in the households from the persons who were exposed in 1998. The body-care products or the detergents were used every
day or at least 3–4 times per week. Results and Discussion: A remarkable decrease in MX levels was found on comparing the values from 1992/1993 and 1998. In 1998 12% (five out of 41)
of the samples analyzed yielded positive results for MX (median: <0.1 μg/l, range: <0.1–0.29 μg/l), while in 1993 MX was found
in 92% (66 out of 72) of the samples (median: 0.24 μg/l, range: <0.1–1.12 μg/l). The observed decrease is explained by the
discontinued use of MX in detergents in Germany since 1993. As a consequence, no MX could be found in the investigated detergents
in the present study. However, MX could be analyzed in at least one perfume and/or perfumed body-care product of the exposed
individuals. The concentrations were in the range between 8.8 and 28.8 mg/kg in the investigated products. Because other confounding
factors, e.g. diet and occupational exposure, could be excluded, the results point to the possibility that MX can be taken
up through the skin. However, the small number of investigated persons limits this assumption.
Received: 23 October 2000 / Accepted: 18 April 2001 相似文献
20.
Biological monitoring of occupational exposure to N,N -dimethylformamide – the effects of co-exposure to toluene or dermal exposure 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Yang JS Kim EA Lee MY Park IJ Kang SK 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》2000,73(7):463-470
Objectives: The objective of this study is to assess the exposure and intake dose of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and the correlation between them, according to the type of exposure for the workers in the DMF industry.
Methods: We monitored 345 workers occupationally exposed to DMF, from 15 workshops in the synthetic fiber, fiber coating, synthetic
leather and paint manufacturing industries. Ambient monitoring was carried out with personal samplers to monitor the external
exposure. Biological monitoring was done to determine the internal dose by analyzing N-methylformamide (NMF) in end-shift urine. Work procedure and exposure type of each DMF workshop was carefully surveyed, to
classify workers by exposure type according to work details. Workers were classified into three groups (Group A: continuous
and direct exposure through inhalation and skin; Group B: intermittent and short-term exposure through inhalation and skin;
Group C: continuous and indirect exposure mostly through inhalation). Results: Geometric mean of DMF concentration in air was 2.62 (GSD 5.30) ppm and that of NMF in urine was 14.50 (GSD 3.89) mg/l. In
the case of continuous absorption through inhalation and dermal exposure (Group A), the value of NMF in urine corresponding
to 10 ppm of DMF was 45.3 mg/l (r=0.524, n=178), 39.1 mg/g creatinine (r=0.424), while it was 37.7 mg/l (r=0.788, n=37), 24.2 mg/g creatinine (r=0.743) in the case of absorption mostly through inhalation (Group C). Creatinine correction reduced the correlation between
two parameters. Conclusion: The NMF in urine corresponding to 10 ppm DMF, of the dermal and inhalation exposure group was 39.1 mg/g creatinine (r=0.424, n=178), while that of the inhalation exposure-only group was 24.2 mg/g creatinine (r=0.743, n=37). Co-exposure with toluene reduced the NMF excretion in urine.
Received: 4 October 1999 / Accepted: 25 April 2000 相似文献