提高肝门部胆管癌疗效的思考

近20年来,外科医生一直试图通过根治性手术来提高肝门部胆管癌的疗效.虽然国内外的手术切除率由10.0%左右上升至54.3%～83.3%,根治性切除率提高到了30.0%～50.0%,但5年生存率只有10.0%～45.0%,中位生存时间仅12～24个月,总体疗效仍不令人满意[1].黄志强院士提出肝门部胆管癌的常规手术切除进入了瓶颈,应寻求治疗观念上的突破,才能取得更好的疗效[2].     

提高肝门部胆管癌疗效的思考

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma still has a poor prognosis and a relatively low 5-year survival rate despite improvement of the resection rate and curative resection rate. Optimal surgical strategies should be chosen according to the balance between operation safety and curative resection. Extended resection and dissection of lymph nodes do not always ensure successful treatment. Preoperative evaluation of liver function should be carefully carried out. For patients with severe jaundice or those who undergo extensive hepatic resection, preoperative biliary drainage, portal vein embolization and a precise hepatec-tomy technique should be carried out to improve the safety of the operation. Assessment of resectability should be carried out to avoid unnecessary laparotomy, and endoscopic drainage is preferable in dealing with unresectable tumors. The aim of palliative treatment is to relieve biliary obstruction, prolong life and improve the quality of life. Biological characteristics of hilar cholangiocarcinoma need to be taken into account and multi-modality therapy is required to improve treatment. The survival rate of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma may be improved by comprehensive treatment. Populations with high risks should be monitored and screened to find patients at early stages of the disease.     

提高肝门部胆管癌疗效的思考

近20年来,外科医生一直试图通过根治性手术来提高肝门部胆管癌的疗效.虽然国内外的手术切除率由10.0%左右上升至54.3%～83.3%,根治性切除率提高到了30.0%～50.0%,但5年生存率只有10.0%～45.0%,中位生存时间仅12～24个月,总体疗效仍不令人满意[1].黄志强院士提出肝门部胆管癌的常规手术切除进入了瓶颈,应寻求治疗观念上的突破,才能取得更好的疗效[2].     

Indications for combined resection and reconstruction of the hepatic artery in biliary tract carcinoma]

More than 10 years have passed since hepatic artery resection was first performed for the treatment of biliary tract cancer. The safety of this procedure has been established with the introduction of the microsurgery technique. However, the benefits of and indications for this treatment have not yet been clarified. Twenty-three patients underwent vascular resection (portal vein in 7, portal vein + hepatic artery in 9, hepatic artery in 7) among 114 resected patients with biliary tract cancer in our institution. The right hepatic artery was reconstructed by end-to-end anastomosis in most cases. The curative resection rate was 88.9% in hilar bile duct cancer. However, it was less than 50% in other carcinomas. Cumulative 5-year survival rates of vascular resection patients with hilar bile duct cancer, lower bile duct cancer, gallbladder cancer, and cholangiocarcinoma were 14.8%, 25%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. On the other hand, the rates were 38.9%, 0%, 0%, and 0%, in the stage III + IV patients who did not undergo vascular resection. The longest survival period among patients with hilar bile duct cancer and lower bile duct cancer was 85 months and 65 months, respectively, whereas it was 15 months in gallbladder cancer and 20 months in cholangiocarcinoma patients. No hilar bile duct cancer patient who survived for more than 3 years had lymph node metastasis. The longest surviving cholangiocarcinoma patient has received adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin. It is concluded that patients with hilar bile duct cancer are good candidates for vascular resection. Adjuvant chemotherapy should be administered to gallbladder cancer and cholangiocarcinoma patients, because vascular resection alone does not result in prolongation of life in these patients.     

Resection and drainage of hilar cholangiocarcinoma: an 11-year experience of a single center in mainland China

The purpose of this study is to provide appropriate approaches for resection and drainage of hilar cholangiocarcinomas. Surgical approaches and postoperative survival rates of the patients were analyzed retrospectively. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year cumulative survival rates for patients who underwent resection were 76.6, 36.2, and 10.6 per cent, which was higher than those of 60, 14.3, and 0 per cent, respectively, in palliative operation. Moreover, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year cumulative survival rates for patients who underwent R0 were 88.9, 44.4, and 13.9 per cent, which was improved compared with those of 36.4, 9.1, and 0 per cent, respectively, in nonR0 resection. In addition, the overall survival time of patients who underwent R0 resection combined with hemihepatectomy and caudate lobe resection was longer than of those who underwent R0 without this extra operation, especially within 3 years after operation. After endoscopic metal biliary endoprothesis for patients who were intolerant of resection, liver function was improved at 2 weeks postoperation and the 1-, 3-, and 5-year cumulative survival rates for these patients were 72.7, 18.2, and 0 per cent, respectively. Treatment should be personalized. Resection is the most efficacious therapy, and negative histologic margins should be achieved in radical operation and "skeletonized" surgical operation is the basic requirement of radical treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Portal vein resection is beneficial to long-term survival and R0 resection combined with caudate lobe resection and hemihepatectomy is more efficacious for patients with Bismuth-Corlette type III hilar cholangiocarcinoma. The preferred approach of drainage in palliative operation is endoscopic metal biliary endoprothesis, which is more appropriate than tumor resection for the patients who suffer from serious comorbidities.     

肝门部胆管癌的手术治疗：附102例报告

目的探讨肝门部胆管癌的手术治疗方式。方法回顾性分析1990年8月-2003年8月我院收治的102例肝门部胆管癌的临床资料。结果102例肝门部胆管癌中，58例（56．9％）行手术切除，其中27例（26．5％）行根治性切除，31例（30．4％）行姑息性切除；44例（43．1％）行胆管引流术，其中行胆肠吻合内引流术20例，胆管外引流术24例。根治性切除术组1，2，3，5年生存率分别为88．89％，51．85％，37．03％，22．22％；姑息性切除术组1，2，3，5年生存率分别为51．61％，6．45％，3．22％，0％；胆肠吻合内引流术组和胆管外引流术组的1年生存率分别是29．41％和23．80％，无生存2年者。结论手术切除，特别是根治性切除治疗肝门部胆管癌可取得较好的疗效。     

INTRALUMINAL BRACHYTHERAPY IN BILE DUCT CARCINOMAS

Background: Cholangiocarcinoma of the biliary tract is a rare tumour which has been treated with surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, bypass procedures and stenting. Surgery remains the only curative treatment for these tumours, but a large proportion are unresectable. Intraluminal brachytherapy has been reported as an effective treatment for localized cholangiocarcinoma of the biliary tract. The purpose of our study was to analyse the survival of patients with biliary tract carcinoma treated with iridium-192 brachytherapy. Methods: A retrospective review of patients treated at Peter MacCallum was undertaken. From 1989 to 1994, 16 patients underwent brachytherapy via a transhepatic approach for cholangiocarcinoma. There were 12 male and four female patients. The median age was 65 (range 40–83). All patients had cholangiocarcinoma. Prior treatment included complete resection in three, partial resection in one, bypass procedures in eight, endoscopic stents in five and external biliary drainage in 15 of the 16 patients. One patient had received external beam irradiation. Results: The median survival was 23 months and 61% survived 1 year. The most common acute complication was cholangitis seen in four patients and the most common late complications were duodenal ulcer seen in two patients and cholangitis seen in two patients. Conclusions: We conclude that iridium-192 brachytherapy is a safe effective treatment for biliary tract carcinoma but a comparison between surgery and stenting would be of value. However, the cost of brachytherapy is not cheap and its value in this regard should be carefully analysed.     

Univariate and multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in the surgical treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Surgery is the only effective treatment able to improve survival of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). However, the significance of prognostic factors on overall survival is still debated. We evaluated early and long-term outcomes of patients resected for hilar cholangiocarcinoma over a 3-year period to determine the role of prognostic factors and their effect on overall survival. Medical records of patients with hilar CCA who underwent resection between January 2001 and December 2004 were retrospectively reviewed. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to identify prognostic factors associated with survival. Thirty-two of 45 patients underwent surgical resection with curative intent. Morbidity was 24.4 per cent; perioperative mortality was 0 per cent. Overall median survival was 22.3 months. Well-differentiated tumor grading and R0 resection were independently associated with better survival at multivariate analysis. Aggressive surgery, including biliary resection combined with major hepatectomy, is a safe procedure with low morbidity and mortality in a tertiary referral hepatobiliary center. The main aim of an aggressive surgical approach is to obtain a microscopic margin-negative resection, which is associated with better prognosis. Another important prognostic factor is tumor grading, which is independently associated with survival.     

Aggressive surgical resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma

BACKGROUND: Surgical treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma remains a great challenge to surgeons because of its low resectability, poor survival, and high operative mortality and morbidity. METHODS: The medical and pathological records of 36 patients with a preoperative diagnosis of 'resectable' hilar cholangiocarcinoma operated on by us between January 1998 and December 2002 were studied. The clinical presentations, operative records, and pathology results were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients (72%) underwent resection with curative intent. Apart from resection of the extrahepatic biliary tree and porta hepatis lymph node dissection, 85% received concomitant en-bloc liver resection and 4% received ex situ liver resection and auto-transplantation. The margin of resection was negative (R0 resection) in 73% of patients, and microscopically positive (R1 resection) in the remaining 27%. The 30-day hospital mortality was 7.6%. Of the patients, 42% had major postoperative complications. The median survival was 20 months, with the longest survival 75 months. The 1-, 3- and 5-year actuarial overall survival rate after resection with curative intent was 77%, 31%, and 12%, respectively. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year actuarial overall survival after R0 resection was 84%, 42%, and 16%, respectively. Tumour recurrence occurred in 58% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive surgery increases the resectability of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. R0 resection provides the only chance of long-term survival of these patients.     

Surgical management of hilar cholangiocarcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To assess the surgical management of hilar cholangiocarcinoma over a time period when liver resection was considered standard management. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Hilar cholangiocarcinoma remains a difficult challenge for surgeons. An advance in surgical treatment is the addition of liver resection to the procedure. However, liver resection in the setting of liver dysfunction caused by biliary obstruction can be associated with increased mortality. METHODS: Between 1997 and 2004, 80 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma having surgery were reviewed. Fifty-three patients had attempted curative resections, 14 patients had palliative bypasses, while 13 patients had findings that precluded any further intervention. Twenty-three patients required portal vein resection and reconstruction to achieve negative margins, 3 of which also required reconstruction of the hepatic artery. RESULTS: Patients undergoing resection had a 9% operative mortality, with morbidity of 40%. Patients who demonstrated lobar hypertrophy preoperatively due to tumor involvement of the contralateral liver or induced with portal vein embolization (PVE) had a significantly lower operative mortality than those patients without hypertrophy. Median overall survival in patients resected was 40 months, with 5-year survival of 35%. Negative margins were achieved in 80% of cases and were associated with improved survival. Five-year survival in patients undergoing resection with negative margins was 45%. CONCLUSION: Combined liver and bile-duct resection can be performed for hilar cholangiocarcinoma with acceptable mortality, though higher than that for liver resections performed for other indications. The use of PVE in cases where hypertrophy of the remnant liver has not occurred preoperatively may reduce the risk of operative mortality.     

Prognostic factors and long term outcome after surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Univariate and multivariate analysis

Aim of the study was to evaluate the surgical strategy for the treatment of the hilar cholangiocarcinoma, focusing on the clinicopathological factors influencing the outcome. Between January 2001 and December 2003 23 patients out of 33 underwent surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. All patients underwent resection of the extrahepatic biliary duct. This was the only treatment in patients with Bismuth-Corlette type I cholangiocarcinoma, or in patients not suitable for hepatic resection. In the other cases, resection of extrahepatic bile duct was associated to right or left hepatectomy. The univariate and multivariate analysis evaluated multiple clinicopathological factors in order to assess long term survival. Major hepatic resection was carried out in 19 (82%) patients. Hepatic resection extended to the segment 4 was performed in 5 patients. Also, left hepatectomy was carried out in 14 patients, while resection of the caudate lobe in 7 (30%) patients. No hospital mortality was recorded, while the overall morbidity was 43%. The 1 year survival rate was 63.2%, and the median survival rate 19 months. Recurrencies showed up in 12 patients (52%). Among the other factors, low level of albumin (p = 0.006), positive resection margins (p = 0.003) and T (p = 0.02) mostly affected the long term survival. Surgery is the gold standard for achieving curative treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. The bile duct resection, along with hepatic resection, the best option to increase long term survival of these patients. The univariate and multivariate analysis showed that low albumin levels, positive resection margins and T are the most important factors influencing long term survival.     

肝门部胆管癌外科治疗中的争议

自20世纪80年代以来,肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗策略发生了很大的变化.目前,对大多数的肝门部胆管癌,最常采用的手术是肝叶或扩大肝叶切除、肝外胆管切除、区域性淋巴结廓清和Roux-en-Y胆管空肠吻合[1].但是,由于肝门部胆管癌诊治的复杂性,目前在手术前处理、剩余肝脏储备功能的评估、手术方式选择、术后辅助治疗等方面仍然有诸多争议[2].     

肝门部胆管癌外科治疗中的争议

自20世纪80年代以来,肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗策略发生了很大的变化.目前,对大多数的肝门部胆管癌,最常采用的手术是肝叶或扩大肝叶切除、肝外胆管切除、区域性淋巴结廓清和Roux-en-Y胆管空肠吻合[1].但是,由于肝门部胆管癌诊治的复杂性,目前在手术前处理、剩余肝脏储备功能的评估、手术方式选择、术后辅助治疗等方面仍然有诸多争议[2].     

中肝叶联合尾状叶切除术在肝门部胆管癌中的应用

肝门部胆管癌是常见胆道恶性肿瘤,其外科治疗的核心是达到R 0切除,包括切除病变胆管、受肿瘤浸润肝组织及区域淋巴结。在精准外科及多学科治疗时代,肝门部胆管癌的手术治疗应遵循可视化、可量化、可控化和多学科治疗原则。基于精准肝门部胆管癌董氏分型,包括Ⅰ+Ⅳ+Ⅴ+Ⅷ段、Ⅰ+Ⅴ+Ⅷ段及Ⅰ+Ⅳ段的中肝叶联合尾状叶切除术...     

Major hepatectomy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma type 3 and 4: prognostic factors and longterm outcomes

BACKGROUND: Radical operation for hilar cholangiocarcinoma, including major hepatectomy with vascular resection, seems to improve longterm survival. This study retrospectively evaluates several prognostic risk factors that can influence survival after resection of types 3 to 4 Klatskin tumors. STUDY DESIGN: Between 1984 and 2003, 59 patients (36 men and 23 women) with types 3 to 4 hilar cholangiocarcinoma underwent liver resection with curative intent. Medical records and pathologic findings were reviewed to assess prognostic risk factors and survival. Disease-free and overall survival were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 82%, 45%, and 20% respectively. In-hospital mortality was 5% and morbidity was 42%. In multivariable analysis, male gender (relative risk [RR] = 5.4; 95% CI, 2.2 to 13.5), absence of preoperative chemotherapy (RR = 4; 95% CI, 1.5 to 10.7), R1 biliary tract margin (RR = 2.6; 95% CI, 1.1 to 4.4), and metastatic celiac lymph nodes (RR = 19.9; 95% CI, 4 to 71.4) were found to be independent factors for overall survival. Pedicular metastatic lymph nodes were not associated with poorer overall survival. If biliary positive-margin is the only risk factor, the 5-year estimated overall survival is 70%. CONCLUSIONS: Major hepatectomy can improve outcomes of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Compared with nonoperative treatment or R0 hepatectomy, R1 resection in patients with no other risk factor can offer longterm survival.     

肝门部胆管癌外科治疗中的争议

Since the 1980s, indications for resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma have progressively improved. Operation is superior to any other therapeutic modalities with regard to survival rate and quality of life. Currently, hepatic lobectomy, extended hepatic lobectomy, extrahepatic bile duct resection, regional lymphadenectomy and Roux-en-Y hepatoenteric jejunos-tomy are recommended as the treatment of choice for most patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. However, controversy still remains regarding the diagnosis and treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma, including the assessment of longitudinal tumor extension, the evaluation of hepatic reserve function, the value of biliary drainage, the indication of portal vein emboliza-tion, the range of hepatic resection, the contribution of com-bined vascular resection, and the effectiveness of liver transplan-tation. This article summarizes these main issues requiring further investigation.     

Indications for extended hepatectomy in the management of stage IV hilar cholangiocarcinoma

HYPOTHESIS: In operations for hilar cholangiocarcinoma, simultaneous extended hepatectomy and removal of extrahepatic bile ducts are considered curative resection. However, the effect of extended operations for stage IV hilar cholangiocarcinoma on survival is still unclear. DESIGN: Retrospective review of the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma from 1981 to 2001.Patients and METHODS: Fifty-seven patients with stage IVA or IVB hilar cholangiocarcinoma were enrolled. Thirty-three of these patients underwent extended hepatectomy to achieve macroscopic radical resection (surgical group). A self-expandable metallic biliary stent (EMBS) was implanted in 24 patients (EMBS group) in whom radical treatment was judged to be impossible.Main Outcome Measure Survival in patients with stage IV hilar cholangiocarcinoma treated by means of extended operation or stenting. RESULTS: Survival was 25.7 +/- 40.9 months in the surgical group vs 6.5 +/- 5.8 months in the EMBS group (P =.03). In the surgical group, radical resection results were macroscopically and histologically successful in 21 patients (64%). In patients with stage IVB disease, survival did not differ between the surgical and EMBS groups. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with stage IVA disease, radical extended hepatectomy should be performed after excluding patients who have extensive invasion of the hepatic artery or portal vein. However, in patients with stage IVB disease with carcinomatous peritonitis or distant metastasis, there is little possibility of achieving long-term survival with surgery, and stent implantation should be the first choice.     

胆管癌的姑息治疗进展

胆管癌治愈的唯一选择依然是治愈性手术切除,但是大约80％的胆管癌由于转移或进展期只能行姑息治疗。姑息治疗的目的是提供胆汁引流,改善瘙痒、胆管炎、疼痛和黄疸。经内窥镜放置自行扩张的金属支架、经皮肝穿刺胆汁引流、胆肠吻合术均可提供胆汁引流。这些措施已取得令人鼓舞的效果,但是有一定的发病率和病死率的局限性。其他的治疗模式比如放射治疗、化疗治疗和光动力学治疗等正在进一步研究中。     

Pleural dissemination of cholangiocarcinoma caused by percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage during the management of resectable cholangiocarcinoma

BackgroundOnly 3 case reports have addressed pleural dissemination in association with percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. The aim of this study was to investigate recurrence after resection of cholangiocarcinoma after percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage and to clarify the incidence of and the factors responsible for pleural dissemination.MethodsBetween 2001 and 2015, we reviewed retrospectively all consecutive patients who underwent resection for perihilar or distal cholangiocarcinoma after percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage for recurrence, including pleural dissemination.ResultsDuring the study period, all consecutive patients underwent resection of cholangiocarcinoma after management with percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. Of these, 100 patients (32.1%) underwent left-sided percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage alone, and 212 (67.9%) underwent right-sided percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage with or without left-sided percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. Pleural dissemination, which developed exclusively on the right side of the thoracic cavity after resection, was found in 12 patients (3.8%); these patients underwent right-sided percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage; computed tomography demonstrated that the percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage catheter passed through the thoracic cavity in all 12 patients. The diagnosis of pleural dissemination was made at a median of 381 days (range, 44 to 2,944 days) after operation. Survival was poor, with a median survival time of 516 days. Statistically, right-sided percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage was identified as a risk factor for pleural dissemination.ConclusionPleural dissemination after right-sided percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage is likely a procedure-related iatrogenic complication because of the “special route” by which the percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage catheter must be passed through the right thoracic cavity.     

Risk factors for biliary tract and ampullary carcinomas and prophylactic surgery for these factors

Curative resection is the only treatment for biliary tract cancer that achieves long-term survival. However, patients with advanced biliary tract cancer have only a limited prognosis even after radical surgical resection. Thus, to improve the longterm results, the early detection of biliary tract cancer and subsequent cure seem to be essential. The purpose of this study was to review the literature concerning the risk factors for cancerous and precancerous lesions of the biliary tract, and prophylactic surgery for these factors. It has been reported that pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) with bile duct dilatation is a risk factor for gallbladder cancer and bile duct cancer, while PBM without bile duct dilatation is a risk factor for gallbladder cancer. Thus, in the former group, a prophylactic excision of the common bile duct and gallbladder should be recommended, while in the later group, a prophylactic cholecystectomy without bile duct resection may be the appropriate surgical procedure. It has also been reported that primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma. Patients with PSC often develop advanced cholangiocarcinoma with a poor prognosis. In patients with PSC, therefore, strict follow-up should be recommended. Adenoma and dysplasia have been regarded as precancerous lesions of gallbladder cancer. A polypoid lesion of the gallbladder that is sessile, has a diameter greater than 10 mm, and /or grows rapidly, is highly likely to be cancerous and should be resected. Although gallstones seem to be closely associated with gallbladder cancer, there is no evidence of a direct causal relationship between gallstones and gallbladder cancer. Thus, a cholecystectomy is not advised for asymptomatic cholecystolithiasis. Controversy remains as to whether adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder and porcelain gallbladder are associated with gallbladder cancer. With respect to ampullary carcinoma, adenoma of the ampulla is considered to be a precancerous lesion. This article discusses the risk factors for cancerous and precancerous lesions of the biliary tract and prophylactic treatment for these factors.