Apparent rarity of cryptosporidiosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related diarrhoea in Enugu,South-Eastern,Nigeria

Cryptosporidium is the most frequently implicated organism in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related diarrhoea worldwide. Because of the increasing incidence and prevalence of HIV infection in Nigeria and the associated increase in the number of patients presenting with chronic diarrhoea, it has become necessary to determine the prevalence of this organism in HIV-infected patients in Enugu, South Eastern Nigeria. One hundred and eighty nine (189) adult patients with chronic diarrhoea admitted to the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu from August 1996 to October 1997 were further evaluated by serological testing for HIV infection. Their stool specimens were examined by light microscopy after staining by a modified cold Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) method. Out of the 189 patients (117 males and 72 females), 161 had HIV infection (85.19%) whereas 28 (14.81%) were HIV-negative. Neither the HIV-infected nor the HIV-negative patients had cryptosporidium oocysts or any other acid-fast organism in stool. Intestinal cryptosporidiosis is not common in HIV-infected patients with chronic diarrhoea in Enugu. More studies are needed to further confirm this trend.     

江苏省城乡儿童隐孢子虫感染

江苏省徐州市区和农村6个点隐孢子虫感染调查,≤15岁儿童5089例,隐孢子虫卵囊阳性89例,各点均有发现,平均感染率为1.75％(0.7～5.06％)。<4岁婴幼儿感染率明率高于4～15岁儿童(P<0.01)。部分病例血常规和免疫学检测,半数以上有贫血及细胞免疫功能低下。腹泻为本病主要临床表现,本组64％(57/89)出现腹泻,但亦发现较多的无症状带虫者。病例家人和畜粪便亦检获到隐孢子虫卵囊。     

RT-PCR对SARS患者粪便SARS冠状病毒RNA的连续测定及其临床意义

目的采用RT-PCR方法,观察SARS冠状病毒(SARS-associatedcoronavirus,SARS-CoV)在SARS患者粪便中的排出状况。方法以2003年5月16日至23日在本院住院的46例临床确诊SARS患者为研究对象,连续留取粪便标本共103份,提取RNA后采用14对SARS-CoV特异性引物,对每份标本同时进行7次套式RT-PCR扩增,只要有1次RT-PCR结果阳性即判定该标本为阳性。结果在46例患者中,有17例(37.0%)患者的粪便SARS-CoV套式RT-PCR扩增结果为阴性,29例(63.0%)为阳性。粪便SARS-CoVRT-PCR结果阳性时SARS患者的病程为(31.76±10.78)d(12～64d),其中最长1例为64d,系2次连续留取的粪便标本均为阳性、每次标本用2个不同引物RT-PCR扩增结果均为阳性。结论SARS-CoV在患者粪便中排出的时间可长达发病后64d,平均32d,对SARS患者恢复期的消毒隔离应该予以足够的重视。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎病例不同标本核酸检测结果分析

目的 了解不同类型和疾病进展阶段新型冠状病毒肺炎（coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19）病例的标本新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）核酸检测结果及影响因素。方法 对桂林市新型冠状病毒肺炎疑似病例及密切接触者分别采集深咳痰液、咽拭子、粪便及眼结膜拭子,采用双重实时荧光RT-PCR方法进行SARS-CoV-2核酸检测,收集流行病学、临床实验室及辅助诊断等资料,分析提高核酸检测敏感性的因素。结果 共采集537例COVID-19疑似病例及密切接触者标本654份,其中,深咳痰液569份,咽拭子26份,粪便28份,眼结膜拭子31份。SARS-CoV-2核酸阳性32例,核酸阳性检出率6.00％（32/537）;首次核酸阳性的深咳痰液的采样时间与发病时间的间隔天数0~23 d。在2种样本检测比较中,深咳痰液中SARS-CoV-2核酸阳性检出率明显高于咽拭子标本的检出率（P=0.000）。粪便和眼结膜拭子中 SARS-CoV-2核酸阳性分别有19例和5例,它们的采样时间与首次核酸阳性的深咳痰液样本的采样时间比较平均晚7 d。在32例新型冠状病毒肺炎确诊病例中,28例单次采集深咳痰液样本为核酸阳性,其中,于发病第1、2、3、4和5 d及以上分别有6、6、3、4和9例;4例病例需采集2次及以上深咳痰液样本才出现核酸阳性结果。1例病例在采样前有发热及治疗史,作为密切接触者排查隔离观察,分别于发病后第21天（阴性）、第23天（阳性）采集2份深咳痰液标本检测。结论 SARS-CoV-2核酸检测中深咳痰液标本优于咽拭子标本,粪便和眼结膜拭子也可检测到病毒核酸,采样方式、采样时机及治疗史为核酸检测敏感性的影响因素,对疑似病例或密切接触者需隔离观察并多次采样检测,以免漏检。     

Bacterial enteropathogens isolated in childhood diarrhoea in Kuala Lumpur--the changing trend

A retrospective review of all stool samples obtained from children aged < 16 years with diarrhoea from University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, from 1978 to 1997 was undertaken to ascertain the pattern of bacterial pathogens causing diarrhoea in children in an urban area in Malaysia. Of 26444 stool samples processed, 2989 (11%) were positive. The five most common bacterial pathogens isolated were non-typhoidal Salmonella (57%), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) (14%), Shigella spp. (11%), Campylobacter spp. (5%) and Aeromonas spp. (4%). There was a significant reduction in the average percentage of positive isolation during the last 5 years of the study period as compared to the first 5 years (15.0% vs. 7.2%; r = -0.92, p = 0.0001). EPEC and Shigella spp. were less commonly isolated in the last five years compared with the first five years of the study (6% vs 21% p < 0.001 for E. coli; 7% vs 22%, p < 0.001 for Shigella spp.). This information is important for public health education in reducing the incidence of childhood diarrhoea further, and in the selection of appropriate antimicrobials in the management of extra-intestinal complications of childhood diarrhoea.     

海口口岸传染病监测结果分析

本文报道了海口口岸１９８９￣１９９３年入境人员传染病监测情况、腹泻病人致病性弧力调查及结果分析。从１０５６２人中检出ＨＩＶ感染得１０例、ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性１３６５例、梅素７例、淋病５例；从８００例腹泻患者大便标本中检出０１群霍乱弧菌１８株及其他致病性弧菌。为进一步开发此项工作提供了科学依据。     

乌鲁木齐市2017年2起人感染H7N9禽流感疫情分析

目的 对乌鲁木齐市2017年监测发现的2例人感染H7N9禽流感病例疫情进行调查分析,为人禽流感疫情防控提供有效参考依据。方法 对患者、密切接触者和活禽市场开展流行病学调查,采集病例呼吸道标本和外环境标本应用实时荧光定量PCR (real-time PCR)方法,检测甲型流感病毒及H7N9禽流感病毒特异的核酸片段,进行分析。结果 调查发现2例毫无关系患者同一天发热,先后检测出H7N9流感病毒核酸。2例患者均为男性,年龄相近,都有基础性疾病,经过救治,其中1例患者核酸检测转阴,症状消失救治成功。另1例患者核酸检测持续阳性,最终救治无效死亡。流行病学调查患者发病前7天均无活禽接触史,有相同的活禽宰杀点暴露史,经外环境采样,多份标本检测出禽流感病毒核酸。结论 2例感染H7N9禽流感病例感染来源于受H7N9病毒污染的活禽宰杀店的可能性较大,建议加强沿街商铺的规范管理和卫生消毒工作,规范禽类宰杀与销售。医疗机构加强流感样病例监测和不明原因肺炎监测是及时发现人禽流感病例的重要手段。     

Prevalence of cryptosporidium infection among undernourished children in Jos, Central Nigeria

This prospective study aimed at determining the prevalence data of Cryptosporidium infection in undernourished children, its seasonality and its relative frequency in diarrhoeic stool in Jos, Central Nigeria. One hundred and seventy each of undernourished and well nourished children aged 0-5 years were recruited into the study. Stool samples and clinical data were obtained using questionnaires. Results were analysed using Chi-square test. The prevalence of the infection was found to be 4.8% and all infections occurred in diarrhoeic stool. No infection with this pathogen was recorded in the well-nourished group. There was a defined seasonality of the infection. The high prevalence suggests the importance of introducing routine screening of this group of patients for cryptosporidium infection to facilitate their management.     

北京市部分学校肺结核病患者及其密切接触者筛查分析

目的 通过筛查北京市部分学校结核病患者及其密切接触者,了解不同学生群体结核病的感染特征和趋势,为不同阶段的学校结核病防控提供理论指导。方法 以2015年至2018年不同适龄阶段的学校发现的结核病患者及其密切接触者为研究对象,共6 215例研究对象纳入到本研究,包括114例指示病例,6 101例密切接触者。密切接触者进行结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物(purified protein derivative, PPD)皮肤试验及X线胸片检查,确定潜在的结核病患者,分析密切接触者中结核病的检出情况及相关危险因素。结果 密切接触者中共筛查出29例结核病患者,其中男性22例(75.86%),女性7例(24.14%);职业学校和大学阶段中结核病患者的比例较高,分别为41.38%(12/29)和48.28%(14/29),主要以学生为主。密切接触者中PPD阳性(硬结直径≥5 mm)2 206例(36.16%),强阳性(硬结直径≥15 mm)676例(11.08%),从幼儿园到大学阶段的密切接触者的PPD阳性率呈上升趋势,差异有统计学意义(χ²=59.879,P<0.05),同时肺结核的检出率也逐渐升高,差异有统计学意义(χ²=8.403,P=0.015)。随着PPD硬结的增大,肺结核检出率也在提高,差异有统计学意义(χ²=168.509,P<0.05)。结论 对不同适龄阶段的学校的肺结核密切接触者的筛查显示,对职业学校和大学阶段的学生应重点进行筛查,同时应采用新方法提高结核病检测阳性率,及早发现感染者,避免学校出现结核病疫情。     

艾滋病相关性慢性腹泻隐孢子虫感染患者的临床特征

目的 探讨艾滋病相关性慢性腹泻患者隐孢子虫感染的临床特征.方法 收集2009年11月至2010年12月253例艾滋病相关性慢性腹泻患者的标本,采用甲醛-乙酸乙酰沉淀法,对标本进行集卵,用改良抗酸染色法进行染色,检测隐孢子虫卵囊.根据患者血液中CD4+细胞水平和年龄分别分为＜ 200、≥200～＜500、≥500个/μl3组和20～35、36～55、56～69岁3组,进行组间对比分析.结果 253例粪便标本中,隐孢子虫阳性32例(12.6％),3种CD4+细胞水平组隐孢子虫感染率分别为20.4％ (20/98)、9.2％ (12/130)、0(0/25),差异有统计学意义(x2＝10.33,P＜0.01).在32例隐孢子阳性患者中腹泻5次/d以上22例(68.8％),3种CD4+细胞水平组各有15例(15/20)、7例(7/12)、0例,各组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).艾滋病慢性腹泻患者处于HIV无症状期、AIDS前期、AIDS期,隐孢子虫感染率分别为0(0/7)、21.3％ (19/89)、8.3％( 13/157),差异有统计学意义(x2＝9.822,P＜0.01).32例隐孢子阳性患者中引发肠炎者22例.城市与农村患者阳性率分别为6.7％ (7/104),16.8％ (25/149),差异有统计学意义(x2＝5.596,P＜0.05).253例艾滋病患者3个年龄组的感染率分别为7.3％(4/55),13.4％ (22/164),17.6％ (6/34),差异无统计学意义(x2＝2.29,P＞0.05).结论 隐孢子虫感染率及临床症状的严重程度与CD4+水平、艾滋病分期及疾病发展到直肠炎相关.     

2005-2012年凭祥市结核病和艾滋病（TB／HIV）双重感染人群资料分析

目的了解凭祥市结核病和艾滋病（TB／HIV）双重感染情况,为制定结核病和艾滋病的防治措施提供科学依据。方法通过结核病与艾滋病双向筛查,对凭祥市2005-2012年发现的69例TB／HIV双重感染者资料进行分析。结果2005-2012年新登记的1364例结核病人全部进行HIV筛查,检测率100．00％,检出HIV抗体阳性53例,阳性率为3．89％;对新发和可随访到的725例艾滋病患者和HIV感染者进行结核病筛查,查出活动性结核病患者16例,检出率为2．21％。69例双重感染者中,男性60例、女性9例;其中活动性肺结核患者68例,肺外结核患者l例;痰涂片阳性11例,阴性58例;HIV传播途径,血液传播24例、性传播45例;69例双重感染者全部进行了抗结核药物治疗,11例涂阳结核病患者中治愈7例、非结核死亡2例、迁出2例;34例涂阴结核病患者完成疗程;35例接受抗病毒治疗。结论TB／HIV双向筛查策略是有效发现传染源、预防和控制结核病及艾滋病流行的有效途径。     

慢性腹泻HIV感染患者粪便标本的病原微生物检测分析

摘要：目的 分析慢性腹泻HIV感染患者粪便标本的病原微生物检测情况。方法 选取2018年3~2019年8月我县第二人民医院慢性腹泻HIV感染患者72例的粪便标本为研究对象,主要进行病原微生物检测。结果 病原微生物50株,其中真菌最多,可占45.83%（33/72）,隐孢子虫占11.11%（8/72）,结核分枝杆菌9.55%（4/72）,难辨梭状芽孢杆菌2.77%（2/72）、空肠弯曲菌4.16%（3/72）。结论 慢性腹泻HIV感染患者粪便标本,病原微生物检测时主要以真菌、隐孢子和分枝杆菌等为主,通过检测分析,为患者积极寻找致病菌,不仅可预防疾病,也可为疾病治疗提供方案。     

商丘市艾滋病VCT门诊HIV检测结果分析

目的:了解2005年商丘市疾病预防控制中心艾滋病自愿咨询检测(HIV voluntary counseling&testing,VCT)门诊求询者HIV感染状况,为本市艾滋病的预防控制提供依据。方法:对2005年1月~12月在本中心艾滋病VCT门诊203例求询者血液标本进行了HIV_抗体(1/2)检测,用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)试验初筛,初筛试验阳性者用蛋白印迹检测法(WB)作确认试验。结果:检出HIV_抗体阳性30例,阳性率14.78%;男15例、女15例,男女之比为1∶1。年龄分布在18~70岁之间,其中1995年前后有偿献血感染13例,1995年前后输血感染11例,阳性配偶感染2例,不洁性行为3例,接触者1例。职业构成以农民为主(86.67%)。结论:我中心艾滋病VCT门诊求询者HIV感染仍以1995年前后有偿献血者及受血者为主,应加强控制HIV感染从高危人群向普通人群传播、配偶间传播及母婴传播,尽快制定具体干预措施。     

Intestinal Helminths in relationship to Chronic Diarrhoea in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Seropositive Adults in Enugu

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and intestinal helminthiasis are common conditions in Nigeria. Chronic diarrhoea is a common manifestation of acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( AIDS). Helminths such as Strongyloides stercoralis and Trichuris trichiura may cause chronic diarrhoea especially in immunocompromised individuals. In order to determine whether any relationship exists between HIV infection and intestinal helminthiasis, stool samples from all HIV seropositive adults (with or without diarrhoea) admitted to the medical wards of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu from August 1996 to October 1998 were examined microscopically for helminths. Out of 383 HIV-seropositive patients studied, 181 (47.26%) presented with chronic diarrhoea whereas 202 (52.74%) had no diarrhoea. The overall prevalence rate of gut helminths was 17.74%. The prevalence rate in the patients with chronic diarrhoea was 19.34% and that of those without chronic diarrhoea was 16.34%. The difference was not statistically significant. The helminths identified were Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworm, Strongyloides stercoralis and Trichuris trichiura but there was no statistically significant difference in the two groups of patients. The study showed that there may be no clearcut relationship between gut helminths and HIV infection.     

2009-2011年青海地区男男性行为者HIV-1新发感染率调查

目的了解青海省男男性行为者(Men have sex with men,MSM)人群HIV新发感染情况。方法此次对青海省2009-2011年连续3年第二季度MSM人群进行横断面调查,采用ELISA和WB对采集的国家哨点MSM人群监测样本进行初筛与确证实验,再对血清学确认为HIV-1阳性的样本进行BED HIV-1捕获酶联法(BED方法)检测,从而估算新发感染情况。结果在1 382份样本中筛出128份HIV-1阳性样本,实际进行BED检测113例,判定为新近感染者59例。3年新发感染率分别为8.14%、9.77%、11.13%。结论青海地区2009-2011年MSM人群HIV新发感染率维持在较高水平,其中2011年超过10%,提示该人群存在HIV感染高水平流行,并可能成为向主流人群蔓延的桥梁人群,应采取有效措施控制艾滋病在MSM人群中的广泛传播,进一步阻断疫情向一般人群蔓延。     

重庆市某高校一起肺结核聚集性疫情调查

目的 对重庆市某高校一起肺结核聚集性疫情进行分析,探讨疫情发生原因、总结疫情处置经验教训,为提高学校结核病防控能力提供科学依据.方法 收集重庆市某高校一起肺结核疫情资料,梳理疫情处置过程并探讨疫情发生原因.结果 本起疫情共发现学生肺结核患者23例,其中C专业22例,该专业罹患率为31.43％(22/70),男生44.4...     

Tuberculosis and other clinical presentation of HIV/AIDS in patients with or without undergoing antiretroviral therapy in Kathmandu

Objectives: To screen tuberculosis (TB) and examine the clinical presentation of AIDS in HIV sero-positive persons. Methods: A Cross-sectional study was designed. One hundred HIV infected persons were randomly selected from different parts of the country visiting Tribhuvan University, Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu and different HIV/AIDS care centres. After taking informed consent, questionnaires were filled and three sputum specimens from each person were collected to investigate tuberculosis by Ziehl-Neelsen staining and culture. Data generated were entered into SPSS 11.5 and relevant statistical tools were applied. Results: Among 100 HIV infected cases, 66 (66%) were males and 34 (34%) were females. Sixty percent of the cases were in the age group of 21-30 years. Majority of them were Smokers (41%), alcoholics (34%), illiterates (54%) and unemployed (59%). Heterosexual activity (51%) was found to be the major risk factor for HIV infection. Of the 100 HIV cases, 23 (23%) were co-infected with tuberculosis of which 18(78%) were sputum smear negative tuberculosis, mostly developed in late stage of HIV infection. Weight loss (54%) and diarrhoea (43%) were the major clinical presentations of AIDS. Antiretro-viral therapy non-receiver were more likely to suffer with various clinical disorders/TB as compared to ARV therapy receiver but the values were statistically insignificant, 2 values ranging from 0.003 to 2.24, p>0.05. Conclusion: Prevalence of tuberculosis was still high in HIV/AIDS patients, and specifically, sputum smear negative tuberculosis cases constituted the significant proportion, particularly in late stage of HIV infection. Weight loss and diarrhoea were found to be the major clinical presentation of AIDS. Illiterate and unemployed young adults involved in unsafe sexual practice and drug addiction were high risk of acquiring HIV infection. Key words: Clinical features, HIV/AIDS, Kathmandu; Smear Negative Tuberculosis.     

Epidemiologic study on human immunodeficiency virus infection among children in a former paid plasma donating community in China

Background Illegal plasma collecting activities in mid 1990s caused a large number of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in rural areas of central-eastern China. Although most of these activities have been stopped, there were few reports on secondary transmission from infected former plasma donors to their spouses and from infected mothers to their children. This study was to determine the extent of HIV infections among young children in a rural community with a large proportion of plasma donors. Methods A survey was conducted among children aged under 7 years in a former plasma donating community in September 2000: finger blood was collected for HIV antibody testing. Another survey was repeated among children aged under 8 years and their families in the same community in April 2001: urine samples were collected for HIV testing. HIV positive children and samples of HIV negative children, whose mothers were positive based on 2001 survey, were followed up until September 2002 to investigate HIV seroconversion, disease progression and HIV strain analysis. Questionnaires were administered to collect information on children‘s delivery, breast feeding, medical history and their parents‘ commercial blood donation history and HIV status. Results Among 169 children surveyed in 2000, 10 (5.9%) were HIV positive. Of 224 children, 11 were positive in 2001. The overall prevalence rate in the two surveys was 5.0% (17/337) when counting 56 repeated children only once. Of children born to HIV positive mothers, 28.9% were infected. A seroconversion rate of 2.5 per 100 child-years was observed by following up 28 HIV negative children. No statistically significant associations were found between children‘s HIV infection and their histories of blood transfusion, surgery, immunization injection or medical injections. All infections were HIV-1 subtype B‘ strain, the average dispersion rate is 7.4%. DNA sequence analysis showed a close relationship between the seroconverted children and their infected mothers. Conclusions HIV vertical transmissions in the rural former plasma donating community was significant. Intervention measures should be taken to prevent further transmission. It was estimated that the HIV spread in this community occurred in 1994 or even earlier. Many infected people are developing AIDS now: treatment and care are urgently needed for these sick people.     

Empyema in children

Closed chest drainage is very effective in the management of empyema thoracis. Fifty cases of empyema thoracis in children were treated in the department of cardiovascular and thoracic surgery, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal between 1994 and 2000. The cases were referred from TB Hospital, Chingmeirong, Jawaharlal Nehru Hospital, Porompat and chest and paediatric wards of Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal. Most of the cases were managed with dosed chest intercostal drainage. The lung expanded well in majority of the cases. Forty cases were aspirated initially in the concerned departments. Only 10 cases of massive empyema were aspirated in this department. Thirty-eight cases were treated with drainage and 4 cases were subjected to repeated aspiration. Eight cases of empyema (tuberculous) were subjected to thoracotomy and decortication. One case had recurrent empyema after decortication. Forty cases were given antituberculosis drugs.     

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Singapore--epidemiological perspectives

The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by a retrovirus, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). As at 30 April 1988, there were 22 infected individuals in Singapore, of which 4 had AIDS. A comprehensive retrospective study was carried out to establish the clinico-epidemiological features of the disease and its transmission in Singapore. The infected patients have been related mainly to sexual transmission through sexual contact (homosexual, bisexual or heterosexual) with men and women from countries where HIV infection is more prevalent. The majority of the infected were homosexual males in the age range 20-39 years. There was one case of transfusion-associated AIDS and another was infected through heterosexual transmission. The local pattern is consistent with the Western pattern (Pattern 1), with the notable absence of intravenous drug abusers, paediatric cases or infected haemophiliacs.