Parastomal hernia repair with acellular dermal matrix.

PURPOSE: Treatment of parastomal hernia is often complicated by a high recurrence rate and likelihood of wound contamination. We reported an initial series of parastomal hernia repairs performed with acellular dermal matrix. METHODS: We reviewed a series of 11 patients who had parastomal hernia repairs with acellular dermal matrix and recorded the type of ostomy, previous repair, associated intestinal pathology, type of repair performed, perioperative complications, and rate of recurrence. RESULTS: Between 2004 and 2006, 11 patients underwent parastomal hernia repair with acellular dermal matrix by the senior author. Nine of 11 patients had associated Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis and 3 had recurrent parastomal hernias that had failed initial repair. Mean follow-up was 8.7 months (range: 1-21 months). Two patients developed wound infections that did not require implant removal and healed with local wound care. Three patients developed recurrent hernias. CONCLUSIONS: Parastomal hernia with acellular dermal matrix results in recurrence rates comparable to those reported in the literature for synthetic mesh repair. It offers the advantages of avoiding stoma relocation and of not requiring implant removal in cases of wound infection.     

Single center experience with the modified retromuscular Sugarbaker technique for parastomal hernia repair

Purpose

Parastomal hernias are challenging to manage, and an optimal repair has yet to be defined. An open, modified, retromuscular Sugarbaker technique has recently been described in the literature as a technically feasible approach to parastomal hernia repair. This study evaluates our initial institutional experience with parastomal hernia repair with the aforementioned technique with respect to safety and durability.

Methods

All patients who underwent an open, modified retromuscular Sugarbaker parastomal hernia repair from 2014 through 2016 at our institution were identified. Patient characteristics, hernia variables, operative details, and 30-day and medium-term outcomes were abstracted from the Americas Hernia Society Quality Collaborative database. Outcomes of interest included 30-day wound morbidity, mesh-related complications, and hernia recurrence.

Results

Thirty-eight patients met inclusion criteria. 20 (53%) patients presented to our institution for management of a recurrent parastomal hernia. 35 (92%) patients had a concurrent midline incisional hernia with a mean total hernia width of 15.1 cm and mean defect size of 353 cm². Thirty-day wound morbidity rate was 13%. At a mean of follow-up of 13 months (range 4–30), the hernia recurrence rate was 11%. Three patients (8%) experienced mesh erosion into the stoma bowel, leading to stoma necrosis, bowel obstruction, and/or perforation which required reoperation at day 8, 12, and 120 days, respectively.

Conclusions

The outcomes of the retromuscular Sugarbaker technique for the management of parastomal hernias have been disappointing at our institution, with a concerning rate of serious mesh-related complications. This operation, as originally described, needs further study before widespread adoption with a particular focus on the technique of mesh placement, the most appropriate mesh selection, and the long-term rate of mesh erosion.

     

Short-term outcomes with small intestinal submucosa for ventral abdominal hernia

HYPOTHESIS: A bioabsorbable tissue scaffold of porcine submucosal small intestine extracellular matrix (Surgisis Gold [SIS]; Cook Biotech Inc, West Lafayette, Ind) mesh is safe and effective for ventral hernia repair. DESIGN: Retrospective case series at a university teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Fifty-three consecutive patients having 8-ply SIS mesh repair of ventral abdominal hernias. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Early complications, reoperation, hernia recurrence, mesh or wound infection, or reaction. Outcomes reported and compared on an intention-to-treat basis. RESULTS: Patients were stratified by wound class: clean, clean-contaminated and contaminated, or dirty. Median follow-up was 14 months (range, 2-29 months) during which there were 22 complications (41%), 17 early reoperations (32%), 13 partial dehiscences (21%), 6 mesh reactions (11%), and 9 recurrent hernias (17%). Seven recurrent hernias (78%) in critically ill, patients with dirty wounds had the SIS mesh removed owing to infection or reoperation. In patients without SIS mesh removal or debridement, 1 (2.2%) of 44 developed a recurrent hernia at 6 months. Patients with dirty wounds were more likely to need early reoperation (P<.001), develop a complication (P<.01), partial wound dehiscence (P<.05), or recurrent hernia (P<.01) compared with patients with clean wounds. Critically ill patients were more likely to have hernia recurrence (P<.05), early reoperation (P<.001), and postoperative complications (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: Eight-ply SIS mesh is safe in clean and clean-contaminated hernia repair with satisfactory short-term outcomes. However, delayed wound infection, repeated operation, and mesh debridement warrant cautious use of SIS mesh in critically ill patients and those with dirty wounds.     

The use of porcine small intestinal submucosa as a prosthetic material for laparoscopic hernia repair in infected and potentially contaminated fields: long-term follow-up

Introduction  The treatment of hernias remains controversial, with multiple prosthetic meshes being exalted for a variety of their characteristics. In the event of incarcerated/strangulated hernias and other potentially contaminated fields the placement of prosthetic material remains controversial because of increased risk of recurrence and infection. Porcine small intestinal submucosa mesh (Surgisis, Cook Bloomington, IN) has been demonstrated safe and feasible in laparoscopic hernia repairs in this scenario. We present our 5-year experience, with placement of Surgisis mesh in potentially or grossly contaminated fields. Methods  From May 2000 to October 2006, 116 patients (52 male, 64 female) with 133 procedures were performed. Placement of Surgisis mesh for either incisional, umbilical, inguinal, femoral or parastomal hernia repairs in an infected or potentially contaminated setting were achieved, and studied in a prospective fashion. Results  All procedures were laparoscopically with two techniques [intraperitoneal onlay mesh (IPOM) and two-layered “sandwich” repair]. Mean follow-up was 52 ± 20.9 months. Thirty-nine cases were in an infected field and the rest in a potentially contaminated field. Ninety-one procedures were performed concurrently with a contaminated procedure. Twenty-five presented as intestinal obstruction, 16 strangulated hernias, and 17 required small bowel resection; 29 were inguinal hernias, 57 incisional, and 38 umbilical. In 13 patients more than two different hernias were repaired. Eighty-five percent 5-year follow-up was achieved, during which we identified 7 recurrences, 11 seromas (all resolved), and 10 patients reporting mild pain. Six second looks were performed and in all cases except one the mesh was found to be totally integrated into the tissue with strong scar tissue corroborated macro- and microscopically. Conclusions  In our experience the use of small intestine submucosa mesh in contaminated or potentially contaminated fields is a safe and feasible alternative to hernia repair with minimal recurrence rate and satisfactory results in long-term follow-up.     

Retrofascial mesh repair of ventral incisional hernias

BACKGROUND: Recurrence rates after ventral incisional hernia repair are reported to be as high as 33% and are associated with considerable morbidity and lost time. The purpose of this study was to determine if retrofascial mesh placement reduces the incidence of recurrence as well as the severity of wound infections. METHODS: A prospective database covering the period from January 1995 to June 2003 was maintained. All patients underwent a standardized technique by a single surgeon. Polypropylene mesh was placed between the fascia and the peritoneum with the fascia closed over the mesh. RESULTS: There were 150 patients (126 women, 24 men) with a mean age of 55 years. Their average weight was 88 kg, with an average body mass index of 32. Sixty-three (42%) of the hernias were recurrences of a previous repair. The average size of the hernia was 8 x 14 cm. There was 1 postoperative mortality. There was a 9% postoperative infection rate with 2 patients (1%) requiring mesh removal. Long-term follow-up evaluation has revealed 3 recurrences (2%) and 3 readmissions for bowel obstruction with 1 patient requiring surgical release. There were no fistulas noted. CONCLUSIONS: Incisional hernia repair with mesh placed in the retrofascial position decreases both the risk for recurrence and the severity of wound infection without significant problems from bowel obstruction or enteric fistula.     

Onlay parastomal hernia repair with cross-linked porcine dermal collagen biologic mesh: long-term results

Purpose

The optimal technique and mesh type for parastomal hernia repair have yet to be ascertained. Biologic meshes have been advocated in parastomal hernia repair due to purported resistance to infection in contaminated fields. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of additionally cross-linked acellular porcine dermal collagen mesh (Permacol?) for onlay parastomal hernia repair.

Methods

A retrospective review of case notes, and abdominal CT scans when available, was performed for consecutive patients who had a parastomal hernia repaired between January 2007 and May 2010. All hernias were repaired with onlay placement of the biologic mesh. Hernias were classified according to the Moreno-Matias classification where CT scans were available.

Results

Over a 34-month period, 30 consecutive patients, median age 74 years, 17 female, underwent parastomal hernia repair using onlay biologic mesh. There were 23 paracolostomy and seven paraileostomy hernias. The hernia was primary in 26 patients. Pre-operative CT scans were available in 18 patients (Moreno-Matias Type 1 = 1, Type 2 = 4, Type 3 = 13). There was one perioperative death, and 29 patients were available for follow-up, and median duration of follow-up (either CT or clinical) was 36 months (range 3–79). Twenty-six patients developed recurrence of the parastomal hernia (89.6 %), and median time to recurrence was 10 months (range 3–72),with Moreno-Matias Type 1 = 0, Type 2 = 4, Type 3 = 14, unknown = 8. Fifteen out of 26 patients have had repairs of the recurrence using a variety of techniques. Of these, 10 patients have had further recurrence.

Conclusion

Onlay repair of parastomal hernia with cross-linked porcine dermal collagen biologic mesh reinforcement has poor long-term outcomes with unacceptably high recurrence rates and should not be performed.

     

Modified technique for parastomal hernia repair in patients with intractable stoma-care problems

OBJECTIVE: Although stoma relocation is generally the first choice of treatment for parastomal hernia, a repair using polypropylene prosthetic mesh is sometimes employed in cases of parastomal hernia recurrence. Use of this mesh, however, has been associated with a high risk of bowel erosion, adhesions formation, and fistulization. We therefore began to use expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) mesh to perform an onlay parastomal hernia repair. Our initial clinical experience with this procedure is described. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixteen patients aged 39-70 years with intractable stoma problems underwent a modified intra-abdominal onlay technique with implantation of a large (26 x 36 cm) sheet of ePTFE mesh. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 29 months (range, 5-52 months), no mesh-related bowel erosion, fistulization, or adhesion formation were observed. Two patients had a recurrence of the hernia due to technical failure. Re-operation in one of these resulted in wound dehiscence and removal of the contaminated mesh. Another patient developed intestinal obstruction postoperatively. The mesh was removed, and a gastrointestinal stromal tumour was found. Finally, a nonmesh related small bowel erosion required removal of the mesh in one patient. All other patients had full relief of symptoms. CONCLUSION: The modified onlay technique using a large sheet of ePTFE prosthetic mesh is a feasible option for treatment of parastomal hernia recurrence. Possible advantages of the procedure include stoma preservation, strengthening of the abdominal wall, and a reduced risk of recurrence, contamination, fistulization, and bowel adhesions and erosion.     

Acellular dermal matrix (AlloDerm): new material in the repair of stoma site hernias

Parastomal hernias are a common complication after ileostomy or colostomy formation and can lead to complications, such as intestinal obstruction and strangulation. When a parastomal hernia presents, repair of the defect can pose a challenge to the surgeon to choose a repair that both reduces complications and recurrence rates. We present three cases of parastomal hernia repair using acellular dermal matrix (AlloDerm) as reinforcement to the primary hernia repair. We prospectively followed three patients who presented with parastomal hernia after ostomy formation in 2001-2002. The patients underwent repair of the parastomal hernia using primary fascial repair with reinforcement using AlloDerm as an on-lay patch. Two patients were followed for 6 months and 1 year, respectively, and remained hernia-free. One patient presented 8 months later with symptoms of intestinal obstruction that were relieved by nasogastric tube decompression and bowel rest. The patient subsequently returned 3 months later with intestinal obstruction and recurrent parastomal hernia that necessitated an operation for relocation of the stoma and repeat hernia repair. Repair of parastomal hernias using AlloDerm acellular dermal matrix as a substitute for a synthetic graft showed resilience to infection and, more importantly, tolerated exposure in an open wound without having to be removed. Larger studies with longer follow-up are needed to see if this material reduces the incidence of hernia recurrence.     

Parastomal hernia repair

Objective The aim of this study was to audit the results of parastomal hernia repair. Methods A retrospective review was made of all patients having parastomal hernia repair at 2 teaching hospitals over a 12‐year period. Results Forty‐three patients had 51 parastomal hernia repairs. Three types of hernia repair were used: 14 (28%) local suture, 19 (37%) local mesh repair and 18 (35%) stoma relocation. Three patients died and significant complications occurred in 65% of repairs. Parastomal hernia recurred in 18 (38%) of repairs. This was greatest with a sutured repair (59%) and least in patients having stoma relocation (24%). Repair with mesh was associated with a 39% recurrence rate. No significant statistical difference was found for the results of these repairs. Conclusion Parastomal hernia repair is associated with high rates of morbidity, mortality and recurrence. Repair should not be undertaken without a good indication.     

造口旁疝的外科治疗现状及展望

造口旁疝是永久性肠造口术后最常见的远期并发症之一,属于造口旁腹壁切口疝的一种。其发病率逐年增加,虽然大部分造口旁疝患者无明显临床症状,或仅有轻微的腹部不适感,可通过保守治疗改善,但当患者出现严重腹痛、肠梗阻及腹部膨隆等并发症时常需手术治疗。手术方式主要包括3种：缝合修补术、造口移位术及补片修补术。对于有高危险因素的患者,可考虑在造口时预防性放置补片。复习国内外相关文献,就造口旁疝的外科治疗研究进展进行总结论述。     

腹腔镜下造口旁疝补片修补术应用体会

目的探讨腹腔镜下造口旁疝修补术的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2007年9月至2010年4月期间8例行腹腔镜下造瘘口旁疝补片修补术患者的临床资料,分析手术情况、术后并发症及复发情况。结果 8例造口旁疝患者均在腹腔镜下修补成功。手术时间50～180min,平均135min。疝环大小4.5～6.5cm,平均5.0cm。术后1例出现肠梗阻及复发,后行腹腔镜探查及再次修补术。2例术后早期出现腹胀,1周后腹胀缓解。1例术后出现术区疼痛不适,对症治疗后缓解。本组未发生术区感染。住院时间5～14d,平均7.6d。术后随访1年,除1例复发后行再次手术外,均未见复发。结论腹腔镜下造口旁疝修补术如果注意操作要点,可以替代传统修补术。     

Management of parastomal hernias

Stoma formation is a common aspect of general, colorectal, urologic, and oncologic surgical practice. Unfortunately, hernia formation around an ostomy trephine occurs in up to 50% of ostomates. In an era of explosive progress in abdominal wall surgery, parastomal hernia repairs remain plagued with technical challenges, high recurrence rates, and peri-operative morbidity. There is little expert consensus on the ideal operation. Repair type (suture or mesh based), surgical approach (laparoscopic, robotic, hybrid, or open), mesh configuration (cruciate, keyhole, or Sugarbaker), mesh type (permanent synthetic, biologic, or bioabsorbable), mesh location (underlay, sublay, or onlay) vary based on local expertise and patient clinical factors. This article will summarize the current literature on the management of parastomal hernias and provide expert commentary on our preferred practices for parastomal hernia repair.     

腹腔镜造口旁疝修补术13例报告

目的探讨采用腹腔镜钥匙孔手术行造口旁疝修补术的可行性。方法回顾性分析2007年11月～2011年10月采用钥匙孔技术及Proceed补片完成的13例腹腔镜造口旁疝修补术的临床资料。2例回肠代膀胱造瘘,11例左下腹永久性乙状结肠造瘘,其中1例为造口旁疝修补术后复发。术中游离疝周粘连后,将补片适当修剪,中间留圆孔,置于疝囊下方,用5mm螺旋钉枪固定于腹壁。结果所有患者均顺利完成手术。术中并发症2例：横结肠系膜血管损伤1例,造瘘肠管损伤1例;术后并发症3例：切口感染1例,血清肿2例。术后随访5-52个月,平均26个月,1例复发,1例死于肺部感染。结论采用腹腔镜钥匙孔手术及Proceed补片行腹腔镜造口旁疝修补术是安全可行的,临床疗效较为满意,在降低造口旁疝修补术后补片相关并发症发生率和复发率方面具有一定的意义。     

开放式肠造口旁疝手术修补法30例分析

目的 分析开放式肠造口旁疝的手术修补方法存在的问题。方法 对2002年6月至2006年6月30例肠造口旁疝病人的手术方式、术后并发症、住院时间、复发情况进行回顾分析。结果 原位腹腔内无张力造口旁疝修补术和移位造口旁疝修补术各有1例复发。移位造口旁疝修补术后有1例皮下积液。原位腹膜前无张力造口旁疝修补术有2例伤口愈合不良。未发生肠坏死及肠梗阻等术后并发症。原位腹腔内和腹膜前无张力造口旁疝修补术后住院时间10～14d，移位造口旁疝修补术后住院时间18～21d。结论 肠造口旁疝无张力修补术的方法还有待进一步改进。     

Prophylactic mesh placement of permanent stomas at index operation for colorectal cancer

INTRODUCTION

Parastomal herniation occurs in 30–50% of colostomy formations. The aim of this study was to radiologically evaluate the mechanical defects at stoma sites in patients who had previously undergone a permanent colostomy with or without mesh at the index operation for colorectal cancer.

METHODS

A study was performed of all colorectal cancer patients (n=41) having an end colostomy between 2002 and 2010, with or without Prolene® mesh plication, with blinded evaluation of the annual follow-up staging computed tomography (CT) for stomal characteristics. The presence of parastomal hernias, volume, dimensions, grade of the parastomal hernia and abdominal wall defect size were measured by two independent radiologists, and compared with demographic and operative variables.

RESULTS

In those patients with radiological evidence of a parastomal hernia, Prolene® mesh plication significantly reduced the incidence of bowel containing parastomal hernias at one year following the procedure (p<0.05) and also reduced the diameter of the abdominal wall defect (p=0.006).

CONCLUSIONS

Prophylactic mesh placement at the time of the index procedure reduces the diameter of abdominal wall aperture and the incidence of parastomal hernias containing bowel. Future studies should use both objective radiological as well as clinical endpoints when assessing parastomal hernia development with and without prophylactic mesh.     

Ventral hernia repair by the laparoscopic approach

An analysis of these results indicates that laparoscopic hernia repair can be performed safely by experienced laparoscopic surgeons, and with lower perioperative complication rates than for open hernia repair. Although the follow-up period for the laparoscopic repair is only 2 or 3 years, the recurrence rate is likely lower than with open repair. Most patients with ventral hernias are candidates for this laparoscopic repair if safe access and trocar placement can be obtained. The choice of mesh often provokes a debate among surgeons, but little practical difference in the results seems to exist between the two types of mesh available. Although the ePTFE mesh has a good theoretic basis for promoting tissue ingrowth on the parietal side of the mesh and minimizing adhesions to the bowel side of the mesh, data indicate that no difference in outcome exists related to adhesions or fistula formation (Tables 1 and 2), so surgeon preference and cost of the prosthesis should be the deciding variables. Fistulas are of concern because of the experience with mesh in the trauma patient and in the treatment of severe abdominal wall infections, when abdominal wall reconstruction often is performed in contaminated wounds in the acute phases and leaves the mesh exposed without soft tissue coverage. These conditions do not apply for most cases of elective hernia repair. Laparoscopic ventral hernia repair offers advantages over the conventional open mesh repair and may decrease the hernia recurrence rate to 10% to 15%. When properly performed, the laparoscopic approach does not and should not compromise the principles for successful mesh repair of ventral hernias.     

Parastomal herniation of the gallbladder

Parastomal hernias can occur in up to 31% of patients following an enterostomy (Cheung in Aust N Z J Surg 65:808–811, 1995). This type of hernia develops through an intentional fascial defect. Commonly, most parastomal hernias involve a reducible segment of omentum, small bowel, or colon. Typically, these hernias are asymptomatic and associated rarely with strangulation or obstruction. Patient preference and clinical scenario may dictate management of these hernias. Non-operative management of parastomal hernias includes abdominal binders and enterostomy belts. Operative management includes a host of options including mesh repair, a new stoma site, or revision. This paper documents the first reported case of a parastomal hernia involving the gallbladder. Optimal technique and site placement of a stoma are also discussed.     

开放式肠造口旁疝手术修补法40例分析

目的 分析开放式肠造口旁疝的手术修补方法存在的问题.方法 对2002年6月至2007年6月30例肠造口旁疝患者的手术方式、术后并发症、住院时间、复发情况进行回顾分析.结果 原位腹腔内造口疝修补术和移位造口疝修补术各有1例复发.移位造口疝修补术后有1例皮下积液.原位腹膜前造口疝修补术有2例伤口愈合不良.未发生肠坏死及肠梗阻等术后并发症.原位腹腔内和腹膜前造口疝修补术后住院时间10～14 d,移位造口疝修补术后住院时间18～21 d.结论 肠造口旁疝修补术的方法还有待进一步改进.     

Laparoscopic parastomal hernia repair

Background Management of the parastomal hernia represents a common clinical dilemma for both the surgeon and patient. Once established, these defects are notoriously difficult to treat. Although most parastomal hernias can be managed nonoperatively, approximately 30% will require intervention secondary to complications such as obstruction, pain, bleeding, poorly fitting appliances, or leakage. Overall complication rates of up to 88%, combined with a growing body of literature citing decreased patient morbidity and improved outcomes with laparoscopic tension-free mesh repair of ventral hernias, have led many surgeons to apply these techniques to this difficult problem. Methods This was a retrospective review of 21 consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic repair of their parastomal hernias with ePTFE mesh. Results Nine (43%) were ileal conduits, seven (33%) were ileostomies, and five (24%) were colostomies. Eight patients had undergone prior hernia repair. Follow-up ranges from 1 to 36 months (average 14 months). There has been one recurrence (5%). Other complications included laparoscopic re-operation for obstruction of a urinary conduit (n = 1), mesh removal for infection (n = 2), Clostridium Difficile colitis (n = 1), pneumonia (n = 2), renal failure (n = 1), surgical site infection (n = 1), and bowel obstruction at a site remote from the hernia repair (n = 2). Conclusion The laparoscopic approach to parastomal hernias is a new technique that offers many potential advantages over conventional open repairs. Based on our initial experience, this repair seems to be associated with a low recurrence rate. Poster presentation at Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons, April 18–22, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.