脊柱椎弓根螺钉系统内固定术后迟发性感染的处理

目的：探讨脊柱椎弓根螺钉系统内固定术后迟发性感染的处理方法。方法：对16例椎弓根螺钉系统内固定后并发迟发性感染的患者,均采用病灶清除,灌洗引流,其中14例同时取出内固定物,2例因骨折尚未愈合,内固定物予以保留,术后静脉应用头孢类抗生素14－21天。结果：16例中14例已取出固定物的患者窦道、切口甲级愈合,疼痛减轻或消失,术后14天ESR、CRP降至正常。2例未行内固定物取出者,拔除引流管后15天－1个月,患处再次出现疼痛、肿胀及硬块,第2次施行病灶清除,内固定物取出,灌洗引流、静脉应用头孢类抗生素3周后,伤口愈合、疼痛、肿胀消失出院,16例患者术后随访12－25个月,平均16个月,均无复发征象,结论：迟发性感染是由初次手术时机中污染引起的椎旁深部软组织的感染,确诊后行病灶清除,内固定物取出,灌洗引流,静脉应用有效抗生素,可获得满意疗效。     

长骨骨折内固定术后隐性感染的诊断及处理

[目的]探讨长骨骨折内固定术后隐性感染的诊断及处理方法。[方法]对13例长骨骨折内固定术后隐性感染的患者，采用病灶清除，灌洗引流，其中8例取出内固定物改外固定架固定，5例保留原内固定物。3例Ⅰ期植骨。Ⅱ期内固定加植骨术7例。术后应用抗生素2-3周。[结果]经8-48个月随访，平均23．5个月。骨折愈合11例。部分愈合1例，不愈合1例。1例出现窦道，2例感染复发。[结论]长骨骨折内固定术后隐性感染存在骨缺损、骨折不愈合或骨愈合不良，需要手术治疗。感染轻者病灶清除后可保留内固定物。感染重或内固定物松动者行病灶清除同时取出内固定物改外固定架固定。X线片表现是诊断骨折内固定术后隐性感染的重要依据。     

等离子射频清创在四肢骨折术后早期感染保留内固定物治疗中的应用

目的探讨等离子射频清创在四肢骨折术后早期感染保留内固定物治疗中的应用及临床疗效。方法2012年1月—2015年5月收治四肢骨折内固定术后早期感染患者16例,男12例,女4例;年龄19~61岁,平均41.6岁。胫腓骨骨折5例,股骨骨折5例,肱骨远端骨折3例,尺桡骨骨折2例,髌骨骨折1例。其中开放骨折2例,闭合骨折14例。骨折后均采用非髓内固定手术方式,内固定术后5~10 d,平均7 d发生感染,伤口分泌物培养出致病菌。对所有患者在保留内固定物的前提下,应用EIC5872 70型等离子射频消融刀头和CoblatorⅡ型等离子手术系统,采用消融模式清除感染病灶,强度选择在6~9档;手术过程中使用无菌生理盐水作导电液;病灶清除后脉冲冲洗伤口,并在内固定物表面放置灌洗管和引流管,术后持续灌洗引流并全身抗感染治疗。采用骨感染疗效判定标准评价疗效。结果术后患者伤口均Ⅰ期愈合。16例患者均获随访,随访时间12~36个月,平均15个月。所有伤口均治愈,无感染复发。X线片示骨折均达临床愈合,愈合时间3~7个月,平均4.8个月,未出现肢体功能障碍或骨不连。其中4例于术后1~2年取出内固定物,骨折愈合良好,术后无感染复发。结论等离子射频清创在保留内固定物的前提下,治疗内固定术后早期感染效果确切满意,可有效避免二期手术内固定、感染性骨不连及骨髓炎的发生。     

股骨干骨折术后骨折不愈合的手术治疗

目的通过临床病例回顾性研究,探讨股骨干骨折术后骨折不愈合的手术治疗方法。方法手术治疗28例股骨干骨折内固定术后骨折不愈合,取出原内固定物后将骨折端新鲜化再行内固定术,必要时植骨。结果术后28例获随访15~32个月,平均23.7个月。术后6~14个月26例(92.86%)骨折顺利愈合,2例通过二期手术治疗愈合。结论骨折端新鲜化、坚强内固定、自体骨移植是股骨干骨折内固定术后骨折不愈合再次手术治疗成功的关键。     

椎弓根螺钉系统内固定术后迟发感染的处理

目的：探讨椎弓根螺钉系统脊柱内固定迟发感染的处理方法。方法：对26例椎弓根螺钉系统术后并发迟发感染的患者，采用病灶清除、灌洗引流，其中20例同时取出内固定物，6例应用抗生素灌洗，内固定物保留，术后应用抗生素14～21d。结果：20例取出内固定物者，切口甲级愈合；ESR、CRP术后14d降至正常。6例保留内固定物者，引流管1个月拔除，1例2个月后出现局部疼痛、肿胀及硬节，2次实行病灶清除，内固定物取出，静脉应用头孢类抗生素3周后，伤口愈合、疼痛、肿胀消失出院。26例患者术后随访12～25个月，均无复发征象。结论：迟发性感染是由初次手术时术中引起的椎旁深部软组织感染，确诊后病灶清除，内固定物取出、灌洗引流、静脉应用有效抗生素，可获得满意疗效．     

骨折内固定术后迟发性感染11例治疗体会

目的总结骨折内固定术后迟发性感染的治疗经验。方法对11例骨折内固定术后迟发性感染患者行抗感染、内固定拆除及扩创、持续冲洗引流。结果术后随访平均10个月(6～24个月)无1例感染复发,骨折愈合。结论迟发性感染是由初次手术时术中污染引起的低毒性感染,确诊后行病灶清除,内固定取出,应用有效抗生素,可获得满意疗效。     

骨折内固定术后隐性感染致骨折不愈合及愈合不良的临床分析

目的 分析骨折内固定术后隐性感染致骨折不愈合及愈合不良的临床特点,并探讨其早期诊断方法 ,以期选择恰当的处理方法 .方法 自2001年1月至2006年1月收治骨折内固定术后隐性感染致骨折不愈合及愈合不良患者26例,股骨骨折15例,尺骨骨折2例,桡骨骨折3例,肱骨骨折3例,胫骨骨折3例.初次手术交锁髓内钉固定14例,钢板固定10例,普通髓内针固定2例.根据X线表现术前明确隐性感染诊断21例,术中发现脓液及炎性肉芽组织通过细蒲培养或病理检查明确诊断5例.细菌培养阳性17例,其中表皮葡萄球菌感染6例,金黄色葡萄球菌感染8例,大肠埃希菌感染3例.23例患者均取出原内固定物后行病灶清除、灌洗引流并行外固定架治疗,控制感染后重新内固定;3例保留原内固定物. 结果 患者经8～48个月(平均23.5个月)随访.骨折愈合22例,部分愈合2例,不愈合2例.3例感染复发,经二次清创愈合1例,2例形成窦道.一期植骨1例6个月感染复发,形成窦道,术后18个月骨折愈合,内固定物取出后窦道愈合. 结论 隐性感染与细菌毒性、解剖部位以及手术方式等均有一定关系,X线改变是诊断骨折内固定术后隐性感染的重要依据,骨折内固定术后隐性感染致骨折不愈合及愈合不良需要手术治疗.     

骨折切复内固定术后迟发性感染的治疗

骨折内固定术后迟发性感染是骨折内固定术后晚期并发症之一,其严重影响着内固定的治疗效果,干扰骨折断端的血管再生及血运重建,导致骨折的延迟愈合或不愈合,治疗不当可致肢体遗留终身的残疾.现就21例内固定术后发生迟发性感染总结报告如下.     

骨折内固定术后感染的治疗方法与时机的选择

目的 探讨骨折内固定术后感染的治疗方式与时机选择,以提高治疗效果.方法 对自2004年4月～2010年10月收治的骨折内固定术后感染病程超过3个月、未改变原固定方式的62例的临床资料进行回顾性分析研究.原内固定方式:髓内针34例,钢板15例,混合固定13例.骨折均愈合或基本愈合,在取出内固定物、彻底清创、脉冲冲洗的基础上采用自行研制的双阀门侧孔式灌洗管灌洗术进行治疗.结果 经术后1～3年随访,62例术后切口均一期愈合,未出现关节功能障碍及感染复发.结论 在感染可以控制的情况下,保留原内固定物,待骨折愈合后再根治感染可以明显缩短治疗时间和降低关节功能障碍等并发症.     

胸腰椎后路内固定术后深部感染的治疗

目的 探讨胸腰椎后路内固定术后深部感染的特点与治疗方法。方法对36例胸腰椎内固定术后感染患者的临床表现、生化和细菌学检查及治疗进行分析。根据发生感染时间的不同分为早期感染14例,迟发性感染22例。结果早期感染一般伴有全身症状,白细胞计数及红细胞沉降率（ESR）升高,脓液培养主要为金色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌等致病力强的细菌,迟发性感染一般无全身症状,白细胞计数不升高,ESR升高,脓液培养主要为类白喉杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌等致病菌力较弱的皮肤正常菌群。早期感染患者予以清创、持续冲洗引流。除3例反复清创无效,将内固定取出以外,其余内固定均予保留。迟发性感染者予以内固定取出、清创、持续冲洗引流。33例平均随访2．6年,经上述治疗后仅1例患者早期深部感染迁延不愈致椎体骨髓炎,术后3个月伤口再次出现流脓,其余均愈合。结论胸腰椎固定后早期感染及迟发性感染的发生机理可能存在差异。早期感染由致病力强的细菌引起,累及范围广。而迟发性感染由致病菌弱细菌引起,发展慢且较局限。对早期深部感染可以保留内固定行病灶清除,持续冲洗引流,多次清创无效,感染控制不佳则需要早日将内固定取出,以免炎症扩散。而迟发性感染则需取出内固定,否则难以消除炎症。     

手法闭合复位经皮微创固定治疗肱骨近端骨折的病例对照研究

目的：采用手法闭合复位经皮运用锁定接骨板微创固定治疗肱骨近端骨折与常规切口切开复位内固定治疗肱骨近端骨折,比较两种方法临床效果.方法：2008年4月至2012年3月,75例肱骨近端骨折,男26例,女49例;年龄22～80岁,平均52.1岁;受伤至手术时间平均2.2d;分为微创组和常规组.微创组33例,男12例,女21例;平均年龄（47.30±8.72）岁;Neer分型Ⅱ型22例,Ⅲ型11例;在手法闭合复位后,采用锁定接骨板经肩峰下三角肌小切口插入固定进行治疗.常规组42例,男16例,女26例;平均年龄（49.10±9.29）岁;Neer分型Ⅱ型27例,Ⅲ型15例;手术经常规的三角肌胸大肌间隙入路,显露骨折端,直视下复位后用锁定接骨板固定治疗.分别记录两种术式的手术操作时间、出血量和手术切口长度;应用VAS评分记录术后1、3d手术伤口疼痛情况;比较两组骨折愈合时间,随访记录采用Constant-Murley评分对疗效进行评定并进行两组比较,同时比较两种患者术后肩关节正位X线片上肱骨近端颈干角.结果：75例均获随访,时间8～24个月.微创组手术切口（6.74±0.38） cm,常规组（16.82±1.74） cm,微创组较常规组切口小;微创组出血（110.15±29.49） ml,常规组（326.19±59.71）ml,微创组较常规组出血少;微创组手术时间（48.60±10.18） min,常规组（68.84±16.22） min,微创组较常规组手术时间短.常规组3例出现骨不连并再次手术,2例出现肱骨头坏死.微创组Constant-Murley评分88.94±2.57,常规组86.00±3.36,微创组评分高于常规组.结论：手法复位经皮运用锁定接骨板微创固定治疗肱骨近端骨折,既能减少手术创伤,又能保证关节的早期功能活动,使肩关节功能迅速恢复,具有创伤小、血运破坏少、固定可靠等优点,与常规手术方法相比更具有优势.     

Internal fixation of ankle fractures in the very elderly

The management of ankle fracture in the elderly remains controversial. A review of the early results of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) in 74 patients over the age of 70 years (average 76 years) was undertaken to identify the early complications, length of stay, return to pre-injury mobility and residential status. This revealed 1% deep infection, 9% delayed wound healing, 5% malunion, and 3% mortality. In 12% of patients, soft bone and comminution precluded fixation of one malleolus. The average length of stay for patients who walked with Zimmer frame (116+/-65 days) before injury was significantly longer than those who walked independently or with sticks (19+/-15 days; P<0.01). The inability of the patients to weight-bear early led to lengthy hospital stays and difficult socio-economic problems. However, the majority (85%) of patients regained their pre-injury mobility and residential status. We conclude that ORIF of ankle fractures in the elderly carries a significant risk of wound edge necrosis with delayed wound healing but the incidence of deep infection is relatively low. Poor bone quality presents technical difficulties but the majority of patients can expect good outcome.     

切开复位内固定治疗Lisfranc关节损伤

目的探讨切开复位内固定治疗Lisfranc关节损伤的临床疗效。方法应用切开复位技术,根据骨折类型不同,分别选用螺钉、克氏针及微型钢板作内固定材料,对27例Lisfranc关节损伤患者进行治疗。结果术后患者均未发生感染及骨筋膜室综合征。27例均获随访,时间9～12个月。根据美国足踝外科协会AO-FAS评分标准评估疗效:优13例,良11例,可3例,优良率为88.9%。结论切开复位内固定治疗Lisfranc关节损伤,可以获得良好的临床效果。     

附加钢板治疗髓内钉固定后股骨肥大性骨不连

目的:探讨附加钢板治疗髓内钉固定后股骨肥大性骨不连的安全性和有效性。方法:自1998年4月至2008年6月,应用附加钢板治疗9例髓内钉固定后股骨肥大性骨不连,男8例,女1例;年龄21～54岁,平均32岁。1例为股骨上1/3,5例为股骨中1/3,3例为股骨下1/3。采用4～6孔钛合金限制接触性窄动力接骨板,4～6枚皮质骨螺钉固定。6例骨不连间隙大于5mm,4例采用单纯髂骨植骨,2例固骼生和髂骨混合植骨。3例小于5mm,1例植入固骼生,2例将修整的骨痂重新植入。术后保护性负重防止主钉断裂失效,逐渐恢复术前活动水平,术后1、3、6、12个月临床与影像学随诊。结果:6例取髂骨植骨或固骼生混合植骨患者,手术时间60～120min,出血量100～300ml;另3例单纯植入固骼生或骨痂植入患者,手术时间40～100min,出血量60～100ml。供骨区疼痛4例,3例1个月内缓解,1例3个月后缓解,无感染、钢板螺钉松动、断裂等。平均愈合时间8个月,5例术后6～11个月取出髓内钉和钢板。结论:附加钢板有效改善局部旋转不稳定,是治疗髓内钉固定后股骨肥大性骨不连的有效方法之一。     

Tibial pilon fractures: a comparison of treatment methods

OBJECTIVE: This retrospective review of surgically treated distal tibia fractures was undertaken to determine whether treatment with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) was more efficacious in achieving fracture union than one of two external fixation methods. METHODS: Of the 60 study patients with pilon fractures, 21 patients were treated with an ankle-spanning half-pin external fixator, 15 patients with a single-ring hybrid external fixator, and 24 patients with ORIF. The severity of injuries was similar across groups. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in complication rates between groups, although two below-knee amputations were required in the ORIF group. A greater (p = 0.03) number of malunions occurred in the fractures treated with external fixation when compared with those treated with ORIF. Fractures in the external fixator groups showed this significant tendency to lose their initial adequate reduction, independent of bone grafting or fibula fixation. There was no significant difference between groups in the need for bone grafting. There was a trend for patients treated with a single ring hybrid frame to require late bone grafting for metaphyseal-diaphyseal nonunion. CONCLUSION: External fixation offers advantages in the treatment of the soft-tissue injury associated with pilon fractures, but malunion continues to be a problem with this method of fixation.     

严重Pilon骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨严重Pilon骨折的手术治疗的方法及其临床效果。方法自2006年8月至2011年8月共收治严重Pilon骨折患者189例,获得随访的76例患者中,骨折按AO／OTA分类,均为C型,其中C1型19例,C2型35例,C3型22例。合并腓骨骨折75例。开放性骨折9例,软组织损伤程度按Gustilo分型,9例均I型。开放性骨折急诊行清创缝合及跟骨牵引后等待延期手术。闭合性骨折人院后均行跟骨牵引后延期手术。延期手术均在踝部肿胀消退后进行,伤后至手术时间5～14d,平均7．2d。65例行骨折切开复位内侧钢板螺钉内固定术,其中11例加用前或后侧小钢板固定,21例加用螺钉固定。11例采用骨折有限切开固定加超关节外固定架固定。有腓骨骨折者先行腓骨内固定术。61例取自体髂骨植骨。结果76例患者获得随访,随访时间10～54个月,平均27个月,术后骨折复位情况影像学评估结果（Burwell—Chamley标准）：解剖复位33例,复位一般41例,复位差2例。骨折全部愈合,愈合时间12周-73周,平均17．6周,其中骨折延迟愈合9例。皮肤创面浅表坏死7例,浅表感染6例,深部感染2例。发生踝关节创伤性关节炎18例,按美国骨科协会足踝外科分会（AOFAS）评分标准：评分为47～95分,平均82．7分。结论根据骨折类型和软组织损伤程度,对严重Pilon骨折采用手术治疗,通过合理的固定及早期功能锻炼,能取得满意的疗效,有效减少并发症的发生。     

切开复位内固定治疗严重嵌插外展型肱骨近端骨折

目的 评价切开复位内固定治疗严重嵌插外展型肱骨近端骨折的临床效果.方法 004年4月-2008年2月,手术治疗严重嵌插外展型肱骨近端骨折23例,采用改良的Thompson切口切开复位,用肱骨近端锁定钢板固定,其中20例行一期自体骨移植,8例术中发现有明显的肩袖撕裂而行修补术.术后进行系统的肩关节功能锻炼.结果 23例获得1年以上的随访,平均随访时间为17个月(12～33个月).所有骨折均于术后2个月内愈合,最近一次X线片检查未出现内固定失效和肱骨头坏死.采用肩关节Neer评分系统评分:优9例,良10例,可3例,差1例;优良率为82.6%.患者主观满意率为91.3%.5例出现供骨区髂部疼痛.结论 采用切开复位LPHP内固定治疗严重嵌插外展型肱骨近端骨折有利于早期功能锻炼,疗效满意.     

切开复位内固定治疗严重嵌插外展型肱骨近端骨折

目的 评价切开复位内固定治疗严重嵌插外展型肱骨近端骨折的临床效果.方法 004年4月-2008年2月,手术治疗严重嵌插外展型肱骨近端骨折23例,采用改良的Thompson切口切开复位,用肱骨近端锁定钢板固定,其中20例行一期自体骨移植,8例术中发现有明显的肩袖撕裂而行修补术.术后进行系统的肩关节功能锻炼.结果 23例获得1年以上的随访,平均随访时间为17个月(12～33个月).所有骨折均于术后2个月内愈合,最近一次X线片检查未出现内固定失效和肱骨头坏死.采用肩关节Neer评分系统评分:优9例,良10例,可3例,差1例;优良率为82.6%.患者主观满意率为91.3%.5例出现供骨区髂部疼痛.结论 采用切开复位LPHP内固定治疗严重嵌插外展型肱骨近端骨折有利于早期功能锻炼,疗效满意.     

Nonunion of intertrochanteric fractures of the femur following open reduction and internal fixation. Results of second attempts to gain union

A retrospective review was performed on 20 patients treated at the authors' hospital between 1961 and 1981 with noninfected nonunions following primary open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of intertrochanteric femoral fractures. All patients were available for follow-up examination. Each patient was interviewed at an average follow-up period of 6.6 (0.8-11.9) years. The group consisted of 15 women and five men with an average age at the time of fracture of 63 (36-86) years. Only one fracture was "stable" while 19 were "unstable" with loss of medial support. The initial fixation device was a sliding nail or screw in four patients, fixed nail plate in 11, Smith-Petersen in two, Deyerle pins in one, and was unrecorded in two. Of the 20 cases, it was possible to obtain the original postoperative roentgenograms in 12. Anatomic reduction had been achieved in four, medial displacement osteotomy had been used in two, varus positioning in one, and valgus positioning in five. Subsequent operative treatment for the nonunions consisted of three endoprostheses, six total hip arthroplasties, and 11 repeated attempts at ORIF. Of those treated with repeat ORIF, nine (82%) achieved radiographic union at an average time of six months. Of the remaining two who did not achieve union with the second ORIF, one achieved union following removal of internal fixation and bone grafting (five months) and one required a total hip arthroplasty. The postoperative functional results, as determined by a modified Harris hip score, were improved over the preoperative functional results for each treatment mode. Functional results were best in those patients who achieved union with a second surgical attempt.     

Open reduction and internal fixation compared with excision for unstable displaced fractures of the radial head

PURPOSE: To determine if excision of the radial head for treatment of an unstable, displaced fracture is associated with a higher rate of early complications or late arthrosis as compared with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). METHODS: Unstable, displaced fractures of the radial head treated with either excision (15 patients) or ORIF (13 patients) were compared. Implants were removed routinely during the study period. Three patients had instability after radial head excision: 2 were treated in a cast and 1 had temporary pinning of the ulnohumeral joint. Two patients in the ORIF cohort had failure of fixation that subsequently was treated with radial head excision: 1 had early hardware loosening and 1 developed a nonunion. RESULTS: At the 1-year follow-up evaluation there were no significant differences in the flexion or rotation arc. An average of 17 years after injury there was no significant difference in the flexion arc or rotation arc. One result was rated as unsatisfactory in each cohort according to the Mayo Elbow Performing Index. The average Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score was 5 points in the ORIF cohort and 15 points in the excision cohort. Eight patients in the excision cohort had arthrosis (5 mild, 2 moderate, 1 severe) compared with 2 patients in the ORIF cohort (1 mild, 1 moderate). CONCLUSIONS: Open reduction and internal fixation of an unstable, displaced fracture of the radial head occasionally fails, but it seems to reduce the risk of subsequent elbow dislocation and to protect against long-term arthrosis. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic III.