主动脉缩窄术后血管结构和功能变化

主动脉缩窄的主要病变是主动脉局限性短段管腔狭窄或闭塞引起主动脉血流障碍,血流阻力增大,因而缩窄近端血压升高,远端血供减少、血压降低.其主要治疗方法是外科手术,常用的术式有主动脉缩窄段切除及端端吻合术、缩窄段切除及人工血管移植术、主动脉缩窄段扩大和织片缝补术、应用锁骨下动脉瓣作主动脉成形术等.对于缩窄段很短的婴幼儿病例,也可采用经皮球囊导管主动脉扩张成形术.治疗目的是切除狭窄段,重建主动脉正常血流通道,使血压和循环功能恢复正常.然而,一些研究表明,病人术后仍存在血管结构和功能异常.现对主动脉缩窄术后血管结构和功能的变化及其机制综述如下.     

经胸骨正中切口一期矫治主动脉缩窄或主动脉弓中断合并心内畸形

目的 总结经胸骨正中切口一期矫治主动脉缩窄或弓中断合并心内畸形的经验.方法 2007年1月-2008年7月手术治疗24例.包括主动脉缩窄9例,主动脉缩窄合并主动脉弓发育不良12例,主动脉弓中断3例.4例合并右室双出口(Traussig-Bing型).22例合并非限制性室间隔缺损,2例不合并室间隔缺损病儿1例合并主动脉瓣下狭窄,另l例合并肺静脉狭窄.主动脉弓降部成形均在深低温低流量持续性选择性脑灌注下进行.3例主动脉弓中断及9例主动脉缩窄病儿采用端端吻合术.12例主动脉缩窄合并主动脉弓发育不良病儿中采用扩大端端吻合术8例,端侧吻合术2例,补片成形术2例.结果 死亡2例.全组病儿围术期未出现神经系统并发症及肾功能损害.术后反复呼吸道感染2例.除l例残存压差大于20mm Hg外,最长随访18个月,尚未发现再缩窄发生.结论 主动脉缩窄或弓中断合并心内畸形一经诊断即需尽早手术.经胸骨正中切口一期矫治是安全、有效的.充分切除动脉导管组织,广泛彻底游离松解胸部各血管进行无张力吻合以及选择恰当的组织一组织吻合术式是主动脉弓降部成形手术成功及减少再缩窄发生的关键.     

婴幼儿主动脉缩窄合并心脏畸形的外科治疗

目的分析婴幼儿主动脉缩窄合并心脏畸形外科治疗的近远期疗效，探讨此类患者适宜的外科处理方法。方法回顾分析1998年5月至2006年11月期间在我院治疗的29例婴幼儿主动脉缩窄合并心脏畸形的临床资料，其中3例应用锁骨下动脉片翻转法，6例应用狭窄段切除和端侧吻合法，20例应用狭窄段切除和端端吻合法进行主动脉缩窄的矫治；并通过电话或书信对患者远期效果进行随访。结果手术死亡3例，其中1例死于低心排血量综合征，1例死于败血症，1例死于多器官功能衰竭。随访2个月～8年，无晚期死亡，无严重的神经系统并发症。术后发生再狭窄2例，患者均无自觉症状，继续随诊观察。全组未发现体循环高血压、动脉瘤形成和主动脉瓣反流等并发症。结论婴幼儿主动脉缩窄矫治术手术死亡率较低，术前心功能差和术后长时间机械呼吸是手术死亡的高危因素。术后再狭窄是婴幼儿主动脉缩窄患者主要的晚期并发症。     

婴幼儿主动脉缩窄合并心内畸形的外科治疗

目的 探讨婴幼儿主动脉缩窄合并心内畸形的外科治疗经验.方法 2000年1月至2006年12月,84例主动脉缩窄合并心内畸形患儿接受了外科手术治疗,手术年龄1个月～3岁(平均13.5个月),体重3.3～15.0 kg(平均7.3 kg).12例合并复杂心内畸形,72例合并室间隔缺损和其他简单心内畸形,23例伴有主动脉弓发育不良.一期手术62例,49例正中开胸同时矫治主动脉缩窄和心内畸形,13例左侧开胸矫治主动脉缩窄,正中开胸修补心内畸形;分期手术22例.主动脉缩窄的手术方式包括补片成形42例,切除端端吻合30例,锁骨下动脉翻转6例,血管旁路3例,球囊扩张1例.在49例正中切口一期手术中,43例应用选择性脑灌注加下半身停循环,4例应用全身低流量灌注,2例应用深低温停循环.结果 围手术期死亡8例,死亡率9.5%,其中3例为术前漏诊主动脉缩窄.结论 婴幼儿主动脉缩窄合并心内畸形的外科治疗可获得良好的近期疗效,绝大部分患儿可采取正中切口一期手术.选择性脑灌注和下半身停循环可以有效地保护脑和重要脏器.     

常温非体外循环下外科治疗主动脉缩窄15例

目的评价常温非体外循环下外科治疗先天性导管后型主动脉缩窄（CoA）的早中期效果。方法回顾性分析1999年1月至2004年12月间,15例在常温非体外循环下施行CoA外科手术患者的临床资料。全组男11例、女4例;年龄（18±10）岁。CoA为单纯性7例,合并动脉导管未闭（PDA）7例、合并PDA和室缺1例。在常温降主动脉部分阻断或主动脉弓-降主动脉临时旁路下施行人工血管旁路移植术9例;在常温降主动脉完全阻断施行腔内缩窄环切除加主动脉壁Gore—Tex补片成形术4例、缩窄段楔行切除端端吻合术2例。同期行结扎PDA8例,分期施行室缺修补术1例。结果全组无早期死亡,无声音嘶哑和下肢瘫痪。术后随访6个月～5年,下肢血压术后均较术前明显升高,术后有高血压者9例,其中需长期服用降压药者4例。无晚期死亡。术后人工血管通畅,降主动脉无再缩窄或假性动脉瘤形成。结论对于导管后型CoA,无论是单纯性、还是伴有PDA或合并其他心内畸形但准备分期手术者,常温非体外循环下施行CoA矫正手术是安全和有效的。     

主动脉缩窄合并降主动脉瘤行升-腹主动脉搭桥术后动脉瘤自愈1例

病人　女,4 1岁。头晕、双下肢麻木15年,加重伴胸闷2月余。术前血压:右上肢16 0 5 0mmHg(1mmHg =0 133kPa) ,左上肢及双下肢均为90 70mmHg。磁共振血管造影示主动脉弓降部于左锁骨下动脉分支以近重度缩窄,狭窄以远左锁骨下动脉下方可见一动脉瘤形成,约2 0mm×30mm大小(图1)。因缩窄段累及主动脉弓远端,决定分期手术,先行升主动脉至腹主动脉搭桥术解除缩窄,二期手术切除动脉瘤。2 0 0 3年6月全麻下行升主动脉至腹主动脉搭桥术。胸腹正中联合切口,1 8cm×30cm人工血管经前纵隔及左结肠旁分别与腹主动脉及升主动脉行端侧吻合,开放后上下肢…     

主动脉缩窄术后高血压和高血压危象

主动脉缩窄术后高血压和高血压危象郑斯宏综述孙衍庆，董培青审校主动脉缩窄修复术后高血压，是指在没有应用血管活性药物的情况下，术前无高血压的病例血压上升到２０／１２ｋＰａ（１ｋＰａ＝７．５ｍｍＨｇ）以上，或术前有高血压者，术后收缩压上升超过２．６６ｋＰａ...     

主动脉弓补片成形术治疗婴幼儿主动脉缩窄合并主动脉弓发育不良

目的总结缩窄段切除加主动脉弓补片成形术治疗婴幼儿主动脉缩窄合并主动脉弓发育不良的临床经验。方法 2007年5月至2009年12月,上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心对49例婴幼儿主动脉缩窄合并主动脉弓发育不良患者采用主动脉缩窄段切除加主动脉弓补片成形术治疗,其中男30例,女19例;年龄23 d至3岁1个月,6个月34例,6个月~1岁10例,1岁5例。31例患者在深低温体外循环下完成手术,采用选择性脑灌注技术;15例在深低温停循环下手术;3例在中低温体外循环下完成手术。31例用自体心包行主动脉弓成行补片,14例采用自体肺动脉壁组织,4例采用异种心包。合并的心内畸形同期纠治。结果围术期死亡1例,死于循环衰竭,手术死亡率2.04%(1/49)。5例术后发生低心排血量综合征,1例合并肾功能衰竭患者,均经相应处理治愈。术后复查超声心动图提示无残余梗阻。随访48例,随访时间4个月至3年。随访期间有1例患者主动脉弓压力阶差40 mm Hg,计算机断层扫描显示主动脉弓再狭窄,于术后8个月再次手术;2例主动脉弓压力阶差20 mm Hg,仍在继续随访;其余患者主动脉弓形态良好,与术后当时比较,随访期间主动脉弓降部血流速度无明显变化,计算机断层扫描显示:主动脉弓几何构型正常。术前存在左主支气管受压的患者在主动脉弓成形术后半年,左主支气管受压表现有明显改善或完全消失,无主动脉夹层动脉瘤发生。结论缩窄段切除术加主动脉弓补片成形术是治疗婴幼儿主动脉缩窄合并主动脉弓发育不良的理想手术方法。     

主动脉缩窄合并心内畸形的一期手术治疗

１９９３年６月至１９９４年８月为５例主动脉缩窄合并先天性心内畸形病儿施行了一期手术治疗。男４例，女１例，年龄１．５～１３岁，体重７．５～４５ｋｇ。除主动脉缩窄外，合并的心内畸形有室间隔缺损、主动脉瓣及瓣下狭窄、主动脉瓣关闭不全等。手术采用左后外侧第４肋间切口，矫治主动脉缩窄后，同期行胸骨正中切口体外循环下心内畸形矫治。本组无手术死亡和并发症，取得了满意的治疗效果。作者认为，对主动脉缩窄合并心内畸形施行一期手术矫治是完全可行的。     

降主动脉-升主动脉吻合术矫治婴儿期主动脉缩窄合并心内畸形15例

目的探讨降主动脉-升主动脉吻合术治疗婴儿期主动脉缩窄合并主动脉弓发育不良及心内畸形的疗效。方法选取2011-05—2015-05间治疗的主动脉缩窄合并主动脉弓发育不良、心内畸形的患儿15例。患儿均采用胸骨正中切口、开胸后先游离出主动脉弓、头臂干、动脉导管、弓降部等血管。建立体外循环、选择性脑灌注下行降主动脉-升主动脉端侧吻合术,恢复全身灌注后完成心内畸形的矫治。体外循环时间86~132 min,主动脉阻断时间51~94 min。结果术后早期死亡2例,低心排出量综合征6例,室上性心动过速6例,肺炎7例。13例患儿随访2个月~3 a,无死亡及再次主动脉狭窄。结论降主动脉-升主动脉吻合术治疗婴儿期主动脉缩窄合并主动脉弓发育不良及心内畸形的临床效果满意。     

Incidence and risk of reintervention after coarctation repair

We examined the need for intervention after coarctation repair in a retrospective study of 197 procedures performed between 1967 and 1989. Reintervention was required in 23 patients. No technique of coarctation repair was free from complications. Although there were only two stenoses in the group receiving Dacron patch angioplasty, only seven of these procedures were performed in children under the age of 1 year. The risk of stenosis was inversely correlated to the age at primary repair, with children less than 1 year old being at greater risk than those more than 1 year of age (p less than 0.05). Subclavian flap angioplasty had a lower risk of reoperation than end-to-end anastomosis (p less than 0.02). Formation of true aneurysms was confined to the Dacron patch angioplasty group. The morbidity and mortality for reintervention was low in all groups, with only one procedure-related death and no incidence of paraplegia. Although no technique is free from risk, subclavian flap angioplasty leads to fewer reinterventions in younger patients.     

Thoracic endovascular stent graft for late pseudoaneurysm formation after patch aortoplasty; report of a case

We report a case of a 51-year-old man presenting with pseudoaneurysm associated with a knitted Dacron patch used to repair coarctation of the aorta. At the age of 15 years, he underwent patch angioplasty for coarctation of the aorta. However the computed tomography( CT) scan, taken after 36 years, demonstrated pseudoaneurysm of the thoracic aorta at the anastmotic site. He was treated by endovascular stent graft using Gore-TAG 3115. His postoperative course was uneventful. Follow-up CT scan demonstrated no recurrence of pseudoaneurysm.     

Late pseudoaneurysm formation after patch angioplasty of coarctation of the aorta; report of a case

We report a case of a 13-year-old boy presenting with pseudoaneurysm associated with a knitted Dacron patch used to repair a coarctation of the aorta. At the age of 3 months, he had undergone patch angioplasty for a coarctation of the aorta, which develops following patent ductus arteriosus division at 2 months of age. He was treated by distal aortic arch replacement using 16 mm woven Dacron tube graft in an end-to-end fashion with open proximal anastomosis under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. The aneurysm was in the aortic wall opposite the patch graft. There was no evidence of infection or dilatation of the patch graft. This case illustrates that repair of aortic coarctations with Dacron patches cannot be recommended.     

Graft dilation after redo surgery for aneurysm formation following patch angioplasty for aortic coarctation.

OBJECTIVES: Aneurysm formation after patch angioplasty for aortic coarctation is a frequent and potentially lethal complication, necessitating surgical reintervention. Although several mechanisms have been postulated, flow disturbance in a concomitant hypoplastic transverse aortic arch most likely contributes to the aneurysm formation. The outcome of the grafts after redo surgery, however, is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of the inserted graft in patients with surgery for aneurysm formation following patch angioplasty for coarctation of the aorta. METHODS: In 16 patients redo surgery was performed for aneurysm formation (diameter: 47.1+/-11.9 cm) (mean+/-SD), 12.7+/-2.1 years after the initial patch angioplasty. All patients had a concomitant arch hypoplasia. They were treated by insertion of a Dacron Gelseal graft (16-30 mm), but the associated hypoplastic arch segment was left untouched. To evaluate the evolution of the new graft, patients were followed by means of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. RESULTS: The immediate postoperative outcome was uneventful in 12 patients. Four patients, however, suffered from a recurrent nerve paralysis and one of them of a spinal cord transection. The mean follow-up time was 54.1+/-17.9 months during which 59 magnetic resonance studies were performed. The number of MR studies per patient ranged from two to seven. The graft diameter increased significantly with 56+/-18%, range 20-82 (P<0.0001). This widening was most pronounced within the first year after surgery (43+/-16%, range 5-67) (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Flow acceleration caused by an even mild hypoplastic transverse arch can put excessive strain on the distal part of the aortic arch. This can lead not only to aneurysm formation after patch angioplasty but also to excessive dilation of the Dacron Gelseal graft. At intermediate long-term follow-up, however, a stabilization of the graft dilation is observed.     

Extraanatomic aortic bypass for repair of aortic arch coarctation via sternotomy: midterm clinical and magnetic resonance imaging results

BACKGROUND: We analyzed our 22 years of experience with extraanatomic bypass grafting for repair of aortic arch coarctation in adults. Results from early and midterm follow-up with clinical evaluation and magnetic resonance angiography are reported. METHODS: Between November 1979 and December 2001, 18 consecutive patients aged 18 to 61 years (mean, 31.8 +/- 13.3 years) underwent extraanatomic bypass grafting to repair coarctation of the aortic arch. Six patients (33.3%) had recoarctation after previous repair through a left thoracotomy, and 3 (16.7%) had associated cardiac diseases. The operative technique used in all patients was ascending aorta-to-descending thoracic aorta bypass with a polyethylene terephthalate fiber (Dacron) graft through a median sternotomy and posterior pericardial approach. RESULTS: Follow-up was completed in all patients, with a mean duration of 5.6 +/- 5.7 years (range, 12 months to 22 years). The follow-up interval exceeded 10 years in 5 patients. No neurologic complications, early or late mortality, late reoperations, or graft complications occurred. Six patients (33.3%) had mild hypertension. All patients were asymptomatic with patent Dacron grafts confirmed by echocardiography. Magnetic resonance angiography, performed in 15 (83.3%) patients, revealed that the Dacron grafts were still patent at a mean interval of 4.0 +/- 6.2 years (range, 5 days to 22 years) after repair. CONCLUSIONS: Extraanatomic ascending aorta-to-descending thoracic aorta bypass grafting for repair of aortic arch coarctation in adults is safe, with low morbidity and no mortality. The favorable midterm results indicate this technique is a safe and less invasive means of repairing aortic arch coarctation or recoarctation in adults.     

Repair of aortic coarctation in patients more than 50 years of age.

BACKGROUND: Most patients with uncorrected coarctation of the aorta die before reaching age 50 years. In those who survive, the beneficial effect of surgical repair on systolic hypertension has been questioned. METHODS: Surgical repair of aortic coarctation was performed in 8 patients aged 51 to 73 years (mean, 58+/-9 years). Preoperative mean systolic pressure was 185+/-34 mm Hg and systolic gradient, 70+/-11 mm Hg. In addition, 3 patients had significant coronary artery disease. Severe calcification of the aortic arch and left subclavian artery was found in 3 patients. The surgical technique involved bypass of the coarctation with a Dacron tube graft (16 or 18 mm) in all patients. One patient underwent concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting. RESULTS: There were no operative or late deaths during a mean follow-up of 4.3 years. Mean systolic blood pressure decreased significantly in the postoperative period to 128+/-16 mm Hg (p < 0.001). At the last visit, systolic blood pressure was a mean of 127+/-9 mm Hg. Five patients were not taking antihypertensive medication. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical repair of aortic coarctation in patients more than 50 years of age with a Dacron tube bypass graft reduces systolic hypertension and the need of antihypertensive medication.     

Pathogenesis of aneurysm formation opposite prosthetic patches used for coarctation repair. An experimental study

Patch graft angioplasty for coarctation repair has been associated with late aneurysm formation opposite the prosthetic patch in some patients. Etiologic possibilities for this aneurysm formation include congenital abnormality of the aortic wall, surgical interruption of the vasa vasorum, intimal disruption because of extensive excision of the coarctation web, and rigidity of the prosthetic patch. To assess the effect of extensive intimal excision on the development of aneurysms, we operated on 12 dogs, performing a left thoracotomy and aortoplasty with Dacron (n = 6) or polytetrafluoroethylene patches (n = 6) and concomitant intimal excision opposite the patch. Ten control dogs underwent angioplasty with Dacron (n = 5) and polytetrafluoroethylene patches (n = 5) without excision of the intima. Serial aortograms of all animals showed aneurysm formation of the aorta opposite the patch in eight of the 12 dogs undergoing intimal excision. In contrast, no aneurysms developed in the control dogs (p less than 0.001). An additional five dogs underwent longitudinal aortotomy, intimal excision, and primary closure. Three dogs in this group demonstrated an aneurysm angiographically (p less than 0.02). Histologic analysis of the aneurysms and the control aortas revealed hyperplastic ingrowth of the intima over the denuded surface in the animals undergoing intimal excision. The elastic fibers in the media were intact and organized except in two aneurysmal specimens. We conclude that extensive resection of the intima with or without patch angioplasty predisposes aneurysm formation opposite the aortotomy and should be avoided during coarctation repair.     

Staged reconstruction for middle aortic syndrome

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Middle aortic syndrome is a rare condition that involves narrowing of the abdominal aorta and its visceral branches. The authors propose staged vascular repair to minimize renal ischemia and facilitate use of native arterial tissue for reconstruction. METHODS: Three adolescents (age 8(1/2), 12(1/2), 13(1/2)) presented with severe hypertension. Subsequent evaluation showed coarctation of the abdominal aorta extending above the celiac axis. All 3 patients had bilateral renal artery stenoses. There also were tight stenoses of the celiac or superior mesenteric arteries. In the first stage the right renal artery stenosis was relieved. In the youngest patient, this was accomplished by balloon angioplasty. However, in the other 2, right renal autotransplantation was performed to the right iliac vessels using end-to-side anastomoses of the renal artery and vein. Cold perfusion was used. The second stage was performed 2 to 5 months later via a thoracoabdominal approach in 2 patients. A Dacron tube graft was utilized from above the coarctation to the iliac bifurcation. The left renal arteries were detached and anastomosed end to side to the bypass graft. In 1 child there were actually 3 separate renal arteries that required reimplantation. In the youngest patient the aortic narrowing was relieved by a long Dacron patch aortoplasty and interposition of an internal iliac artery graft to the left renal artery. RESULTS: All 3 patients recovered well and returned to full activities. There was no measurable rise of BUN or serum creatinine postoperatively. Postoperative renal scans showed good renal perfusion bilaterally. Follow-up results 2 to 10 years later continue to show well functioning reconstructions. CONCLUSION: A staged approach is an effective reconstruction for children with middle aortic syndrome which minimizes risk to renal function.     

Coarctation of the thoraco-abdominal aorta associated with mucopolysaccharidosis VII in a child

Herein we describe a case of atypical coarctation of the thoraco-abdominal aorta associated with mucopolysaccharidosis VII in a 4-year-old girl. Aortography showed diffuse narrowing of the descending aorta. An extra-anatomic bypass was constructed using an 8-mm Dacron graft (Meadox Medicals Inc, Oakland, NJ) between the proximal and distal portion of the descending aorta. Balloon angioplasty was necessary to treat stenoses in the infrarenal abdominal aorta. Two years postoperatively at age 6, aortography revealed no stenosis at the anastomotic sites or in the prosthesis, but the hypoplastic segment of the descending aorta between the anstomoses was completely occluded.     

Comparison of surgical repair with balloon angioplasty for native coarctation in patients from 3 months to 16 years of age.

OBJECTIVE: Surgery and balloon angioplasty (BA) for coarctation of the aorta have shown comparable short-term results, but long-term follow-up remains unclear. Comparison of surgical repair and balloon coarctation for native coarctation of the localised membranous form is performed retrospectively. To allow a valid comparison between both techniques, identical inclusion criteria were applied. METHODS: Results of surgery (group A, 18 patients, age 0.30-14 years, median 0.63 years) and BA (group B, 28 patients, age 0.25-15 years, median 5.8 years) for isolated, native coarctation in children >3 months, performed in a 10-year-period, were compared. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed in both groups. Mean follow-up ranged from 2.5 to 11 years (mean 7.2+/-2.4 years) in group A and from 1.4 to 10 years (mean 5.4+/-2.8 years) in group B. RESULTS: Immediate success was obtained in all patients following surgery and 27/28 patients (96%) following BA. No statistical difference between surgery and angioplasty with respect to resultant pressure gradient decreases were found. Mortality was not encountered. Hospital stay varied from 6 to 20 days in group A and was 48 h for all patients in group B. Recoarctation occurred in one patient (5.6%) in group A and in two patients (7%) in group B. Log-rank test reveals no statistical difference in freedom from reintervention probabilities between surgery and angioplasty. Aneurysm formation was not encountered. CONCLUSIONS: Both surgical repair and BA for native coarctation yield low reintervention probabilities in comparable patients. Aneurysm formation was not encountered following different treatment types.