Changes in the nasal carriage of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in urban and rural Vietnamese schoolchildren

Studying the antimicrobial drug resistance of nasopharyngeal or nasal carriage isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children is likely to have predictive potential for invasive isolates. Streptococcus pneumoniae nasal carriage was studied in 1422 Vietnamese children. Forty-six percent of 536 isolates showed reduced susceptibility to penicillin and 7% showed intermediate susceptibility to ceftriaxone; and 50% of 518 isolates showed resistance to erythromycin. All isolates were sensitive to levofloxacin and gatifloxacin. Urban and suburban children were significantly more likely to carry drug-resistant isolates than rural children. Rates of non-susceptibility to penicillin and erythromycin increased significantly in the rural province Khanh Hoa in 2003/2004 compared with rates obtained in 1997. An emerging clone of penicillin non-susceptible S. pneumoniae of serogroup 15 was identified, which was widely distributed in addition to the pandemic clones Spain(23F)-1 and Taiwan(19F)-14. Although resistance to fluoroquinolones was not observed, 6 (18%) of 34 isolates had a Lys137Asn mutation in the parC gene. This study shows that drug resistance is increasing in carriage isolates of S. pneumoniae in rural areas in Vietnam owing to spread of pandemic and emerging resistant clones.     

Impact of Streptococcus pneumoniae on pneumonia in Latin American children. SIREVA-Vigía Group]

Community-acquired pneumonia is one of the leading causes of infant morbidity and mortality. Studies conducted in developing countries indicate that the most serious symptoms of pneumonia are associated with bacterial causes, mainly Streptococcus pneumoniae, followed by Haemophilus influenzae type b. Managing those infections in children under two years of age is hindered by the lack of appropriate vaccines and by the decreased susceptibility of S. pneumoniae to penicillin and other antibiotics. In 1993, at the initiative of the Regional System for Vaccines of the Pan American Health Organization, and with funding from the Canadian International Development Agency, a study was designed to identify the S. pneumoniae capsular types that cause invasive disease in Latin American children under 5 years of age. The objective of the study was to determine the ideal composition of a conjugate vaccine that could be used in Latin America, and the penicillin susceptibility of the S. pneumoniae isolates. The initiative was undertaken in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Uruguay. This report analyzes the information that the participating countries generated on pneumococcal pneumonia. A total of 3,393 children were found with systemic S. pneumoniae infections, of which 1,578 corresponded to pneumonias. The analysis focused on 1,409 cases of pneumonia in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Uruguay. Of the children, 63.8% of them were under two years of age. Twelve prevalent capsular types were identified, of which serotypes 14, 5, and 1 were the three most common in the majority of the countries. At the beginning of the study the highest level of penicillin resistance was found in Mexico (47.0%), and the lowest in Colombia (12.1%). Over the 1993-1998 period, resistance to penicillin increased in the five countries. Penicillin resistance was associated with a small number of capsular serotypes, mainly 14 and 23F. The first of those serotypes was resistant to penicillin and to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and the second was multiresistant. The frequency of resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was high in all of the countries; Argentina had the highest level, 58.0%. A decrease in susceptibility to chloramphenicol was uncommon, except in Colombia, where there was a resistance level of 23.4%. Resistance to erythromycin was low in all the countries, and all the isolates were susceptible to vancomycin.     

小儿肺炎链球菌的耐药性及其血清学特征

目的　了解小儿肺炎链球菌的耐药性及其血清型分布情况 ,为小儿上呼吸道感染的临床抗生素合理治疗提供依据。　方法　肺炎链球菌自小儿上呼吸感染者的鼻咽拭子标本分离取得 ,并用标准 E- test法和琼脂稀释法测定其耐药性 ;采用 Quellung反应方法对其血清分型 ;采用 BOX- PCR和琼脂糖电泳技术对其进行基因特征分析。　结果　研究了 1999年至 2 0 0 1年期间从患儿鼻咽拭子标本中分离出来的 84株肺炎链球菌。 78.6% ( 66株 )的菌株对青霉素敏感 ,也同时对其他的 β-内酰胺类抗生素敏感。仅有 2 1.4 % ( 18株 )的菌株对青霉素耐药 ,其中 ,88.9% ( 16株 )的是低度耐药 ,11.1% ( 2株 )是高度耐药。几乎所有的菌株对利福平和万古霉素是敏感的。但大多数菌株对四环素、氯霉素、复方新诺明、红霉素表现出多重耐药性。占 60 .6%的肺炎链球菌其血清型是 6A( 14 .3 % )、2 3 F( 13 .1% )、19F( 11.9% )、15 B( 7.1% )、14( 7.1% ) ,不能分型 ( 7.1% ) ,而 18株青霉素耐药菌株的血清型是 2 3 F、19F、6B、14不能分型 ,以 2 3 F为主 ,它们有相似的BOX基因指纹图谱和耐药谱。　结论　本研究小儿肺炎链球菌对青霉素的耐药率较其他地区高 ,耐药模式以四环素、氯霉素、复方新诺明、红霉素、氯林可霉素为主。 2 3 F血清型是     

儿童下呼吸道肺炎链球菌感染临床特征及耐药性

目的分析南京地区下呼吸道肺炎链球菌（SP）感染患儿的临床特征及耐药性。方法回顾性分析2013年7月—2014年6月南京某儿童医院经痰培养确诊为下呼吸道SP感染的患儿临床资料,对菌株进行药物敏感试验和最低抑菌浓度（MIC）检测。结果197例SP感染患儿,＜3岁者占72.59%,秋冬季发病者占63.96%,外周血白细胞升高者占57.87％,临床表现以咳嗽、发热多见,呼吸系统外并发症以消化系统和循环系统多见。SP对阿奇霉素、青霉素及红霉素耐药率分别为94.92%、92.89%、88.83%;对万古霉素、氯霉素、美罗培南、头孢曲松、氧氟沙星敏感率均＞90%,其中对万古霉素敏感率高达98.98%。结论下呼吸道SP感染患儿以3岁内婴幼儿所占比例高,秋冬季节发病多见,对阿奇霉素、青霉素和红霉素耐药率高,临床上应根据药敏结果选择用药。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from patients with community-acquired pneumonia and molecular analysis of multidrug-resistant serotype 19F and 23F strains in Japan

A nationwide study was undertaken to determine the susceptibility to penicillin and serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Japan. S. pneumoniae was isolated from 114 adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia over 22 months at 20 hospitals and medical centres in different regions in Japan. All but five isolates were from sputum. Forty-eight isolates (42.1%) were susceptible, 40 (35.1%) showed intermediate resistance (MIC, 0.12-1.0 microg/ml) and 26 (22.8%) were resistant (MIC, >or=2.0 microg/ml) to penicillin G. All isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone (breakpoint 1 microg/ml), imipenem (4 microg/ml) and vancomycin (4 microg/ml). Most were resistant to erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin; only two were resistant to levofloxacin. Differences were found in the distribution of serotypes among isolates showing susceptibility to penicillin (predominant types 3, 6B, and 19F), intermediate resistance (6B, 14, 19F, and 23F) and full resistance (19F and 23F). PFGE typing showed that 14 of the 25 strains of serotype 19F had a single DNA profile, pattern A, a pattern closely similar to that of the Taiwan multidrug-resistant 19F clone. Twelve pattern A strains were not susceptible to penicillin but carried the macrolide resistance gene mef(A). The DNA profiles of the 15 strains of 23F were also heterogeneous but six were highly similar (pattern b) yet distinct from the Spanish multidrug-resistant 23F clone although possibly related to the Taiwan multidrug-resistant 23F clone. The pattern b strains were not susceptible to penicillin and also harboured either mef(A) or erm(B). Our results indicate that multidrug-resistant pneumococci are spreading rapidly in Japan. Efforts to prevent the spread of the pandemic multidrug-resistant serotypes should be intensified.     

肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类的耐药机制研究

目的 探讨台州医院肺炎链球菌临床分离株的耐药性及对红霉素的耐药机制,为临床用药提供依据.方法 收集临床分离的肺炎链球菌31株,运用K-B纸片法及VITEK细菌鉴定仪检测其对抗菌药物的药敏谱;通过纸片法筛选对大环内酯类抗菌药物(红霉素)的耐药表型,PCR扩增红霉素耐药基因:ermB、mefA,并送测序鉴定.结果 K-B法纸片药敏结果显示,肺炎链球菌临床分离株主要对红霉素、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶和四环素耐药,耐药率分别为:100.0％、64.5％、32.2％;未发现有对青霉素、万古霉素及替考拉宁耐药的菌株;31株肺炎链球菌临床分离株耐药表型均为组成型耐药;31株红霉素耐药菌株的基因均为ermB(+)/mefA(+),测序结果正确.结论 台州医院肺炎链球菌临床分离株对红霉素耐药率高,erm基因介导的靶修饰作用和mef基因介导的外排泵机制的共同作用,是主要的耐药机制.     

Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in children, Malawi, 2004-2006

Of 176 invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from children in Malawi, common serotypes were 1 (23%), 6A/B (18%), 14 (6%), and 23F (6%). Coverage with the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) was 39%; PCV10 and PCV13 increased coverage to 66% and 88%, respectively. We found chloramphenicol resistance in 27% of isolates and penicillin nonsusceptibility in 10% (by using meningitis breakpoints); all were ceftriaxone susceptible.     

Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance ofStreptococcus pneumoniae in Southwest Germany as determined by the E test

We have studied the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance ofStreptococcus pneumoniae in Southwest Germany. One hundred seventy-four clinical isolates of pneumococci collected from hospitalized patients between October 1992 and April 1994 were used for MIC determinations. MICs for penicillin, ceftriaxone, erythromycin, and rifampicin were assessed by the E test. Eleven of the 174 strains (6.3%) were intermediately resistant to penicillin (MIC between 0.1 and 1.0 µg/ml) and four of the 174 strains (2.3%) were intermediately resistant to ceftriaxone (MIC between 0.1 and 1.0 µg/ml). All four isolates with a reduced susceptibility to ceftriaxone also demonstrated intermediate resistance to penicillin. Six of the 174 strains (3.5%) were highly resistant (MIC 8 µg/ml) to erythromycin. Resistance to rifampicin was not observed. Our results demonstrate that pneumococcal resistance to penicillin and erythromycin has increased markedly in Germany over the last decade. Our findings underline the need for continuous surveillance of antimicrobial resistance ofStreptococcus pneumoniae.     

The impact of antimicrobial resistance and Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype distribution on the mortality of children under 5 years of age with invasive disease]

Severe pneumonia and meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae have been persistently associated with high mortality rates, despite advances in antimicrobial therapy and the development of vaccines. Resistance to penicillin and other antimicrobial agents is increasing and spreading worldwide. Even though risk factors for development of antimicrobial resistance have been identified, their influence on mortality has not been clarified. With regard to virulence, differences among serotypes have been determined, but their impact on mortality is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with mortality in children with invasive pneumococcal disease. Clinical records for 245 children under 5 years of age with invasive disease due to S.pneumoniae were reviewed. Children were diagnosed between 1994 and 1996 in Colombia, during the study of S.pneumoniae capsular types conducted by the Pan American Health Organization's Regional System for Vaccines. Of the 245 patients whose charts were examined, 29 (11%) died. No significant differences in age, gender, underlying disease, nor antimicrobial treatment concordance were found. Variables associated with mortality in the univariate analysis were a diagnosis of meningitis; antimicrobial resistance to penicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMS), or erythromycin; multiresistance, and serotypes 6, 23F, 7F, 8, and 35B. In the logistic regression, serotypes 7F (OR = 7.13; P = 0.04) and 8 (OR = 13.8; P = 0.07), polipnea (OR = 2.74; P = 0.03), meningitis (OR = 5.02; P = 0.0001) and TMS resistance (OR = 2.62; P = 0.02) continued to be associated with mortality. In patients with pneumonia, serotype was the factor most consistently associated with mortality; in meningitis patients, it was antimicrobial resistance. Differences in mortality according to serotype must be taken into account in developing a vaccine if a substantial impact on pneumococcal disease morbidity and mortality is to be achieved.     

某儿童医院肺炎链球菌耐药性分析

目的了解某儿童医院肺炎链球菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况，以指导临床合理用药。方法对2000—2001年在该院就诊的上呼吸道感染患儿的鼻咽分泌物进行细菌培养；采用K-B纸片及E-test法对分离株进行药物敏感试验。结果分离出肺炎链球菌157株。肺炎链球菌对青霉素的耐药率为59．87％，对头孢呋辛、头孢克洛、红霉素、四环素的耐药率分别为40．77％，56．00％，77．71％，87．90％；对氯霉素仍保持低水平耐药(33．12％)，对阿莫西林／克拉维酸、头孢曲松有很好的敏感性。结论儿童上呼吸道感染的肺炎链球菌耐药形势严峻。     

A comparison of the antimicrobial resistance patterns of gram-positive cocci isolated from community-private and university-affiliated hospitals from Puerto Rico

The antimicrobial resistance patterns of 2,462 selected Gram-positive cocci obtained from three Community-Private Hospitals (CPH) and three University-Affiliated Hospitals (UAH) were evaluated utilizing the institutions' antimicrobial susceptibility reports for the year 2000. The objectives of this study were: 1) to evaluate the in vitro resistance to selected standard antibiotics of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium and Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates, and 2) to compare the antimicrobial resistance patterns between community-private (CPH) and university-affiliated hospitals (UAH). Staphylococcus aureus was the most common Gram-positive isolated organism in CPH (63.3%) followed by E. faecalis (31.0%). In UAH, the most prevalent cocci were E. faecalis (51.7%) followed by S. aureus (43.9%). Enterococcus faecium represented 2.3% and 4.4% of CPH and UAH isolates, respectively. Streptococcus pneumoniae represented 3.4% of the total Gram-positive isolates from CPH, no S. pneumoniae was reported in UAH. The antimicrobial susceptibility results showed that for Staphylococcus aureus there was a statistically significant higher resistance to methicillin and thrimethoprim sulfamethoxazole in UAH, while resistance to erythromycin was significantly higher in CPH. There was no difference in the resistance of S. aureus to other antimicrobial agents between hospitals groups. A statistically significant resistant to vancomycin was found between enterococcal isolates from UAH (43%) and CPH (12.7%). High-level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR) was observed among UAH enterococcal isolates with E. faecium showing a higher resistance than E. faecalis, no data for HLAR in CPH could be obtained. For pneumococci 46% of CPH isolates were resistant to penicillin. In summary, there are important differences in the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance between the Gram-positive bacteria isolated from community and teaching hospitals.     

一所大型教学医院临床分离肺炎链球菌耐药性分析

目的了解一所大型教学医院临床分离的肺炎链球菌临床分布及耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物,预防和控制感染提供依据。方法收集中南大学湘雅医院2010年11月-2012年11月临床标本分离的肺炎链球菌192株,均经全自动细菌鉴定仪鉴定。采用K B法检测其对常用14种抗菌药物的敏感性,琼脂稀释法检测青霉素的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果肺炎链球菌主要分离自儿科（36.98%）,标本主要为痰液（64.07%）;患者年龄呈双峰分布,以＜5岁和＞50岁的感染者较多。肺炎链球菌对红霉素、氯霉素、四环素、克林霉素耐药率均＞80%。192株肺炎链球菌青霉素MIC范围为0.015～≥32.0 μg/mL,其中MIC50为2.0 μg/mL,MIC90为16.0 μg/mL。非侵袭性肺炎链球菌耐药性高于侵袭性肺炎链球菌。结论该院肺炎链球菌耐药情况较为严重,在临床上对肺炎链球菌的治疗应重视青霉素耐药菌株的出现。     

Mohnarin2010年度报告:0～14岁儿童细菌耐药监测

目的 了解我国2010年＜14岁儿童细菌感染的常见病原菌及耐药性.方法 59所卫生部全国细菌耐药监测网(Mohnarin)成员单位对＜14岁儿童临床分离的细菌常规鉴定,采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)或自动化细菌鉴定系统测定细菌的耐药性,按CLSI 2010年版标准判断结果并采用WH0NET 5.4软件进行统计分析.结果 共分离11 490株细菌,其中革兰阴性菌占58.4％,革兰阳性菌占41.6％;前6位分离菌依次为大肠埃希菌占16.5％,金黄色葡萄球菌占11.8％,肺炎克雷伯菌占11.7％,表皮葡萄球菌占7.0％,铜绿假单胞菌占6.9％,肺炎链球菌占6.1％;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)比例分别为24.4％、77.6％,未检测到万古霉素、利奈唑胺耐药株,非脑脊液标本中青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌(PNSP)检出率为11.0％,β-溶血链球菌对万古霉素、青霉素、头孢曲松、头孢噻肟均高度敏感,链球菌属和葡萄球菌属对大环内酯类药物的耐药率均＞70.0％;仅检出耐万古霉素粪肠球菌1株和屎肠球菌2株;大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属超广谱β-内酰胺酶( ESBLs)的检出率分别为69.9％、64.9％,肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南仍保持较高的敏感性(耐药率＜3.0％),对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦耐药率＜12.0％;铜绿假单胞菌对多数抗菌药物耐药率＜20.0％,鲍氏不动杆菌对米诺环素、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率较低,分别为8.6％、13.3％,对美罗培南、亚胺培南耐药率为24.0％;流感嗜血菌、卡他莫拉菌β-内酰胺酶阳性率分别为43.8％、72.7％.结论 金黄色葡萄球菌、产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌属感染呈上升趋势,应警惕鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性的增长.     

绍兴地区肺炎链球菌的血清型和耐药性

目的:调查绍兴地区流行肺炎链球菌的血清型和耐药性,对不同来源的菌株进行比较,计算PCV7的覆盖率,为临床用药提供指导。方法:收集105株不同样本来源的肺炎链球菌,使用Pneumotest-latex鉴定血清型,统计耐药性,并研究两者之间关系。结果:105株肺炎链球菌,青霉素不敏感仅1株咽拭子分离菌,红霉素、克林霉素耐药率为99.3%,未检到万古霉素、左氧氟沙星耐药株,复方SMZ、四环素、利福平、氯霉素的耐药率分别为77.9%、86.2%、5.1%、10.6%。主要检出的血清组/型为19和23,占所有菌株的47.6%(49/103),PCV疫苗覆盖率为62.1%。结论:不同样本来源的肺炎链球菌的流行血清型和耐药性差异有统计学意义,眼部分离肺炎链球菌较其他部位分离株耐药程度低,PCV7覆盖率低,需长期监测。     

Aggregated antibiograms and monitoring of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae

Community-specific antimicrobial susceptibility data may help monitor trends among drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and guide empiric therapy. Because active, population-based surveillance for invasive pneumococcal disease is accurate but resource intensive, we compared the proportion of penicillin-nonsusceptible isolates obtained from existing antibiograms, a less expensive system, to that obtained from 1 year of active surveillance for Georgia, Tennessee, California, Minnesota, Oregon, Maryland, Connecticut, and New York. For all sites, proportions of penicillin-nonsusceptible isolates from antibiograms were within 10 percentage points (median 3.65) of those from invasive-only isolates obtained through active surveillance. Only 23% of antibiograms distinguished between isolates intermediate and resistant to penicillin; 63% and 57% included susceptibility results for erythromycin and extended-spectrum cephalosporins, respectively. Aggregating existing hospital antibiograms is a simple and relatively accurate way to estimate local prevalence of penicillin-nonsusceptible pneumococcus; however, antibiograms offer limited data on isolates with intermediate and high-level penicillin resistance and isolates resistant to other agents.     

Changes in the incidence of Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia and its serotypes over 10 years in one hospital in South Korea

Here, we examined the distribution of pneumococcal serotypes and the antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae in clinical blood isolates. The serotypes of 91 S. pneumoniae blood isolates, collected from January 2003 to March 2014, were identified by multiplex PCR and sequencing. The most common serotypes were 19F, 19A, 3, 4, and 14, accounting for 53.8% of the total. The serotype coverage rates of pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV) 7, PCV10, and PCV13 were different during three test periods: 38.7%, 70.9%, and 93.5% in period I (2003–2005), 46.8%, 50.0%, and 75.0% in period II (2006–2008), and 28.5%, 32.1%, and 64.2% in period III (2009–2014), respectively. By contrast, the number of non-PCV13 serotypes increased from 6.4% in period I to 25% and 35.7% in periods II and III, respectively. The susceptibility of non-PCV13 serotypes to antimicrobial agents (penicillin, erythromycin, cefotaxime, and meropenem) was higher than that of PCV serotypes. In particular, non-PCV13 serotypes showed 100% and 95% susceptibility to penicillin and cefotaxime, respectively. Serotypes 19A and 19F showed high prevalence (79.1%) among 24 multi-drug resistant (MDR) isolates. Notably, all serotype 19A isolates were MDR. From January 2003 to March 2014, the proportion of non-PCV13 serotype pneumococci in blood isolates increased whereas the coverage rate of PCV13 decreased. Effective pneumococcal vaccines are required to protect against MDR serotype 19A isolates and the increasing number of non-PCV13 serotypes.     

Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated in Ile de France area during 2001

OBJECTIVE: The authors wanted to assess the level of Streptococcus pneumoniae antibiotic resistance in Ile de France. METHOD: In 2001, 637 clinical strains of S. pneumoniae were prospectively collected from 32 microbiology laboratories. RESULTS: Fifty one percent of strains were isolated from children under 15 years of age and 49% from adults. In children, 76% of strains came from otitis media, 20% from blood culture, in adults most strains (92%) came from blood culture. The overall prevalence of non-susceptible penicillin pneumococci was 61% higher in children (73%) than in adults (50%). Among the non-susceptible penicillin pneumococci 21.8% were resistant (CMI > 1 mg/l). Strains with decreased susceptibility to amoxicillin and cefotaxime were 38% and 17% respectively. Resistant strains to these two drugs (CMI > 2 mg/l) were rare 2.6% and 0.4% respectively. Among other antimicrobial agents, rate of resistance was 63% to erythromycin, 47% to cotrimoxazole, 40% to tetracycline, and 23% to chloramphenicol. The most frequent serogroups were serogroups 19 and 14, respectively 23% and 18%. Serotypes included in heptavalent vaccine covered 90% of children strains under 2 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of resistance to penicillin was high in children particularly in otitis media pus (76%).     

2017-2019年苏州地区儿童肺炎链球菌血清分型及耐药特征

目的 了解苏州大学附属儿童医院呼吸道感染儿童肺炎链球菌菌株的血清型分布及耐药特征,为制定肺炎链球菌相关疾病的治疗和预防接种策略提供参考.方法 采用乳胶凝集和荚膜肿胀试验对肺炎链球菌菌株进行血清分型,采用E-test法检测菌株对多种抗生素的耐药性.结果 2017年1月-2019年7月共收集3 652株肺炎链球菌,主要来自...     

Serotype changes in adult invasive pneumococcal infections in Portugal did not reduce the high fraction of potentially vaccine preventable infections

We determined the serotype and antimicrobial susceptibility of 1100 isolates responsible for adult invasive pneumococcal infections (IPD) in Portugal between 2006 and 2008. Serotypes 3 (13%), 1 (12%), 7F (11%), 19A (10%) and 14 (7%) were the most frequent causes of IPD and the two later serotypes accounted for the majority of erythromycin and penicillin nonsusceptible isolates. Serotype 1 was associated with younger adults whereas serotype 3 was associated with older adults. Despite the availability of the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) in Portugal since 1996, the proportion of PPV23 preventable IPD remained stable and above 80%. Comparing with previous data from Portugal, we showed a continued decline of the serotypes included in the 7-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in adult IPD and a rise of serotypes included in the 13-valent conjugate vaccine, increasing its potential coverage of adult IPD to 70% in 2008. Penicillin non-susceptibility remained stable (17%) whereas erythromycin resistance (18%) has continued to rise in the post-PCV7 years.