股骨干顺行髓内钉固定后同侧股骨颈骨折的治疗

目的：探讨股骨干骨折行顺行髓内钉固定后发现同侧股骨颈骨折的治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析2000年1月至2010年1月股骨干骨折行顺行髓内钉固定后术中或术后发现同侧股骨颈骨折的患者12例,全部以2枚螺钉分别自髓内钉前后方固定股骨颈骨折,定期随访,评估骨折愈合及功能恢复情况。结果：术后随访10—36个月,平均16．5个月。股骨颈骨折平均愈合时间3．6个月,股骨干骨折平均愈合时间5．4个月,无股骨头坏死发生。按Harris评分标准髋关节功能：优7例,良3例,可2例。结论：股骨干骨折顺行髓内钉固定后发现同侧股骨颈骨折,以2枚螺钉分别自髓内钉前后方固定股骨颈骨折方法可行,固定可靠,手术创伤小,骨折愈合率高。     

Intramedullary nailing of the femur with an inflatable self-locking nail: comparison with locked nailing

We report a comparative study between an inflatable expandable nail and a traditional locked intramedullary implant in closed fractures of the femoral shaft. We matched each of 43 patients who had undergone intramedullary fixation with an inflatable expandable nail with a patient of the same sex, age (within 2 years), and fracture who had undergone statically locked intramedullary fixation with traditional nails. The mean duration of surgery was significantly shorter in the patients who were treated with the inflatable expandable nail. There were no differences in average blood loss, transfusion requirements, or hospitalization. Five of the patients who underwent traditional nailing required dynamization to achieve union. The inflatable expandable nail allows effective management of diaphyseal fractures of the femur. Interlocking is not necessary, operative times are reduced, and exposure to ionizing radiation is minimized. At present, however, the inflatable expandable nail used in the this investigation is markedly more expensive than traditional devices.     

带锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折合并股骨颈及转子间骨折或转子下粉碎骨折

目的应用带锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折合并同侧股骨颈骨折及转子间骨折或转子下粉碎骨折。方法在1996年7月～1998年11月收治的16例复杂股骨骨折中,股骨干骨折合并同侧股骨颈骨折3例,合并转手间骨折4例,转子下粉碎骨折9例。其中10例应用国产加长型Gamma钉,6例使用Russell－Taylor股骨重建钉固定。结果所有病例随访6～22个月,平均11个月。除1例股骨干骨折合并同侧股骨颈骨折患者术后7个月出现股骨头坏死外,其余15例骨折均愈合,平均愈合时间5．5个月,患肢关节功能优良。经此方法治疗后可早期活动关节及功能锻炼、手术创伤小、切口小、固定可靠、骨折愈合率高。结论　　对股骨干骨折合并同侧股骨颈骨折及转手间骨折或转子下粉碎骨折的治疗,带锁髓内钉具有明显优势。     

逆行有限扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗股骨骨折

目的 分析逆行有限扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折的临床效果。方法 1999年6月～2003年9月应用逆行有限扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折74例，男62例，女12例。择期手术72例，急诊手术2例。按A0分型：32A1型5例，32A2型7例，32A3型12例，3282型35例，32C2型15例。结果 74例均获随访13～29个月，平均15．4个月，骨折均愈合，愈合时间3～5个月，平均3．8个月。按照吴岳嵩疗效结果评定标准，优60例，良13例，优良率98．7％。骨折不愈合1例，迟发性感染1例，锁钉弯曲2例。结论 逆行有限扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗股骨骨折，手术操作简便，对局部血运破坏少，有利于骨折愈合，可早期行功能锻炼。     

Comminuted refracture of the distal femur and condyles in patients with an intramedullary nail: a report of 5 cases

Patients with in situ intramedullary nails sustaining a second distal femoral fracture following high-velocity trauma are infrequently reported in the literature. We report 5 such patients who sustained a second injury after 6 to 24 months, resulting in another fracture at the nail-tip level. These second fractures severely comminuted the femoral condyles. These patients required removal of the intramedullary nail, reconstruction of the comminuted femoral condyles, and stabilisation using an angled or buttress plate. Four of the 5 patients were followed up for a mean period of 36 months and were evaluated for knee status and outcome using Judet's criteria. Postoperative knee stiffness was common, and further interventions such as manipulation, hardware removal, arthrolysis, and quadricepsplasty were needed. One patient was lost to follow-up. The final results of the knees were good, with more than 100 degrees range of movement. It is important to adhere to established internal fixation protocols in the treatment of these complex nail tip fractures.     

股骨干骨折合并同侧隐性股骨颈骨折的诊治分析

目的探讨对股骨干骨折合并同侧隐性股骨颈骨折的诊治方法。方法1998年3月至2003年10月我院共收治股骨干合并同侧隐性股骨颈骨折9例。回顾性分析这9例患者的临床资料。9例患者术前CT诊断隐性股骨颈骨折3例,术中诊断5例,术后CT发现合并股骨颈骨折1例。其中5例采用股骨重建髓内针同时固定股骨干和股骨颈骨折;3例患者股骨干采用逆行髓内针固定而股骨颈采用空心钉固定;另1例在顺行完成股骨干固定后用2枚空心钉固定股骨颈。结果所有患者均获得随访,随访时间6～36个月,平均20个月。全部股骨干骨折均在术后6个月内愈合,股骨颈骨折在3个月内愈合。结论股骨干骨折合并同侧隐性股骨颈骨折早期漏诊率高,临床医生通过对患者的受伤机制分析,对高能量损伤患者应考虑隐性股骨颈骨折的可能,术前可用CT获得诊断,行股骨干骨折带锁髓内针时术中和术后密切注意股骨颈骨折是否存在,从而减少股骨颈骨折的漏诊率。采用髓内针固定可获得满意疗效。     

Closed locked intramedullary nailing. Its application to comminuted fractures of the femur

For many fractures of the femoral shaft, closed intramedullary nailing will not control rotation or telescoping of the fragments. Locked intramedullary nailing combines closed nailing with the percutaneous insertion of screws that interlock the bone and nail. This method permits static locking that controls rotation and telescoping and subsequently conversion to dynamic locking when weight-bearing is started after approximately twelve weeks. By providing greater stability, this method extends the indications for intramedullary nailing to severely comminuted, oblique, and spiral fractures as well as to fractures complicated by loss of bone and fractures in the proximal and distal ends of the femoral shaft. Of fifty-two patients with forty-nine severely comminuted fractures of the femoral shaft and three fractures that were complicated by loss of bone, forty-seven patients had uneventful consolidation of the fracture, with a mean time of 4.5 months for the severely comminuted fractures and seven months for the fractures that had a loss of bone. At follow-up, all forty-seven patients had normal motion of the hip, and forty-five had normal motion of the knee. Of the remaining five patients, four had a non-union that eventually healed (three after a second locked nailing and one after a third) and one had a septic non-union that eventually healed after removal of the nail and screws, débridement, and immobilization with an external fixator. Based on this experience, we concluded that this form of treatment has many advantages. The risk of infection and non-union is low, the incidence and severity of malunion are reduced, the hospital stay is short, and early mobilization of the patient is possible.     

Treatment of ipsilateral hip and femoral shaft fractures with reconstructive intramedullary interlocking nail

Objective: To evaluate the results of reconstructive intramedullary interlocking nail in the treatment of ipsllateral hip and femoral shaft fractures. Methods: From August 1997 to November 2001, 13 patients were treated with the reconstructive intramedullary interlocking nail. Nine patients were associated with ipsllateral femoral neck fractures, three with ipsilateral intertrochanteric fractures, and one with subtrochanteric fracture. Results: The follow-up time was from 6 to 38 months with an average of 14 months. All the femoral shaft and hip fractures healed up well. There was no nonunion of the femoral neck, and only one varns malunion. No patient had avascular necrosis of the femoral head. The average healing time for femoral neck fracture was 4.6 months and for shaft fracture 5.8 months. The joint movement and other functions were fairly resumed. Conclusions: The reconstructive intramedullary interlocking nail, with less trauma, refiable fixation, and high rate of fracture healing, is an ideal method of choice in the treatment of ipsilateral hip and femoral shaft fractures.     

扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗股骨、胫骨干骨折不愈合、延迟愈合

目的　总结使用扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗股骨、胫骨干骨骨折不愈合、延迟愈合的临床经验。方法　回顾自 1999年 4月～2 0 0 1年 6月使用扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗股骨干、胫骨干骨折不愈合、延迟愈合病人 2 1例 ,其中股骨 8例 ,胫骨 13例 ,钢板固定术后 ,股骨 3例 ,胫骨 6例。普通髓内针股骨 5例。外固定架胫骨 2例。石膏固定胫骨 3例 ,骨牵引股骨 2例。均采用有限切口切开复位顺行扩髓 ,静力锁定加植骨术。结果　随访半年以上 18例 ,骨折均愈合 ,临近关节功能达正常。无感染、断钉等并发症。结论　采用有限切口切开复位、扩髓、静力锁定治疗股骨、胫骨干骨折不愈合、延迟愈合 ,具有骨折稳定性可靠、有利于骨折愈合和早期关节活动的优点 ,是治疗股骨、胫骨干骨折不愈合、延迟愈合的有效方法之一。     

Immediate weight-bearing after treatment of a comminuted fracture of the femoral shaft with a statically locked intramedullary nail

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this two-part investigation was to test the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of immediate weight-bearing after treatment of fractures of the shaft of the femur with a statically locked intramedullary nail. METHODS: In the first part of the investigation, a biomechanical study was performed to determine the fatigue strength of eleven different statically locked intramedullary nail constructs. Segmentally comminuted midisthmal fractures were simulated with use of sections of polyvinyl chloride pipe; each construct was cyclically loaded in compression with use of physiologically relevant loads in a materials testing machine at eight hertz. The fatigue tests were conducted according to the so-called staircase method, and the construct was considered to have run out (exceeded its anticipated service life) if it had not failed after 500,000 cycles. In the second part of the study, a clinical investigation of immediate weight-bearing after treatment of comminuted fractures of the femoral shaft with a Russell-Taylor (RT-2) construct was performed. Complete follow-up data were available for twenty-eight of the thirty-five patients (thirty-six fractures) entered into the study. RESULTS: In Part I of the study, two constructs, a statically locked twelve-millimeter-diameter Russell-Taylor femoral nail with two distal locking screws (RT-2) and a statically locked twelve-millimeter-diameter Zimmer femoral nail with two distal locking screws (Z-2), had significantly higher mean fatigue strengths (2171 and 2113 newtons, respectively) than all other constructs tested (p<0.001), but the strengths of these two constructs were not significantly different from each other. Constructs with only one distal locking screw demonstrated significantly lower (p<0.05) fatigue strengths than the two-screw constructs. These results suggest that full weight-bearing during the weeks immediately after insertion of the nail may be possible, even for patients who have a comminuted fracture of the femoral shaft. In Part II of the study, twenty-six of the twenty-eight patients were bearing full weight on the fractured limb or limbs at the six-week follow-up visit. All fractures united; only one of these needed an additional procedure (the removal of the screws five months after the insertion of the nail) to stimulate union. No loss of fixation, such as back-out or breakage of a locking screw or breakage or bending of the intramedullary nail, occurred. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded from this two-part investigation that immediate weight-bearing after stabilization of a comminuted fracture of the femoral shaft with a statically locked intramedullary nail is safe when the construct has a relatively high fatigue strength. Immediate weight-bearing after stabilization of a fracture of the femoral shaft permits patients who have multiple fractures of the extremity to walk and to participate in physical therapy earlier, possibly decreasing the duration of the hospital stay or reducing the need for prolonged rehabilitation on an inpatient basis.     

Intramedullary nailing of femoral fractures in children through the lateral aspect of the greater trochanter using a modified rigid humeral intramedullary nail: preliminary results of a new technique in 15 children

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical results of intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures using a rigid intramedullary nail placed through the lateral aspect of the greater trochanter in older children and adolescents. DESIGN: A retrospective study was carried out evaluating all skeletally immature patients with femoral shaft fractures treated using a modified rigid humeral intramedullary nail. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Fifteen children and adolescents with displaced femoral diaphyseal fractures and open physes. INTERVENTION: Femoral shaft fractures in children and adolescents were stabilized using a modified humeral intramedullary nail placed through the lateral aspect of the greater trochanter. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Patients were evaluated to determine time to union, final fracture alignment, hospital stay, complications, clinical outcome, and proximal femoral changes including avascular necrosis or proximal femoral valgus with femoral neck narrowing. RESULTS: Fifteen patients were followed for a minimum of 1 year (range 70-157 weeks). The average age of the patients was 12 years and 5 months (range 8 years and 2 months-17 years and 1 month). All fractures healed at a mean of 7 weeks (range 5-14 weeks) after fracture. The average hospital stay for patients with isolated femur fractures (8/15) was 2.8 days (range 1-5 days). At an average follow-up of 141 weeks (range 70-326 weeks), no patient had developed avascular necrosis, femoral neck valgus, femoral neck narrowing, or other complications. CONCLUSIONS: The technique of intramedullary nailing in children through the lateral aspect of the greater trochanter seems to be safe, effective, and well tolerated by patients.     

交锁髓内钉治疗股骨干粉碎性骨折

目的探讨使用交锁髓内钉治疗股骨干粉碎性骨折的手术方式选择、疗效。方法对1998年1月～2002年10月使用交锁髓内钉治疗67例(76肢)股骨干粉碎性骨折的疗效进行回顾性分析。手术采用闭合、小切口或有限切开复位，用三维瞄准器锁定骨折远近端。结果平均随访14．1个月，肢体、关节功能恢复优良率92．5％(62／67)，一期骨折愈合率90．8％(69／76)。平均骨临床愈合时问6．7个月。2例软组织感染，感染率2．6％，2例髓内钉断裂。结论交锁髓内钉治疗股骨干粉碎性骨折应常规静力固定，不剥离或少剥离骨膜．不强求解剖复位，尽量闭合复位、有限扩髓，是目前治疗股骨干粉碎性或多节段骨折的有效方法。     

股骨重建钉治疗股骨干合并同侧髋部骨折适应证探讨

目的探讨股骨重建钉治疗股骨干合并同侧髋部骨折的手术适应证。方法根据入选标准和排除标准,回顾2001年1月至2011年1月收治的股骨干合并同侧髋部骨折病例15例,其中男14例,女1例;年龄21~64岁,平均35.5岁。通过比较术前、术后即刻、术后1、3、6和12个月的临床和影像学随访结果,评估骨折愈合情况和并发症,分析股骨重建钉治疗股骨干合并同侧髋部骨折的最佳适应证。结果全部病例获得随访,随访时间14~48个月,平均27.8个月。13例股骨干骨折一期获得骨性愈合,愈合时间(6.2±4.1)个月,14例股骨颈骨折一期获得骨性愈合,愈合时间(5.4±2.9)个月。合并症:1例股骨远端骨折由于狭部限制,重建钉过细,局部旋转不稳定,并发肥大性骨不连;1例股骨中段骨折延迟愈合;2例股骨干旋转畸形愈合;1例股骨颈头下型骨折不愈合。末次随访时进行Friedman-Wyman评定,优12例,良2例,差1例,优良率93.3%。结论股骨重建钉适用于绝大部分股骨干骨折合并髋部骨折,尤其是股骨颈基底部骨折合并股骨干近端或狭部骨折。但对于股骨颈头下型、难复位的股骨颈骨折合并股骨干远端骨折,股骨重建钉并非最佳的治疗方案。     

交锁髓内钉治疗陈旧性股骨干骨折

目的：提高交锁髓内钉治疗陈旧性股骨干骨折的效果。方法：对13例陈旧性股骨干骨折采用交锁髓内钉扩髓静力型固定。结果：经6个月-2年4个月随访，骨折全部愈合，关节功能显著改善。结论：交锁髓内钉是治疗陈旧性股骨干骨折的理想方法。对内固定失败选用交锁髓内钉治疗是有效的补救措施。术后可早期功能锻炼。对膝关节功能恢复优于AO钢板固定。     

逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨远端骨折

目的探讨逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨远端骨折的临床疗效。方法采用逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨远端骨折37例。结果 37例均获随访,时间6～20个月。骨折均愈合。膝关节功能评分按Duwelius et al标准评定:优25例,良10例,可1例,差1例,优良率为94.6%。结论逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨远端骨折,适应证广、膝关节功能恢复快、临床疗效好。     

两种手术方式治疗股骨干骨折带锁髓内钉固定术后骨不连

目的通过对比性研究评价两种手术方式治疗股骨干骨折带锁髓内钉固定术后骨不连的疗效。方法回顾分析2009年1月至2010年7月针对41例股骨干骨折带锁髓内钉固定术后骨不连患者采用手术治疗的临床效果,20例行髓内钉取出加滑槽植骨锁定加压钢板固定(A组),21例行断端周围植骨加锁定钢板辅助固定(B组),评估手术时间、手术出血量、植骨愈合率等情况。结果两组患者经8～13个月随访,平均11个月。两组手术时间分别为(130±25)min、(90±17)min,两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);手术出血量分别为(436±60)mL、(304±37)mL,两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组植骨融合率分别为90%、95.2%,两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论两种手术方法治疗股骨干骨折带锁髓内钉固定术后骨不连均可得到满意的疗效。骨折断端周围植骨加钢板辅助固定治疗的手术方法具有操作相对简单、手术时间短、创伤小、手术并发症少等优点。     

Use of the F-Tool for the removal of a bent intramedullary femoral nail with a sagittal plane deformity

Locked intramedullary nailing is the current standard of treatment for femoral shaft fractures and has low complication rates. Bent femoral intramedullary nails resulting from secondary trauma are rare and technically challenging. This article describes a case of a 36-year-old man who presented with a bent femoral intramedullary nail following a motorcross accident. The patient had a previous femoral shaft fracture treated with an intramedullary nail. Previous reports outlined methods to remove bent femoral nails through the fracture site and proximally; however, this article describes a novel technique combining the use of a Midas Rex MR7 high-speed burr (Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota) and the F-Tool (Synthes, West Chester, Pennsylvania) to facilitate nail extraction.The patient was placed in the lateral decubitus position. After limited exposure at the fracture site, the intramedullary nail was weakened at the apex of the deformity with a Midas Rex MR7 high-speed burr. We then used the F-Tool to straighten the nail to facilitate removal through the original proximal insertion site. The F-Tool allows forces to be concentrated at the apex of the deformity and minimizes soft tissue damage. Additional advantages of our technique include limited exposure and the ability to remove the nail in 1 piece.     

Elastic intramedullary nail for treatment of extremity fractures in children

Objective： To assess the clinical therapeutic effects of elastic intramedullary nail on extremity fractures in children.
Methods： From June 2005 to March 2008, 40 children with extremity fractures were treated by elastic intramedullary nail, in whom femoral shaft fractures occurred in 26 cases, tibiofibular fractures in 8 cases, radial capitular fractures in 4 cases, ulnoradial fractures in 2 cases. All patients were treated by closed reduction and elastic intramedullary nail fixation. Results： All the fractures gained satisfactory reduction and healing. The average duration needed for fracturehealing was 1-2 months. Postoperative follow-up confirmed a sound functional recovery.
Conclusions： The elastic intramedullary nail is a minimally invasive and effective surgical approach for treatment of extremity fractures in children. It allows early functional exercises after operation and secures a satisfactory bone union and functional recovery.     

Retrograde intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures. A prospective study

Purpose of the study. Antegrade intramedullary nailing is seen as a most effective method in the management of femoral fractures. However, complications may arise due to the surgical approach.Can these disadvantages be avoided by using a retrograde approach? Material and methods. In a prospective study 70 femoral fractures in 62 patients were stabilised using a long intramedullary nail by a retrograde approach. Results. We were able to re-examine 50 patients (57 fractures) 13,3 (3–36) months after the operation.Apart from one non-union by infection, all fractures healed in time. Flexion of the knee joint was within a normal ROM in 81% of shaft fractures 12 months or more after the operation, as was the case in 44% of distal fractures. A inhibition of extension was not found in any patient.Two patients had a femoral shortening of up to one centimeter.We observed no rotational malalignement of more than 5°.The clinical results were excellent in 89% of shaft fractures, and in 50% of supra-/diacondylar fractures. In 18 cases a nail removal was already performed, thereby allowing an arthroscopical follow-up inspection of the knee joint.No knee pathology due to nailing was found in either case. Conclusion. Our results show the advantages of retrograde intramedullary nailing in comparison to the antegrade method.     

股骨干合并同侧股骨颈或股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨股骨干合并同侧股骨颈或股骨转子间骨折的临床特点和漏诊原因.方法 8例股骨干骨折分别采用普通髓内钉、钢板、带锁髓内钉固定.其中合并股骨颈、股骨转子间骨折的6例选用DHS、带锁髓内钉、空心螺钉固定;术前漏诊2例采用非手术治疗.结果 8例全部获随访,随访时间5个月～2年.股骨干及股骨颈、股骨转子间骨折均获骨性愈合,伤肢功能恢复满意.结论对高能量损伤造成股骨干骨折应常规摄骨盆前后位X线片及膝部X线片.一旦发现合并股骨颈或股骨转子间骨折,应争取早期手术内固定,效果满意.