Robot-Assisted Spleen-Preserving Laparoscopic Distal Pancreatectomy

Background  

Spleen-preserving laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy would be an ideal approach for benign and borderline malignant tumors in the distal pancreas.1 However, this procedure requires advanced surgical experience and technique because of the disadvantages of conventional laparoscopic surgery.2     

Laparoscopic Spleen-Preserving Distal Pancreatectomy in a Solitary True Pancreatic Cyst

Background:

Solitary true pancreatic cysts (STPCs), or epithelial cysts, are benign lesions that are extremely rare in adult patients. Advances in radiographic techniques have improved the ability to identify pancreatic cystic lesions. We report a case of a large and symptomatic STPC in a 47-year-old female patient who was treated successfully with spleen-preserving laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy. We also review the clinical and pathologic features of all reported STPCs within the past 25 years.

Database:

To compose the review, we did a search of the international literature for STPCs that had occurred in adults. Fourteen related articles were found describing cases of STPCs. Clinical and pathologic information was collected for all of the reported pancreatic cysts, and a database was formed. STPCs are detected more frequently in women than in men. The mean age of occurrence is 43.2 years, and the mean cyst size is 5.6 cm. Fifty percent of true cysts are located in the head of the pancreas. Size and site are responsible for the symptoms caused, although 22.8% were asymptomatic. Diagnosis was made postoperatively in all cases by histopathologic studies. No case of malignancy was reported in any STPC.

Conclusions:

STPCs are rare and benign lesions commonly discovered incidentally during abdominal imaging. Surgical treatment is considered the appropriate therapy for large and symptomatic STPCs. The definitive diagnosis is established by histopathologic and immunohistochemical studies.     

Spleen-Preserving Distal Pancreatectomy Combined with Distal Gastrectomy for Distal Pancreatic Lesion and Gastric Cancer: Report of a Case

Spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy with conservation of the splenic artery and vein was recently devised as a feasible operation. We report the case of a patient who underwent spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy with conservation of the splenic artery and vein, combined with distal gastrectomy, for gastric cancer and a distal pancreatic lesion. Thus, unnecessary total gastrectomy was avoided. The operative blood loss and operative time were 630 ml and 465 min, respectively. The patient's postoperative course was complicated by a minor pancreatic fistula, which required daily irrigation and drainage, but she recovered and was discharged from hospital. This case report demonstrates that spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy with conservation of the splenic artery and vein combined with distal gastrectomy can be performable synchronously and is a feasible alternative to avoid unnecessary total gastrectomy.     

Laparoscopic Spleen-Preserving Distal Pancreatectomy as Treatment for Nesidioblastosis after Gastric Bypass Surgery

Nesidioblastosis is characterized by hyperfunction of pancreatic islets caused by hypertrophic beta cells. Postprandial symptoms of hypoglycemia are the clinical presentation of the disease. A female patient with diabetes mellitus who underwent a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass began to present postprandial symptoms of hypoglycemia. There was no radiologic (MRI) evidence of insulinoma. Selective arterial calcium-stimulation test identified hyperfunction only in the splenic artery. Laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy was performed.The patient has been entirely free of any postprandial symptoms for 10 months after the partial pancreatectomy.     

保留脾脏的胰体尾切除术的选择与方法

目的研究保留脾脏的胰体尾切除术(SpDP)的可行性、安全性,探讨其选择及具体方法。方法对上海交通大学附属新华医院2004年1月至2007年12月期间施行的7例SpDP患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 6例成功施行保留脾血管的SpDP,1例成功施行部分脾血管切除的SpDP,手术时间(2.93±0.38)h,术中失血量为(392.86±109.65)ml。术后发生胰瘘1例,经保守治疗后好转出院。全组患者术后血小板计数最高值为(273±43.76)×109/L,术后住院时间为(17.86±8.07)d,住院期间无死亡病例。6例肿瘤患者术后随访(49.2±14.4)个月(30～70个月),未见肿瘤复发、转移征象。结论 SpDP是一种安全、可行的术式,对于胰体尾良性占位等合适的病例有一定的临床应用价值。     

Laparoscopy-Assisted Spleen-Preserving Distal Pancreatectomy for Living-Donor Pancreas Transplantation

Background

Living pancreas transplantation plays an important role in the treatment of patients with severe type 1 diabetes. However, pancreatectomy is very invasive for the donor, and less-invasive surgical procedures are needed. Although some reports have described hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery for distal pancreatectomy in living-donor operations, less-invasive laparoscopy-assisted (LA) procedures are expected to increase the donor pool. We herein report the outcomes of four cases of LA spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy (Warshaw technique [WT]) in living pancreas donors.

Robotic Spleen-Preserving Distal Pancreatectomy. A Case Report

Distal pancreatectomy (DP) is the removal of the pancreatic tissue at the left side of the superior mesenteric vein and it is traditionally approached by an open or laparoscopic exposure. Preservation of the spleen is optional but appears to have a better immunological outcome. We present the case of a 53-year old patient with a 2.4/2.2 tumor located in the tail of the pancreas, with high tumour marker values for whom we decided to perform a robotic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy (RSPDP). The postoperative outcome was satisfactory. In conclusion, we recommend this type of approach for small pancreatic tail lesions.     

Laparoscopic Spleen-Preserving Distal Pancreatectomy: Comparative Study of Spleen Preservation with Splenic Vessel Resection and Splenic Vessel Preservation

Background

Spleen-preserving laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (SPLDP) can be performed with splenic vessel resection (SVR) or splenic vessel preservation (SVP). The purpose of this comparative study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of patients who underwent SPLDP with SVR or SVP at a single institution.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the records of 246 patients who underwent SPLDP at Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea, for benign or low-grade malignant tumors found in the body or tail of the pancreas between November 2005 and November 2011.

Results

In total, 206 patients (83.7 %) were managed by SVP. SVR was performed in the remaining 40 (16.3 %) cases. There were no significant differences between the SVP and SVR groups in terms of intraoperative blood loss (378 ± 240 vs. 328 ± 204 ml, respectively; P = 0.240) and operating time (193.4 ± 59.1 vs. 204.4 ± 51.8 min, respectively; P = 0.492). Sixty-seven (32.5 %) and 10 patients (25 %) had complications in the SVP and SVR groups, respectively (P = 0.347). At 3 days after surgery, the rates of splenic infarction were 16.0 % (33/206) in the SVP group and 52.5 % (21/40) in the SVR group, but all recovered within 12 months on postoperative computed tomography. The time of recovery from splenic infarction was 3.6 ± 3.1 and 4.7 ± 3.7 months in the SVP and SVR groups, respectively. At 6 months, the rates of gastric varices were 1.9 % in the SVP group and 35 % in the SVR group (P < 0.001) with no progression at 12 months. No gastrointestinal bleeding occurred at a median follow-up of 34 months (range = 12–84).

Conclusions

SPLDP with SVR can be used for patients with large and benign or low-grade malignant tumors that distort and compress vessel course, as the higher rate of early splenic ischemia and perigastric varices is acceptable.     

Preservation or Ligation of Splenic Vessels During Spleen-Preserving Distal Pancreatectomy: A Meta-Analysis

ABSTRACT

Purpose/aim: Spleen preservation distal pancreatectomy (SPDP) can be achieved by either splenic vessel preservation distal pancreatectomy (SVP-DP) or Warshaw technique (WT). Although studies comparing SVP-DP with WT have been reported, controversies exist. The aim of our study is to assess and compare the safety and feasibility of SVP-DP and WT. Materials and methods: Two authors searched the online database independently till April 30, 2017. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two authors. Short- and long-term outcomes of WT and SVP-DP were evaluated. Subgroup analysis was performed on laparoscopic surgery. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and mean difference (MD) with 95% CI were estimated. Results: A total of 664 patients from 11 retrospective cohort studies were included. Meta-analysis showed the WT group had a significantly higher incidence of splenic infarction (OR = 0.12; 95% CI: 0.07–0.20; p < 0.00001) and gastric/epigastric varices (OR = 0.11; 95% CI: 0.05–0.24; p < 0.00001). And more patients suffering from splenic infarction from WT group needed further splenectomy (OR = 0.13; 95% CI: 0.02–0.84; p = 0.03). While there was no difference between the two procedures in terms of pancreatic fistula (OR = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.25–1.19; p = 0.13), overall morbidity (OR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.59–1.30; p = 0.50) and hospital stay (MD = ?0.45; 95% CI: ?1.73-0.82; p = 0.49). Conclusions: Due to relatively higher risk of postoperative splenic infarction, gastric/epigastric varices and Clavien–Dindo III–V complications, WT is not as safe as SVP-DP. However, well-conducted randomized clinical trials are still needed due to the limitations of current studies.     

经脐单一部位腹腔镜胰体尾切除术的初步体会

目的探讨经脐单一部位腹腔镜胰体尾切除术的可行性。方法 2009年6月～2011年10月对8例胰体尾部良性病变施行经脐单一部位腹腔镜胰体尾切除手术,其中保留脾脏3例,联合脾切除5例。超声刀游离周围韧带及远端胰腺,切割闭合器将胰体尾及脾血管切断,标本经脐取出。结果 7例经脐单一部位腹腔镜胰体尾切除术成功,1例因胰尾囊肿与周围粘连严重中转为多孔手术。手术时间130～240 min,(155±38)min;出血量50～250 ml,(101.3±71.6)ml;住院时间6～9 d,(7.4±1.1)d。所有患者均无术后出血、静脉血栓、发热感染等并发症。1例持续性胰漏,开腹手术修补。术后脐部切口愈合良好,美容效果明显。8例术后随访3～28个月,(14.3±8.6)月,均恢复正常工作及生活,预后良好。结论对于有经验的腹腔镜外科医生,经脐单一部位腹腔镜胰体尾切除术是可行的,并具有极佳的美容效果。     

Modified Laparoscopic Splenic Vessel-Preserving Distal Pancreatectomy: Matador Assistance and Peel-Away Technique

Background

Laparoscopic splenic vessel-preserving distal pancreatectomy (lap-SVPDP) is a popular procedure in pancreatic surgery. However, postoperative complications include false aneurysms of the splenic artery, splenic vein stenosis and thrombosis, pancreatic fistulas, abscess, and perigastric varices.

Methods

Eight patients (three men, five women, average age 66.1 years) with benign tumors underwent lap-SVPDP. Lap-SVPDP was performed in the lithotomy position with the head slightly elevated. The splenic vein was peeled longitudinally toward the pancreatic tail. A vessel-sealing system was used to detach the pancreatic body from the greater omentum, and the pancreas was transected using a surgical stapler.

Results

Mean operation time was 254 min; mean blood loss was 163 ml; and mean post-surgical hospitalization time was 13 days. No postoperative bleeding from the preserved splenic vessels occurred, and there were no splenic infarcts or splenic abscesses.

Conclusions

For safe performance of lap-SVPDP, the posterior surface of the pancreas should be completely exposed. The splenic vein should be ‘peeled away’, starting from its central rear, enabling easy detection of its course to avoid inadvertent sealing. With improved operational techniques, lap-SVPDP can be adopted as a standard procedure in pancreatic surgery.     

Efficacy of the Electrothermal Bipolar Vessel Sealer in Laparoscopic Spleen-Preserving Distal Pancreatectomy with Conservation of the Splenic Artery and Vein

Introduction  Laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy (LSPDP) with conservation of the splenic artery and vein has recently been performed as a minimally invasive surgery to retain splenic function in the treatment of pancreatic diseases. As the branches of the splenic vessels are very delicate, division of these branches increases the risk of bleeding. Materials and Methods  To overcome this problem, we have used the electrothermal bipolar vessel sealer (EBVS) to divide branches of the splenic vessels in LSPDP while conserving the splenic vessels themselves. Results  The EBVS reliably provided excellent and safe hemostasis, minimizing the risk of serious blood loss. Conclusion  Use of the EBVS is safe and efficient in LSPDP with conservation of the splenic vessels.     

腹腔镜胰腺远端切除术26例

目的探讨腹腔镜胰腺远端切除术的安全性、可行性。方法2005年9月～2008年6月,对26例胰腺体尾部肿物行腹腔镜胰腺远端切除术。术前25例诊断为胰腺体尾部良性肿物,1例不除外恶性,肿物中位直径5cm（1.2～10cm）。结果所有手术均在全腹腔镜下完成。15例行保留脾脏的胰体尾切除（10例保留脾动静脉,5例未保留脾动静脉）,10例行胰体尾加脾切除,1例既往行胰体尾及脾切除者行胰体部切除。手术中位时间268.5min（129～400min）,中位出血量100ml（50～800ml）,术后中位住院时间9d（6～21d）。无胰漏或脾梗死发生,2例包裹性积液,均保守治疗治愈,1例引流管口感染。26例中位随访时间15.5月（1～35个月）,均无复发。结论胰腺体尾部良性肿物行腹腔镜胰腺远端切除术安全、可行。     

Kimura法保留脾脏的腹腔镜胰体尾切除术

目的探讨Kimura法保留脾脏的腹腔镜胰体尾切除术的安全性和可行性。方法回顾性分析2016年8月~2019年3月Kimura法保留脾脏的腹腔镜胰体尾切除术11例资料。均为胰体尾部单发病灶,直径2.0~5.0 cm,平均3.5 cm。结果11例手术均顺利完成,无中转开腹。手术时间125~185 min,平均155 min;出血量35~100 ml,平均65 ml,术中均未输注血制品;围手术期无死亡,无腹腔出血、B级或C级胰漏、脾梗死等严重并发症发生。术后住院6~12 d,平均7.8 d。11例随访1~32个月,中位数16个月,均未见肿瘤复发、转移及脾梗死。结论Kimura法保留脾脏的腹腔镜胰体尾切除术安全、可行。     

腹腔镜下保留脾脏的胰体尾切除术23例

目的探讨完全腹腔镜下保留脾脏的胰体尾切除术在治疗胰腺体尾部占位的安全性、可行性及操作技巧。方法2008年6月至2013年4月,我院对23例胰体尾良性肿瘤病人施行腹腔镜下保留脾脏的胰体尾切除术,男性7例,女性16例,平均年龄42.4岁。按Kimura法完成13例,按Warshaw法完成10例。结果全部23例无一例中转开腹。平均手术时间253 min;平均出血量245 ml;术后平均住院日7.3天;平均随访期46.3月。无一例复发。结论对胰体尾部的良性肿瘤行腹腔镜下保留脾脏的胰体尾切除术是安全可行的。     

Risk of Varices Bleeding after Spleen-Preserving Distal Pancreatectomy with Excision of Splenic Artery and Vein

Background  

Spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy with excision of splenic vessels (SPDP-ESV) has been widely adopted because of its simplicity. However, this simplified technique may lead to gastric varices and bleeding.     

腹腔镜辅助全胃、胰体尾、脾脏联合脏器切除术

全麻后取倒Y体位,5孔法。进腹后探查未见广泛转移。医用胶在左肝表面喷涂,将肝脏粘在腹壁上(悬吊肝脏)。提起胃结肠韧带,超声刀分离。清扫幽门下区淋巴结。处理胃网膜右血管。分离胰腺上缘,显露肝总动脉及胃十二指肠动脉,处理胃左血管,清扫胰腺上缘及腹腔动脉淋巴结。切除小网膜直至贲门右侧,清扫区域淋巴结。分离胃大弯及脾门区淋巴结,处理胃短血管,游离食管胃连接部。分离胃胰皱襞,发现胰腺体尾部结节较硬考虑转移。决定行全胃、胰体尾、脾脏切除术。游离胰床,离断脾周韧带,超声刀削薄胰腺,直线型切割器离断,微乔间断加固。用直线型切割器离断十二指肠。上腹正中切口5cm,辅助行消化道Roux-Y重建。     

Role of Laparoscopic Distal Pancreatectomy for Solid Pseudopapillary Tumor

Background:

Since the first case report regarding laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (DP) for solid pseudopapillary tumor (SPT), few additional articles have been published. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and long-term outcome of the laparoscopic DP based on a series of adult SPT patients.

Methods:

In a single-center study, we screened all adult patients undergoing a laparoscopic DP for SPT. Preoperative, operative, and postoperative data were retrospectively analysed and compared to the results of open DP for SPT published in the medical literature.

Results:

From April 2000 to June 2010, 5 adult female patients (median age 34 y) underwent a laparoscopic DP for an SPT. No conversion to open surgery was required. The median size of the tumor was 45 mm. The postoperative mortality rate was 0%, and serious complications (Dindo IV) occured in 2 patients. The postoperative quality of life was not significantly altered by the laparoscopic procedure. At a median follow-up of 60 mo, all patients were alive and without evidence of local recurrence, distant metastasis, diabetes, or exocrine insufficiency.

Conclusion:

Laparoscopy may offer an alternative to open surgery in the treatment of SPT of the distal pancreas in adult female patients. The laparoscopic procedure impacts neither the oncologic outcome nor the quality of life. However, due to the risk of postoperative complications, this procedure should be reserved for specialized centers.