Resting energy expenditure among Japanese

1. Resting energy expenditure (REE) provides appropriate basic data for the calculation of energy requirements. 2. The REE of 6498 subjects according to sex and age (1 year stratification), with a minimum of 10 subjects per group, was measured systematically using the easy portable calorimeter (Metavine; Vine, Tokyo, Japan). 3. The REE or the REE/kg according to age and sex was observed to obtain the amount of standard deviation (20-25%). 4. The REE/kg for male and female subjects was maintained at a steady level after the age of 15 years and was estimated to be around 29 kcal/kg.     

Management trends. Resting energy expenditure in the HAART era

HIV infection in the HAART era is often accompanied by nutritional complications, including rapid weight loss and weight gain. Changes in weight are directly related to shifts in energy balance. Understanding the interplay between dietary intake and energy utilization is important for investigating the factors contributing to a person's weight shifts. Total energy use includes resting metabolic rate, or resting energy expenditure (REE), and voluntary activity, both of which are commonly abnormal in persons with HIV infection. There is now evidence that both the level of viral load and the use of HAART affect REE. The role of energy expenditure in lipodystrophy is unknown but is an area of research interest. The current understanding of energy balance in persons with HIV infection is explained here for the health care provider.     

Resting energy expenditure is not influenced by classical music

Obesity shows an increasing prevalence worldwide and a decrease in energy expenditure has been suggested to be one of the risk factors for developing obesity. An increase in resting energy expenditure would have a great impact on total energy expenditure. This study shows that classical music do not influence resting energy expenditure compared to complete silence. Further studies should be performed including other genres of music and other types of stress-inductors than music.     

围绝经期妇女体成分及静息能量代谢变化

背景：女性绝经后雌激素水平下降、年龄增长、活动水平下降都可能引起静息能量消耗的降低,进而引起绝经后女性体成分变化,导致疾病,如肥胖、骨折。 目的：观察绝经前、围绝经期、绝经后妇女体成分及静息代谢率的变化。 方法：收集门诊就诊的2 312例妇女,其中绝经前1 310例、围绝经期790例、绝经后212例,测定体成分和静息能量消耗。 结果与结论：①围绝经期和绝经后女性的全身脂肪百分比显著高于绝经前女性。②3组间的静息代谢率无显著差异,经体质量校正后围绝经期女性的每千克体质量静息代谢率显著低于绝经前女性。③绝经后女性的骨密度、股骨颈抗骨折能力、下肢最大肌力、下肢肌肉分布系数显著低于围绝经期女性和绝经前女性(P < 0.05)。④体质量、下肢肌肉分布系数与每千克体质量静息代谢率呈正相关,身高、体质量指数、全身脂肪含量与每千克体质量静息代谢率呈负相关。以上结果表明,绝经后女性体成分发生变化,身体脂肪含量增加,肌肉含量减少,骨量减少;骨骼、肌肉、关节功能处于退行性变;体成分改变与静息能量消耗之间存在一定的相互关系。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

Diet, energy expenditure, and body composition of lactating Ribeirinha women in the Brazilian Amazon.

Lactation is the most energetically demanding part of human reproduction; yet, compared with pregnancy, we know little about the strategies women in different settings employ to cope with these increased energy demands. This paper takes a biocultural approach and reports longitudinal data on the anthropometry, dietary intakes and energy expenditure of a sample of 23 rural, lactating Ribeirinha women living in subsistence-based communities in the eastern Amazon. The dietary intakes of these lactating women were insufficient to meet their lactating energy needs and were least sufficient during resguardo, a 40-day period in the immediate postpartum when the women observed a series of food taboos and work restrictions. Instead, the women in this study met the increased energy demands of lactation by drawing on their energy reserves and reducing their energy expenditure in physical activity. The women showed a significant reduction in weight (P<0.001), BMI (P<0.001) and in circumferences (hip, P=0.01; waist, P=0.03) and skinfolds (thigh, P=0.03) in the gluteal femoral region. Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) was lowest during resguardo and increased as lactation progressed (P=0.01). While the practice of resguardo reduced maternal energy expenditure and allowed women more time to spend with their newborn infants, it came at a cost (low dietary intake), which appears to be related to the loss of the adult woman from subsistence activities. By taking a biocultural approach this study illustrates the role the social environment plays in shaping the experience of lactating women.     

Changes in regional body composition explain increases in energy expenditure in elite junior basketball players over the season

We aimed to analyze the association between changes in total and regional fat (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) over a season with resting (REE) and total energy expenditure (TEE) in elite basketball players. At the beginning of the pre-season and at the final of the competitive period, measures of total and regional FM, FFM, lean soft tissue (LST), and bone mineral estimated by DXA and REE by indirect calorimetry were obtained in eight males and nine females of the Portuguese basketball team (16-17 years). TEE was assessed by doubly labeled water. Handgrip and a vertical-jumping were used to assess strength and power. Changes were expressed as a percentage from the baseline values. Resting energy expenditure and TEE increased by 13.2 ± 12.6 and 13.3 ± 12.7% (p < 0.01), respectively. Increases in FFM (3.6 ± 2.2%) and reductions in relative FM (-4.0 ± 6.6%) were observed (p < 0.01). The strength and power increased by 14.4 ± 9.9 and 9.8 ± 10.6%, respectively (p < 0.001). Alone, FFM and arms LST differences explained 25 and 23% of the total variance in REE alteration. These variables remained associated after adjusting for gender and baseline values (β = 0.536, p = 0.042; and β = 2.023, p = 0.016, respectively). Over the season, the REE increase was explained by changes in FFM. The increase in REE along with the strength and power improvement may suggest that a qualitative change in the metabolic active tissues occurred. Furthermore, these findings highlight the regional LST contribution, specifically located at the upper limbs, as a key component for the higher REE occurred over the season in junior basketball players.     

Correcting physical activity energy expenditure for body size in children

Being able to compare the energy cost of physical activity across and between populations is important. However, energy expenditure is related to body size, so it is necessary to appropriately adjust for differences in body size when comparisons are made. This study examined the relationship between the daily energy cost of activity and body weight in 47 children aged 6-10 years. Log-log regression showed weight1.0 to be an inappropriate adjustment for activity energy expenditure in children, with a more valid adjustment being weight0.3. Clearly, both weight dependent and non-weight dependent activities are part of everyday living in children. This balance influences how energy expenditure is correctly adjusted for body size. Investigators interpreting data of energy expenditure in children from children of different body sizes need to take this into consideration.     

Correcting physical activity energy expenditure for body size in children

Being able to compare the energy cost of physical activity across and between populations is important. However, energy expenditure is related to body size, so it is necessary to appropriately adjust for differences in body size when comparisons are made. This study examined the relationship between the daily energy cost of activity and body weight in 47 children aged 6–10 years. Log–log regression showed weight^1.0 to be an inappropriate adjustment for activity energy expenditure in children, with a more valid adjustment being weight^0.3. Clearly, both weight dependent and non-weight dependent activities are part of everyday living in children. This balance influences how energy expenditure is correctly adjusted for body size. Investigators interpreting data of energy expenditure in children from children of different body sizes need to take this into consideration.     

The effects of amphetamine on body weight and energy expenditure.

Although there is evidence suggesting that, in addition to suppressing food consumption, amphetamine reduces body weight by increasing energy expenditure, there is little consistency among the few studies examining that factor. In this experiment, the effect of amphetamine on daily energy consumption, within-day body weights, and hourly measures of metabolic rate (MR) and respiration quotient (RQ) were assessed. Daytime drug injections decreased total energy consumption, produced biphasic changes over time in MR, and persistently lowered RQ values. In contrast, nighttime injections of drug had little effect on energy consumption and MR but did reduce RQ for the first 4 postinjection hours. These effects show that amphetamine effects interact with the circadian organization of behavior and suggest that rodent studies of anorectic agents have more relevance for humans if drugs are given during the night, when rats are normally awake and eating. From this study, it seems clear that amphetamine reduces body weight by altering metabolic rate and fat metabolism in rats when the drug is given during the day.     

Multicompartment model of body composition assessment in Chinese-American adults

Using hydrodensitometry, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and deuterium dilution techniques, multiple compartment body composition assessment was performed on 29 adult Chinese-American men (n = 11) and women (n = 18). The purpose of the investigation was to determine if significant differences exist in the estimation of percentage of body fat (%BF) and fat-free mass (FFM), based on 2-, 3-, and 4-compartment models of body composition. Height, weight, and the body mass index (BMI) for the men were 170 cm, 63 kg, and 22 kg/m²; for the women, values were 161 cm, 59 kg, and 23 kg/m², respectively. Estimated values for %BF from density alone and density adjusted for TBW were not significantly different for either the men or women (20.5% vs. 18.8%) and (28.2% vs. 27.4%). However, %BF estimated from the 4-compartment model of density, TBW and BMC resulted in significantly lower values for both groups, 17.5% for men and 26.8% for women. The lack of a significant difference in %BF between density only and density adjusted for TBW indicates that TBW was within the accepted constancy value associated with hydrodensitometry. When density was adjusted for variation in both TBW and BMC, a significant decline occurred in the estimate of %BF for men, but not for women. The average TBW to FFM ratio was 0.75., 0.74, and 0.73 when using FFM values from 2-, 3-, and 4-compartment models, respectively. The average BMC to FFM ratio from two-, three-, and four-compartment estimates of FFM were 0.054, 0.053, and 0.052 for the men and 0.060, 0.059, and 0.059 for the women. The results suggest that Chinese-American men and women have similar TBW/FFM ratios, but the BMC/FFM ratio is higher in women than men. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 9:21–27 © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

1 This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.

     

Body size and human energy requirements: Reduced mass‐specific total energy expenditure in tall adults

Mammalian resting energy expenditure (REE) increases as ～weight^0.75 while mass‐specific REE scales as ～weight^?0.25. Energy needs for replacing resting losses are thus less relative to weight (W) in large compared with small mammals, a classic observation with biological implications. Human weight scales as ～height² and tall adults thus have a greater weight than their short counterparts. However, it remains unknown if mass‐specific energy requirements are less in tall adults; allometric models linking total energy expenditure (TEE) and weight with height (H) are lacking. We tested the hypothesis that mass‐specific energy requirements scale inversely to height in adults by evaluating TEE (doubly labeled water) data collected by the National Academy of Sciences. Activity energy expenditure (AEE) was calculated from TEE, REE (indirect calorimetry), and estimated diet‐induced energy expenditure. Main analyses focused on nonmorbidly obese subjects ≤50 yrs of age with non‐negative AEE values (n = 404), although results were directionally similar for all samples. Allometric models, including age as a covariate, revealed significantly (P < 0.05) greater REE, AEE, and TEE as a function of height (range H^1.5–1.7) in both men and women. TEE/W scaled negatively to height (～H^?0.7, P < 0.01) with predicted mass‐specific TEE (kcal/kg/d) at ±2 SD for US height lower in tall compared with short men (40.3 vs. 46.5) and women (37.7 vs. 42.7). REE/W also scaled negatively to height in men (P < 0.001) and women (P < 0.01). Results were generally robust across several different analytic strategies. These observations reveal previously unforeseen associations between human stature and energy requirements that have implications for modeling efforts and provide new links to mammalian biology as a whole. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Cyclic progestin administration increases energy expenditure and decreases body fat mass in perimenopausal women

OBJECTIVE: The menopause transition is characterized by luteal phase defect anovulatory cycles, and changes in body weight and body composition. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is increased in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. We evaluated whether progestin administration increases RMR and influences body composition of perimenopausal women. DESIGN: Thirty-six perimenopausal women were randomly allocated to receive either calcium (1 g/day) continuously plus the progestin nomegestrol acetate (NOMAc; 5 mg/day for 10 days x month for 12 months) or calcium alone. Body composition, RMR, energy intake, and climacteric and psychological symptoms were evaluated at baseline and after 12 months. In the NOMAc group, body composition and RMR analyses were performed twice during the first month of treatment. One evaluation was performed after almost 8 days of NOMAc adjunct, and an another before or almost 15 days after NOMAc administration. RESULTS: Resting metabolic rate was increased by NOMAc administration of 54.5 +/- 73.8 kcal/24 h (P < 0.01). In women treated with NOMAc, fat mass decreased by 1.2 +/- 0.6 kg (P < 0.001). In comparison with controls, body weight (P < 0.05) and body mass index (P < 0.05) were also reduced after 12 months of therapy with NOMAc. CONCLUSIONS: In perimenopausal women the use of NOMAc increases RMR. During the menopause transition, cyclic NOMAc administration may contribute to reduce negative modification of body composition.