Allergy and the risk of selected digestive and laryngeal neoplasms.

The relation between allergy and cancer has been investigated within an integrated series of case-control studies of digestive tract and laryngeal neoplasms conducted in Italy since the early 1990s. These included 598 patients with incident, histologically confirmed cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx, 304 of the oesophagus, 1225 of the colon, 728 of the rectum, 460 of the larynx and 4999 controls, selected among patients admitted to the same network of hospitals as cases for acute, non-neoplastic diseases. Inverse associations with history of allergy were found for all cancer sites examined (odds ratio=0.44 for oral cavity and pharynx, 0.80 for oesophagus, 0.76 for colon, 0.54 for rectum and 0.33 for larynx). The associations were consistent in strata of age and sex, and when subjects with a first diagnosis of allergy 5 or more years before cancer diagnosis or hospital admission were considered. The present study therefore provides further evidence for a possible protective effect of prior history of allergy on cancer risk.     

Red meat intake and cancer risk: a study in Italy

Meat intake has been positively associated with risk of digestive tract cancers in several epidemiological studies, while data on the relation of meat intake with cancer risk at most other sites are inconsistent. The overall data set, derived from an integrated series of case-control studies conducted in northern Italy between 1983 and 1996, included the following incident, histologically confirmed neoplasms: oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus (n = 497), stomach (n = 745), colon (n = 828), rectum (n = 498), liver (n = 428), gallbladder (n = 60), pancreas (n = 362), larynx (n = 242), breast (n = 3,412), endometrium (n = 750), ovary (n = 971), prostate (n = 127), bladder (n = 431), kidney (n = 190), thyroid (n = 208), Hodgkin's disease (n = 80), non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (n = 200) and multiple myelomas (n = 120). Controls were 7,990 patients admitted to hospital for acute, non-neoplastic conditions unrelated to long-term modifications in diet. The multivariate odds ratios (ORs) for the highest tertile of red meat intake (>/=7 times/week) compared with the lowest (相似文献   

Education and cancer risk.

BACKGROUND. Socioeconomic factors have been associated, to a variable degree, with the risk of serious cancers. METHODS. The relationship between education and cancer risk was analyzed using data from a series of case-control studies conducted in northern Italy between 1983 and 1990, including 119 histologically confirmed cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, 294 of the esophagus, 564 of the stomach, 673 of the colon, 406 of the rectum, 258 of the liver, 41 of the gallbladder, 303 of the pancreas, 149 of the larynx, 2860 of the breast, 692 of the cervix, 567 of the corpus uteri, 742 of the ovary, 107 of the prostate, 365 of the bladder, 147 of the kidney, and 120 of the thyroid, 72 Hodgkin diseases, 173 non-Hodgkin lymphomas, 117 myelomas, and a total of 6147 control subjects admitted to the same network of hospitals for acute, non-neoplastic conditions. RESULTS. Nine types of cancer were inversely related to education. Those were oral cavity and pharynx, with a relative risk (RR) of 0.3 for the highest versus the lowest level; esophagus, RR = 0.6; stomach, RR = 0.5; liver, RR = 0.7; gallbladder, RR = 0.5; larynx, RR = 0.3; cervix, RR = 0.7; endometrium, RR = 0.5; and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, RR = 0.6. Five cancer sites were directly related to education: colon, RR = 1.3; pancreas, RR = 1.3; breast, RR = 1.5; kidney, RR = 1.3; and thyroid, RR = 1.5. No consistent gradient in risk with education was observed for the six other neoplasms considered, including rectum, prostate, bladder, Hodgkin disease, and multiple myeloma. The patterns of risk for education were consistent in men and women for most cancer sites except colon, for which the direct relationship was stronger in males. CONCLUSIONS. This study confirms the existence of and quantifies a number of strong socioeconomic correlates of cancer risk and indicates a few points open to additional investigation, such as the different pattern of risk for rectal and colon cancer, the strong negative gradient for endometrial cancer, and the absence of any clear association with education for cancers of the ovary, prostate, urinary tract, lymphomas, and myeloma.     

上海市区吸烟对几种主要恶性肿瘤的人群归因危险度分析

上海市肿瘤研究所于１９８４～１９９０年期间先后进行了基于全人群的肺癌、卵巢癌、肾癌、膀胱癌、喉癌、口腔癌、胃癌及结肠癌的病例对照研究，研究发现吸烟对这些肿瘤有不同程度的危险作用。本文在这些研究的基础上，分别进行吸烟对这些恶性肿瘤的人群归因危险度（ＰＡＲＰ）分析。结果表明，吸烟是上海市区男性肺癌、膀胱癌及喉癌的主要原因，ＰＡＲＰ分别为７５％、７１％和７８％；吸烟也是男性胃癌和肾癌的重要原因，ＰＡＲＰ分别为２５％和２９％。吸烟对女性恶性肿瘤的危害主要表现在肺癌，ＰＡＲＰ为２８％；女性结肠癌、口腔癌和卵巢癌的ＰＡＲＰ分别为４％、９％和６％。研究结果表明，控制人群中的吸烟率，对降低上海市区恶性肿瘤，尤其是男性恶性肿瘤的发病率有重大意义。     

A case-control study of diabetes mellitus and cancer risk.

The relationship between diabetes mellitus and cancer risk was investigated using data from an integrated series of case-control studies conducted in Northern Italy between 1983 and 1992. Cases were 9,991 patients with incident, histologically confirmed neoplasms below age 75, including 181 cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, 316 of the oesophagus, 723 of the stomach, 828 of the colon, 498 of the rectum, 320 of the liver, 58 of the gall bladder, 362 of the pancreas, 242 of the larynx, 3,415 of the breast, 726 of the endometrium, 971 of the ovary, 125 of the prostate, 431 of the bladder, 187 of the kidney, 208 of the thyroid, 80 Hodgkin''s lymphomas, 200 non-Hodgkin''s lymphomas and 120 multiple myelomas. Controls were 7,834 subjects in hospital for acute, non-neoplastic, non-metabolic, non-hormone-related disorders. A history of diabetes was reported by 5.1% of male and 5.4% of female controls. Significantly elevated relative risks (RRs) among subjects with diabetes were observed for cancers of the liver [RR = 2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.0-3.9], pancreas (RR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.5-2.9) and endometrium (RR 3.4, 95% CI 2.7-4.3). After allowance for obesity and education as well as age and sex, the RRs were 3.0 for liver, 2.3 for pancreas, and 2.8 for endometrium. Diabetic subjects had no elevated risk for any of the other cancer sites considered. For liver and endometrial cancer the RRs remained elevated up to 10 years after diagnosis of diabetes (RR 2.6 and 2.0 respectively), while the RR for pancreatic cancer declined from 3.2 in the first 5 years after diagnosis of diabetes to 2.3 from 5 to 9 years and to 1.3 (95% CI 0.7-2.3) 10 or more years since diagnosis. This suggests that the relationship between diabetes mellitus and liver and endometrial cancer is probably real, while that with pancreatic cancer is compatible with diabetes being an early symptom of the disease, or at least of preneoplastic lesions.     

Does pizza protect against cancer?

We analyzed the potential role of pizza on cancer risk, using data from an integrated network of case-control studies conducted in Italy between 1991 and 2000. Cancer sites were: oral cavity and pharynx (598 cases), esophagus (304 cases), larynx (460 cases), colon (1,225 cases) and rectum (728 cases). Controls were 4,999 patients admitted for acute, non-neoplastic conditions to the same hospital network as cases. Odds ratios for regular pizza consumers were 0.66 (95% confidence interval, CI = 0.47-0.93) for oral and pharyngeal cancer, 0.41 (95% CI = 0.25-0.69) for oesophageal, 0.82 (95% CI = 0.56-1.19) for laryngeal, 0.74 (95% CI = 0.61-0.89) for colon and 0.93 (95% CI = 0.75-1.17) for rectal cancer. Pizza appears therefore to be a favorable indicator of risk for digestive tract neoplasms in this population.     

Smoking and drinking in relation to cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus in northern Italy

A hospital-based case-control study of upper aerodigestive tract tumors was conducted between June 1986 and June 1989 in Northern Italy. One hundred fifty-seven male cases of oral cavity cancer, 134 of pharyngeal cancer, 162 of laryngeal cancer, and 288 of esophageal cancer, and 1272 male inpatients with acute conditions unrelated to tobacco and alcohol were interviewed. Odds ratios for current smokers of cigarettes were 11.1 for oral cavity, 12.9 for pharynx, 4.6 for larynx, and 3.8 for esophagus. For all 4 sites, the risk increased with increasing number of cigarettes and duration of smoking habits and, with the exception of esophageal cancer, decreased with increasing age at the start of and years since quitting smoking. Smokers of pipes and cigars showed a more elevated risk of cancer of the oral cavity and esophagus than did cigarette smokers. Significantly increased risks emerged also in heavy drinkers (odds ratio greater than 60 versus greater than or equal to 19 drinks/week = 3.4, 3.6, 2.1, and 6.0 for oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus, respectively), deriving predominantly from wine consumption.     

Multiple primary cancers in the Vaud Cancer Registry, Switzerland, 1974-89.

Data collected by the Cancer Registry of the Swiss Canton of Vaud (whose population in 1980 was about 530,000 inhabitants) were used to estimate the incidence of second metachronous primary cancers following any specific neoplasm. Among 34,615 cases of incident neoplasms registered between 1974 and 1989 and followed through integrated active follow-up to the end of 1989, for a total of 118,241 person-years at risk, there were 2,185 second primaries (1,280 males, 905 females). For both sexes, the standardised incidence ratios (SIR) were significantly elevated by about 20%. Overall significantly elevated ratios were registered for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx (SIR = 1.6 for males, 2.0 for females), oesophagus in males (SIR = 1.5), lung in males (SIR = 1.4), skin melanoma (SIR = 1.7 for males, 1.5 for females), non-melanomatous skin cancers (SIR = 1.6 for males, 1.5 for females), female breast (SIR = 1.3), kidney (SIR = 1.5 for males, 1.9 for females), and thyroid in males (SIR = 2.4). When specific first cancer sites were considered, the SIR following a cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx was around 3 in both sexes, mainly on account of a substantial excess of second primaries of the oral cavity, oesophagus, larynx and lung. The overall SIR following laryngeal cancer was 3.0, and significant excesses were observed for oral cavity and pharynx, oesophagus and lung. After lung cancer, the overall SIR was 1.7 for males and 2.6 for females, and significantly elevated SIRs were observed for oral cavity, lung and oesophagus. Following non-melanomatous skin cancers, elevated SIRs were observed in both sexes for skin melanoma and non-melanomas. The incidence of any cancer after breast cancer was significantly elevated (SIR = 1.2), mainly on account of an elevated risk of subsequent breast cancer (SIR = 1.7). With reference to cervical cancer, there was a significant excess for any subsequent primary (SIR = 1.6), and for lung cancer (SIR = 7.8). Significantly elevated SIRs were observed for kidney following bladder cancer, and for bladder after kidney cancer. In both sexes, the incidence of cancers of any site was elevated following leukaemias (SIR = 1.7 for males, 2.5 for females), and a significant excess was registered for lung in males and non-melanomatous skin cancers in both sexes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Vegetable and fruit consumption and cancer risk

The relationship between cancer risk and frequency of consumption of green vegetables and fruit has been analyzed using data from an integrated series of case-control studies conducted in northern Italy between 1983 and 1990. The overall dataset included the following histologically confirmed cancers: oral cavity and pharynx, 119; oesophagus, 294; stomach, 564; colon, 673; rectum, 406; liver, 258; gall-bladder, 41; pancreas, 303; larynx, 149; breast, 2,860; endometrium, 567; ovary, 742; prostate, 107; bladder, 365; kidney, 147; thyroid, 120; Hodgkin's disease, 72; non-Hodgkin lymphomas, 173; myelomas, 117; and a total of 6,147 controls admitted to hospital for acute non-neoplastic conditions, unrelated to long-term dietary modifications. Multivariate relative risks (RR) for subsequent tertiles of vegetable and fruit consumption were derived after allowance for age, sex, area of residence, education and smoking. For vegetables, there was a consistent pattern of protection for all epithelial cancers, with RRs in the upper tertile ranging from 0.2 for oesophagus, liver and larynx to 0.7 for breast. All the trends in risk were in the same direction and significant for all carcinomas except gall-bladder. In contrast, no protection was afforded by high vegetable consumption against non-epithelial lymphoid neoplasms. With reference to fruit, strong inverse relationships were observed for cancers of the upper digestive and respiratory tract, with RRs in the upper tertile between 0.2 and 0.3 for oral cavity and pharynx, oesophagus and larynx relative to the lowest tertile. The lower the location of the tumour in the digestive tract, the weaker appeared to be the protection afforded. Significant inverse relationships were observed for liver, pancreas, prostate and urinary sites, but not for rectum, breast and female genital cancers or thyroid. No relationship emerged for lymphomas and myelomas. Even in the absence of a clear biological interpretation, the consistency and strength of the patterns observed indicate that, in this population, frequent green vegetable intake is associated with a substantial reduction of risk for several common epithelial cancers, and that fruit intake has a favourable effect, especially on upper digestive cancers and, probably, also on urinary tract neoplasms.     

Whole grain food intake and cancer risk

The relationship between frequency of consumption of whole grain food and risk of selected neoplasms has been analysed using data from an integrated series of case-control studies conducted in northern Italy between 1983 and 1996. The overall dataset included the following incident, histologically confirmed neoplasms: oral cavity and pharynx 181, oesophagus 316, stomach 745, colon 828, rectum 498, liver 428, gallbladder 60, pancreas 362, larynx 242, breast 3,412, endometrium 750, ovary 971, prostate 127, bladder 431, kidney 190, thyroid 208, Hodgkin's disease 80, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas 200, multiple myelomas 120. Controls were 7,990 patients admitted to hospital for acute, non-neoplastic conditions, unrelated to long-term modifications in diet and not likely to have been caused by tobacco or alcohol use. Odds ratios (OR) for subsequent scores (never/occasional/frequent) of whole grain food consumption were derived after allowance for age, sex, education, smoking, alcohol intake and body mass index. High intake of whole grain foods consistently reduced risk of neoplasm at all sites, except thyroid. The ORs for the highest category of consumption were 0.2–0.3 for upper digestive and respiratory tract neoplasms, 0.5 for stomach, colon and gallbladder, 0.7 for rectum, 0.6 for liver, 0.8 for pancreas and prostate, 0.9 for breast and endometrium, 0.6 for ovary, 0.4 for bladder and kidney, 1.3 for thyroid and around 0.5 for lymphomas and myeloma. The tests for trend in risks were significant for all neoplasms, except pancreas, endometrium, Hodgkin's disease and multiple myeloma. No significant heterogeneity was found across strata of age at diagnosis, sex, education, smoking habit, alcohol intake and body mass index. Thus, even in the absence of a univocal and satisfactory biological interpretation, the consistency of the patterns observed indicate that, in this population, higher frequency of whole grain food intake is an indicator of reduced risk of several neoplasms. Int. J. Cancer 77:24–28, 1998.© 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Time trends in cancer incidence and mortality in central Italy.

Time trends in cancer incidence and mortality represent an essential tool for monitoring the changes in population lifestyle and in the environmental risks and the effectiveness of the health system on cancer control in a specific area. During 1985-1997 82 506 malignant tumours were diagnosed in the Tuscany Cancer Registry, central Italy (about 1 200 000 inhabitants) and 54 979 cancer deaths registered in the period 1985-1999 by the Regional Mortality Registry were analysed. A statistically significant decrease in incidence was evidenced for stomach and gallbladder in both sexes, and for oesophagus, larynx and lung among males. Significant increases were documented for melanomas of the skin, kidney and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in both sexes for colon, prostate and Kaposi's sarcoma among males and for breast, thyroid and multiple myeloma among females. Mortality decreased significantly for stomach and thyroid in both sexes and for oral cavity and pharynx, oesophagus, rectum, larynx, lung, bone, prostate, testis and Hodgkin's disease among males and colon, gallbladder and breast among females. Mortality increased for soft tissue, brain and multiple myeloma. In conclusion, most of these data can be explained as the effect of the modifications that occurred in smoking habits between the sexes and as the consequence of the primary and secondary prevention activities that are ongoing in the area.     

Processed meat consumption and risk of cancer: a multisite case–control study in Uruguay

Background:

The role of processed meat in the aetiology of several cancers was explored in detail.

Methods:

In the time period 1996–2004, a multisite case–control study was conducted in Montevideo, Uruguay. The study included 6 060 participants (3 528 cases and 2 532 controls) corresponding to cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, larynx, lung, female breast, prostate, urinary bladder, and kidney (renal cell carcinoma only).

Results:

The highest odds ratios (ORs) were positively associated with cancers of the colon, rectum, stomach, oesophagus, and lung. With the exception of renal cell carcinoma, the remaining cancer sites were significantly associated with elevated risks for processed meat consumption. Furthermore, mortadella, salami, hot dog, ham, and salted meat were strongly associated with risk of several cancer sites.

Conclusion:

It could be concluded that processed meat intake could be a powerful multiorgan carcinogen.     

Different impact from betel quid, alcohol and cigarette: risk factors for pharyngeal and laryngeal cancer

The risks of betel quid chewing with or without tobacco, alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking have been well explored in the oral cavity but not in the pharynx and larynx. We conducted a case-control study to investigate the association of these three risk factors to cancers of the pharynx and larynx in Taiwan. A total cases of 148 pharyngeal cancer, 128 laryngeal cancer and 255 hospital controls, all men, were recruited. Betel quid chewing was a significant independent risk factor (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 7.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.1-15.0) similar to that of alcohol drinking (aOR = 6.6; 95% CI = 3.5-13.0) for pharyngeal cancer, but not for laryngeal cancer (aOR = 1.3; 95% CI = 0.7-2.5) on which cigarette smoking (aOR = 7.1) exerts a stronger significant independent risk than alcohol drinking (aOR = 3.8). For pharyngeal cancers, chewers who consumed >20 quid/day, chewed with inflorescence in the quid or swallowed the betel quid juice were at higher risks; significant dose-response effects were found in daily quantity of drinking and chewing, and cumulative quantity of drinking. Synergistic effects from the 3 risk factors existed both on the pharynx (aOR = 96.9) and the larynx (aOR = 40.3), and attributed for 93.1% and 92.9% respectively. Our study is the first evidence to show that betel quid chewing without tobacco has different impact on the pharynx (digestive tract) and the larynx (airway), and supports the concept that exposure quantity and direct mucosal contact with the betel quid juice may contribute to carcinogenesis. Our results show an important insight into the impact of betel quid chewing on other sites of the digestive tract other than the oral cavity.     

History of cirrhosis and risk of digestive tract neoplasms.

BACKGROUND: Cirrhosis is strongly related to liver cancer. Data on the possible association between cirrhosis and risk at other cancer sites are scanty. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analysed data from a network of case-control studies conducted in Italy between 1983 and 1997, including patients with cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx (520), oesophagus (405), stomach (731), colon (943), rectum (613), liver (425), gallbladder (63) and pancreas (395). The controls were 4297 patients admitted to hospitals for acute non-neoplastic conditions. RESULTS: After strict allowance for alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking and history of hepatitis, the multivariate odds ratios for a history of cirrhosis were 4.7 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.2-9.8] for neoplasms of the oral cavity and pharynx, 2.6 (95% CI 1.2-5.7) for the oesophagus, 1.0 (95% CI 0.4-2.5) for the stomach, 1.0 (95% CI 0.4-2.4) for the colon, 1.7 (95% CI 0.7-4.1) for the rectum, 20.5 (95% CI 12.3-34.2) for the liver, 2.1 (95% CI 0.3-16.8) for the gallbladder and 0.9 (95% CI 0.3-3.0) for the pancreas. CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms and further quantifies the increased risk of liver cancer in cirrhotic patients and is compatible with an increased risk of oral, pharyngeal and oesophageal cancers.     

Artificial sweeteners and cancer risk in a network of case-control studies.

BACKGROUND: The role of sweeteners on cancer risk has been widely debated over the last few decades. To provide additional information on saccharin and other sweeteners (mainly aspartame), we considered data from a large network of case-control studies. METHODS: An integrated network of case-control studies has been conducted between 1991 and 2004 in Italy. Cases were 598 patients with incident, histologically confirmed cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, 304 of the oesophagus, 1225 of the colon, 728 of the rectum, 460 of the larynx, 2569 of the breast, 1031 of the ovary, 1294 of the prostate and 767 of the kidney (renal cell carcinoma). Controls were 7028 patients (3301 men and 3727 women) admitted to the same hospitals as cases for acute, non-neoplastic disorders. Odds ratios (ORs), and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were derived by unconditional logistic regression models. RESULTS: The ORs for consumption of saccharin were 0.83 (95% CI 0.30-2.29) for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, 1.58 (95% CI 0.59-4.25) for oesophageal, 0.95 (95% CI 0.67-1.35) for colon, 0.93 (95% CI 0.60-1.45) for rectal, 1.55 (95% CI 0.76-3.16) for laryngeal, 1.01 (95% CI 0.77-1.33) for breast, 0.46 (95% CI 0.29-0.74) for ovarian, 0.91 (95% CI 0.59-1.40) for prostate and 0.79 (95% CI 0.49-1.28) for kidney cancer. The ORs for consumption of other sweeteners, mainly aspartame, were 0.77 (95% CI 0.39-1.53) for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, 0.77 (95% CI 0.34-1.75) for oesophageal, 0.90 (95% CI 0.70-1.16) for colon, 0.71 (95% CI 0.50-1.02) for rectal, 1.62 (95% CI 0.84-3.14) for laryngeal, 0.80 (95% CI 0.65-0.97) for breast, 0.75 (95% CI 0.56-1.00) for ovarian, 1.23 (95% CI 0.86-1.76) for prostate and 1.03 (95% CI 0.73-1.46) for kidney cancer. A significant inverse trend in risk for increasing categories of total sweeteners was found for breast and ovarian cancer, and a direct one for laryngeal cancer. CONCLUSION: The present work indicates a lack of association between saccharin, aspartame and other sweeteners and the risk of several common neoplasms.     

n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and cancer risk in Italy and Switzerland

Data from a series of case-control studies, conducted in Italy and Switzerland between 1991 and 2001, have been analyzed to evaluate the role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake in the etiology of cancer of oral cavity and pharynx (736 cases, 1772 controls), esophagus (395 cases, 1066 controls), large bowel (1394 colon, 886 rectum, 4765 controls), breast (2900 cases, 3122 controls) and ovary (1031 cases, 2411 controls). Controls were patients admitted to hospital for acute, non-neoplastic conditions, unrelated to modifications in diet. The multivariate odds ratios (OR) for the highest quintile of n-3 PUFAs compared to the lowest one were 0.5 for oral and pharyngeal cancer, 0.5 for oesophageal cancer, 0.7 for colon cancer, 0.8 for rectal and breast cancer and 0.6 for ovarian cancer; the estimates and the trends in risk were significant for all cancer sites, excluding rectal and breast cancer. The estimates for an increase in n-3 PUFAs of 1 g/week were 0.70 for oral and pharyngeal cancer, 0.71 for oesophageal, 0.88 for colon, 0.91 for rectal, 0.90 for breast and 0.85 for ovarian cancer. All the estimates were statistically significant, excluding that for rectal cancer, and consistent across strata of age and gender. These results suggest that n-3 PUFAs decrease the risk of several cancers.     

Maté Consumption and Risk of Cancer: a Multi-site Case-Control Study in Uruguay

In the time period 1990-2004 we conducted a multisite case-control study in order to examine the relationshipof maté consumption and risk of 13 cancer sites in Montevideo, Uruguay. The study included 13,201 participants(8,875 cases and 4,326 controls) drawn from the four major public hospitals in the city of Montevideo. Newlydiagnosed and microscopically confirmed cases of cancers of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, colon,rectum, larynx, lung, female breast, cervix uteri, prostate, bladder and kidney were included in the study. Controlswere drawn from the same hospitals and in the same time period and were afflicted by non-neoplastic conditionsnot related with tobacco smoking or alcohol drinking and without recent changes in their diets. Odds ratios formaté consumption was directly associated with cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT), esophagus,stomach, larynx, lung, cervix uteri, prostate, bladder, and kidney. In conclusion these results suggest thatchemicals, like benzo[a]pyrene, could be responsible of the carcinogenic effect of maté in the above mentionedcancer sites.     

Risk of multiple primary tumors following oral squamous-cell carcinoma

The follow-up of 727 patients with squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lip and oral cavity has been used for the risk analysis of multiple primary tumors (MPTs) following SCC of the lip and oral cavity. Age-, gender-and site-specific cancer-incidence rates from the general population have been applied to the appropriate persons-years of follow-up of patients with SCC of the lip and oral cavity. The study indicates that patients with a primary SCC of the lip and oral cavity have, compared with the general population, a significantly elevated risk of developing an additional cancer of the oral cavity and/or pharynx, the risk being 74.7-fold for males and 190.4-fold for females. Furthermore, a 24.6 and 45.3 times higher risk of an additional esophageal tumor was found in males and females respectively. The risk of cancer of the lung and pharynx was less elevated compared with the risk of cancer of the upper digestive tract. No elevated risks were established in organs outside the respiratory and upper digestive tract.     

Second Primary Cancer after Diagnosis of Stomach Cancer in Osaka, Japan

The risk of developing a second primary cancer following stomach cancer was estimated from data accumulated in the Osaka Cancer Registry. Of the 38,777 male patients and 22,391 female patients newly diagnosed in the period 1966–1986 who were followed up until the end of 1986, 778 and 267 developed a second cancer other than stomach cancer, respectively, whereas the expected numbers had been 928.8 (RR=0.84, 95%CI=0.78-0.90) and 297.7 (RR = 0.90, 95%CI = 0.79-1.01). The risks were higher among younger patients (aged 30–54 at the diagnosis of stomach cancer) than among older patients (aged 55–69 at the diagnosis of stomach cancer). Significantly elevated risks were observed for cancers of the oral cavity & pharynx (RR=l.56), colon (RH = 1.61) and rectum (RR = 1.56) for males, and oral cavity & pharynx (RR = 2.59) for females as second cancers. Results were substantially similar among the localized stomach cancer patients. Among younger male patients with gastrectomy, the risk of developing pancreatic cancer was elevated 10 or more years after stomach cancer diagnosis. The present study suggests the necessity of following up stomach cancer patients in order to enable the early diagnosis of digestive tract cancer.     

Second primary cancer after diagnosis of stomach cancer in Osaka, Japan

The risk of developing a second primary cancer following stomach cancer was estimated from data accumulated in the Osaka Cancer Registry. Of the 38,777 male patients and 22,391 female patients newly diagnosed in the period 1966-1986 who were followed up until the end of 1986, 778 and 267 developed a second cancer other than stomach cancer, respectively, whereas the expected numbers had been 928.8 (RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.78-0.90) and 297.7 (RR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.79-1.01). The risks were higher among younger patients (aged 30-54 at the diagnosis of stomach cancer) than among older patients (aged 55-69 at the diagnosis of stomach cancer). Significantly elevated risks were observed for cancers of the oral cavity & pharynx (RR = 1.56), colon (RR = 1.61) and rectum (RR = 1.56) for males, and oral cavity & pharynx (RR = 2.59) for females as second cancers. Results were substantially similar among the localized stomach cancer patients. Among younger male patients with gastrectomy, the risk of developing pancreatic cancer was elevated 10 or more years after stomach cancer diagnosis. The present study suggests the necessity of following up stomach cancer patients in order to enable the early diagnosis of digestive tract cancer.