Autosomal recessive ectodermal dysplasia: I. An undescribed dysplasia/malformation syndrome

We describe-27 individuals of 7 families related to each other with high probability who showed manifestations of ectodermal dysplasia and other anomalies affecting females as severely as males with variable expressivity. All parents were normal. These families were detected in a relatively isolated and inbred population with very small neighbouring communities from a Carribbean Sea island, Margarita Island, in Northeastern Venezuela (Nueva Esparta State). The clinical picture common to all patients could not be classified within the heterogeneous group of known ectodermal dysplasias and the published cases do not resemble our patients. We believe that this condition constitutes a newly recognized autosomal recessive dysplasia/malformation syndrome of ectodermal dysplasia.     

Variable expression in ankyloblepharon–ectodermal defects–cleft lip and palate syndrome

The ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip and palate (Hay-Wells) syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant form of congenital ectodermal dysplasia. It is characterized by coarse, wiry, sparse hair; dystrophic nails; slight hypohidrosis; scalp infections; ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum; hypodontia; maxillary hypoplasia; and cleft lip and palate. To date, 12 patients have been reported; however, the diagnosis has been questioned in 3 of these patients. We report 2 additional patients, one of whom has nasal speech but not cleft palate, in contrast to all other reported patients. This entity must be distinguished from numerous other forms of ectodermal dysplasia, especially those forms that can be associated with oral clefts and/or ankyloblepharon.     

Autosomal recessive ectodermal dysplasia: I. An undescribed dysplasia/malformation syndrome.

We describe 27 individuals of 7 families related to each other with high probability who showed manifestations of ectodermal dysplasia and other anomalies affecting females as severely as males with variable expressivity. All parents were normal. These families were detected in a relatively isolated and inbred population with very small neighbouring communities from a Caribbean Sea island, Margarita Island, in Northeastern Venezuela (Nueva Esparta State). The clinical picture common to all patients could not be classified within the heterogeneous group of known ectodermal dysplasias and the published cases do not resemble our patients. We believe that this condition constitutes a newly recognized autosomal recessive dysplasia/malformation syndrome of ectodermal dysplasia.     

The Rapp–Hodgkin syndrome

We report on a family with the Rapp-Hodgkin ectodermal dysplasia syndrome. Four affected family members are described and a review of the literature is given.     

Cleft lip/palate-oligodontia-syndactyly-hair alterations,a new syndrome: Review of the conditions combining ecodermal dysplasia and cleft lip/palate

We report on a noninbred girl with cleft lip and palate, complete absence of deciduous teeth, hypodontia of permanent teeth, hair alterations, hypertelorism, midface hypoplasia, abnormal EEC, syndactyly, and other findings. Her mother had minor anomalies which could represent the mild expression of a gene. A review on the conditions combining ectodermal dysplasia and cleft lip/palate is presented.     

Ectodermal dysplasia,primary hypothyroidism,and agenesis of the corpus callosum: variable expression of a single syndrome?

We present two unrelated children, a male and a female, with signs of ectodermal dysplasia, mental retardation, agenesis/ dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, and primary hypothyroidism. Reports of ectodermal dysplasia with CNS malformations or hypothyroidism or both are rare. We suggest that the condition we describe is a distinct entity within the large group of ectodermal dysplasia syndromes and that it has a variable clinical spectrum. As both males and females are affected and in a few reports some parents show minimal signs, the inheritance is likely to be autosomal dominant.     

Trichorrhexis Nodosa and lip pits in autosomal dominant ectodermal dysplasia—central nervous system malformation syndrome

A Dandy-Walker-like malformation was observed in a retarded girl who had signs of hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. This is the third report of the rare triad ectodermal dysplasia-CNS malformation-mental retardation. We observed additional findings, such as submucous cleft palate with lip pits and trichorrhexis nodosa. The proposita's mother had similar hair and facial changes. Two maternal relatives had cleft palate. Autosomal dominant inheritance is suggested. Am. J. Med. Genet. 71:226–228, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Autosomal recessive cleft lip/palate,ectodermal dysplasia,and minor acral anomalies: Report of a Brazilian family

We report on a Brazilian woman, born to consanguineous (first cousin) parents (F = 1/16) and presenting cleft lip/palate, ectodermal dysplasia, interdigital webbing, and other malformations. Parental consanguinity and possible recurrence in sibs suggest autosomal recessive inheritance. The nosologic aspects with the Martinez syndrome and with the Zlotogora–Ogur syndrome are discussed. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

先天性外胚层发育不全无汗综合征家系报告及文献复习

目的通过一个家系分析,探讨先天性外胚层发育不全疾病的遗传方式。方法现场对一个无汗先天性外胚层发育不全家系四代27例家庭成员进行调查,并对1例患者进行医学分析。结果患者主要表现为头发稀疏,无牙,无体毛,无汗等症状。家系遗传分析表明该疾病属于X连锁隐性遗传疾病。结论本病发病机制与X染色体上的基因缺陷有关,如ED1、NEMO等,据此可开展进一步基因突变检测。     

Ectodermal dysplasia,ectrodactyly, clefting,anophthalmia/microphthalmia,and genitourinary anomalies: Nosology of Goltz-Gorlin syndrome versus EEC syndrome

We report on two unrelated Brazilian girls born to normal and nonconsanguineous parents and presenting ectodermal dysplasia, ectrodactyly, clefting, tear duct anomalies, and micro/anophthalmia. The clinical picture presented by these patients suggests the diagnosis of Goltz-Gorlin (Focal dermal hypoplasia) syndrome and EEC syndrome.     

Ectodermal dysplasia, ectrodactyly, clefting, anophthalmia/microphthalmia, and genitourinary anomalies: nosology of Goltz-Gorlin syndrome versus EEC syndrome.

We report on two unrelated Brazilian girls born to normal and nonconsanguineous parents and presenting ectodermal dysplasia, ectrodactyly, clefting, tear duct anomalies, and micro/anophthalmia. The clinical picture presented by these patients suggests the diagnosis of Goltz-Gorlin (Focal dermal hypoplasia) syndrome and EEC syndrome.     

Ectodermal dysplasia,Rapp-Hodgkin type in a mother and severe ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting syndrome (EEC) in her child

We describe a mother with manifestations most consistent with the Rapp-Hodgkin type of ectodermal dysplasia and her malformed newborn son with ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, cleft palate, and bilateral cystic and obstructive ureteroceles with hydroureters and cystic renal dysplasia as described in the EEC syndrome. This observation suggests that the Rapp-Hodgkin type of ectodermal dysplasia and EEC syndrome, both defined as autosomal dominant conditions with variable expression, may be manifestations of the same mutated gene. We also want to emphasize that urogenital anomaly is another hallmark of the EEC syndrome. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

A syndrome of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with normal teeth, peculiar facies, pigmentary disturbances, psychomotor and growth retardation, bilateral nuclear cataract, and other signs.

This paper describes a 7-year-old girl with trichodysplasia, normal teeth, onychogryposis, hypohidrosis, psychomotor and growth retardation, dry and warm skin with follicular hyperkeratosis, pigmentary disturbances (hyper- and hypochromic spots), bilateral nuclear cataract, dermatoglyphic anomalies, and other signs. This condition is considered a new form of ectodermal dysplasia.     

“New” ectodermal dysplasia with mental retardation and syndactyly

We describe a girl with an unusual form of ectodermal dysplasia. She was mildly mentally retarded, had normal height, weight, and head circumference, a large scalp defect, a peculiar face with large palpebral fisures, a broad nasal bridge and constantly open mouth, abnormally-modeled ears, syndactyly of fingers/toes, mild hypohidrosis, and severe onychogryposis. Her hair was short, abundant, and stiff, her eyebrows were sparse, and her skin was dry. Analysis of the literature showed that this type of association of ectodermal dysplasia and other defects has not been previously described. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Autosomal recessive ectodermal dysplasia, cleft lip/palate, mental retardation, and syndactyly: the Zlotogora-Ogur syndrome

We report on 3 Brazilian brothers born to normal consanguineous parents (F = 1/16) and presenting ectodermal dysplasia, cleft lip/palate, mental retardation, syndactyly of fingers 2-3, accessory nipples, and ear anomalies. The similarities of these 3 brothers to previously reported cases and the pattern of inheritance are discussed.     

EEC syndrome: report on 20 new patients, clinical and genetic considerations

We report on 20 Brazilian patients (11 sporadic and 9 familial cases) with the ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, clefting syndrome (EEC syndrome). Genetic aspects, clinical manifestations, and differential diagnosis of the syndromes involving ectodermal dysplasia/limb anomalies and cleft lip/palate are discussed.     

Ectodermal dysplasia in females and inversion of chromosome 9.

Absence of sweat glands, hypotrichosis, hypodontia, characteristic facial features, and intolerance to heat, without dystrophia of the nails, are manifestations of sex linked hypohydrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Three males and two females were affected in a family in which the affected females were also carrying a pericentric inversion of chromosome 9. Those phenotypically normal females in this pedigree who were obligate carriers had normal karyotypes. One of the affected females (the proband) had, in addition, primary amenorrhoea, absence of the mammary glands, and rudimentary internal genitalia. The fact that clinical manifestations of ectodermal dysplasia in the carrier females of this family are only observed in those also carrying a pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 in peripheral blood leucocytes perhaps suggests that non-random inactivation of the paternal X chromosome has occurred as a consequence of the inversion.     

Severe hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia in a girl caused by a de novo 9;X insertion that includes XIST and disrupts the EDA gene

X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XLHED) is caused by mutations in the EDA gene. A girl with severe hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia and normal mental development had completely skewed X chromosome inactivation with only the paternal X active in peripheral blood cells. Routine chromosome analysis and sequencing of the EDA gene were normal. However, whole chromosome painting revealed a 9;X insertion. FISH analyses with BAC probes towards the EDA gene and the more distal region containing the XIST locus showed that an X chromosome fragment of at least 4 Mb containing XIST was inserted into 9p13 in conjunction with a de novo pericentric inversion of chromosome 9. The proximal breakpoint was within the EDA gene and the distal breakpoint was distal to the XIST locus. Both parents had normal chromosomes, and the mother had random X inactivation in peripheral blood cells. Because XIST was lacking on the X chromosome with the disrupted EDA gene, the normal X chromosome was inactivated resulting in severe XLHED.     

Distinctive hair changes (pili torti) in Rapp-Hodgkin ectodermal dysplasia syndrome

An 8-year-old girl with narrow nose, small mouth, maxillary hypoplasia, cleft palate, hypodontia and hypohidrosis is described. Her scalp hair was coarse, dry and wiry. Microscopic examination showed the hair to be twisted at irregular intervals on its long axis, as seen in pili torti. Her mother has the same features; as a child, she had identical hair and is now bald. Both mother and daughter display signs and symptoms of Rapp Hodgkin's ectodermal dysplasia. The autosomal dominant inheritance of the disease is further supported by the findings in this family.     

Ectodermal dysplasia with tetramelic deficiencies and no mutation in p63: odontotrichomelic syndrome or a new entity?

The ectodermal dysplasias (ED) are a large and complex group of diseases characterized by anomalies of the ectoderm and its derivates, often associated with malformations in other organs. We report a patient with an ectodermal dysplasia affecting hair, teeth, and nails and malformations of all four extremities including absence of several rays in the hands and feet. This patient shares many similarities with odontotrichomelic syndrome, a rare ectodermal dysplasia syndrome that has so far only been described in three individuals. However, some differences exist and this patient might also represent a separate ectodermal dysplasia syndrome. p63, a gene that is mutated in a number of syndromes associated with ectodermal dysplasia and limb malformations, was considered a possible candidate gene. However, no mutation in p63 was identified.