重度膝骨关节炎与骨髓水肿相关性研究

目的：探讨骨髓水肿与重度膝骨关节炎病理改变及症状体征的关系。方法：自2020年1月至2021年3月于中国中医科学院望京医院骨关节科就诊已行膝关节MRI检查的重度膝骨关节炎患者160例。合并骨髓水肿患者80例为病例组,男12例,女68例,年龄51~80（66.58±8.10）岁,病程5~40（15.61±9.25）个月,身体质量指数（body mass index,BMI）21.81~34.70（27.79±3.00） kg·m^-2;不合并骨髓水肿的患者80例为对照组,男15例,女65例,年龄50~80（67.82±8.05）岁,病程6~37（15.75±8.18）个月,BMI 21.39~34.46（28.26±3.13） kg·m^-2。采用膝关节整体磁共振成像评分（whole oragan magnetic resonance imaging score,WORMS）评价骨髓水肿程度,采用Kellgren-Lawrence （K-L）等级、Western Outario and McMaster大学骨关节炎指数评分（Western Ontario and McMaster University osteoarthritis index,WOMAC）评价膝骨关节炎病变程度,采用视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale,VAS）,WOMAC疼痛评分评价关节疼痛程度,采用压痛、叩击痛、关节肿胀度、关节活动度评分评价关节体征。比较两组患者K-L等级分布的差异探讨骨髓水肿与膝骨关节炎病变程度的关系;并进一步通过Spearman相关性分析病例组患者骨髓水肿WORMS评分与WOMAC指数、疼痛相关评分、体征相关评分的相关系数,以进一步探讨骨髓水肿与膝骨关节炎指数、关节疼痛症状、体征的关系。结果：病例组患者K-L等级Ⅳ级者占68.75%（55/80）,对照组患者等级Ⅳ级者占52.50%（42/80）,病例组中Ⅳ级患者所占比例高于对照组（χ²=4.425,P<0.05）。病例组患者骨髓水肿WORMS与膝骨关节炎WOMAC指数相关系数为强正相关（r=0.873>0.8,P<0.001）,骨髓水肿WORMS与VAS相关系数r=0.752>0.5,与WOMAC量表疼痛评分相关系数r=0.650>0.5,为中度相关（P<0.001）;骨髓水肿WORMS与叩击痛评分相关系数r=0.784>0.5,（P<0.001）,为中度相关（P<0.05）;骨髓水肿WORMS评分与压痛评分相关系数r=0.194<0.3、关节肿胀度评分相关系数r=0.259<0.3、关节活动度评分相关系数r=0.296<0.3,相关性极弱（P<0.05）。结论：膝骨关节炎病变越严重越容易引起骨髓水肿,同时骨髓水肿亦可加重膝骨关节炎病情;骨髓水肿可导致膝骨关节炎关节疼痛,叩击痛阳性体征,而压痛、关节肿胀、活动受限与骨髓水肿无明显相关。     

高能量激光疗法联合本体感觉训练对半月板损伤病人术后膝关节疼痛及运动功能的疗效

目的 探讨高能量激光疗法（HILT）联合本体感觉训练对半月板损伤病人术后膝关节疼痛和功能的疗效。方法 选取2021年1月至2023年1月我院收治拟行关节镜半月板成形术的膝关节半月板损伤病人82例,采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组41例。两组病人术后康复训练2周后,对照组采用本体感觉训练,观察组采用HILT联合本体感觉训练。观察两组治疗前后疼痛视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分,简版生活质量量表（SF-12）评分,美国膝关节协会（AKS）评分,膝关节主动活动度和下肢运动学指标（步频、步长、步速）,并发症发生率和病人满意度。结果 治疗10周后,两组VAS评分均较治疗前显著降低（P均＜0.05）,SF-12评分、AKS的膝关节评分和活动功能评分、膝关节屈曲和伸展角度以及下肢运动学指标均较治疗前显著提升（P均＜0.05）;观察组VAS评分显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）,SF-12评分、膝关节评分和活动功能评分、膝关节屈曲和伸展角度以及下肢运动学指标均显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 HILT联合本体感觉训练能够有效改善半月板损伤病人术后膝关节疼痛、运动功能和生活质量,并且还能够减少术后并发症、提高治疗满意度。     

胫骨高位截骨术治疗膝骨关节炎的临床疗效评估及对关节软骨再生的影响

目的 评估胫骨高位截骨术（high tibial osteotomy, HTO）对膝骨关节炎病人临床症状改善及软骨再生的影响。方法 采用回顾性研究方法,选取2016年4月至2017年6月在我院确诊为膝骨关节炎并接受HTO手术的病人42例（42膝）,评估上述病人手术前后的膝关节西安大略和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数（the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index, WOMAC）、膝关节Lysholm评分、下肢髋-膝-踝（hip-knee-ankle, HKA）角及膝关节镜下图片。结果 所有病人均手术顺利,术后无感染、骨不连、神经血管损伤等严重并发症。随访时间为（12.64±1.32）个月。病人膝关节WOMAC评分由术前的（45.26±10.27）分改善至末次随访的（0.76±0.66）分,Lysholm评分从术前的（57.93±11.98）分改善至末次随访的（95.21±2.46）分,HKA角由术前171.26°±5.20°改善至末次随访的181.26°±1.65°,手术前后的数值比较,差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。术前、第2次探查关节镜图片评估显示97.62%（41/42）的膝关节出现术后软骨再生。结论 HTO治疗早、中期膝骨关节炎的疗效肯定,对病人下肢力线纠正明显,同时对膝骨关节股骨内侧髁和胫骨内侧平台的软骨再生有积极影响。     

体外冲击波联合康复治疗对早中期膝骨关节炎病人Coll2-1、COMP水平的影响

目的 探讨体外冲击波联合康复治疗对早中期膝骨关节炎（knee osteoarthritis, KOA）病人的治疗效果及其对关节液中胶原蛋白2-1（Collagen2-1, Coll2-1）、软骨寡聚基质蛋白（COMP）水平的影响。方法 选取2014年6月至2016年12月间收治的72例膝骨关节炎病人,随机分为对照组（36例）和观察组（36例）,对照组病人给予关节腔内注射玻璃酸钠治疗,观察组给予体外冲击波治疗,且两组均给予康复理疗措施。分别在治疗前及治疗后2个月时,采用活动时疼痛视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale, VAS）评分、骨关节炎病人疼痛指数（Lequesne index）和美国西部安大略和麦克马斯特大学（the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities, WOMAC）骨关节炎指数评价两组的疗效,采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）测定关节液中Coll2-1、COMP的含量。结果 两组病人治疗后的VAS评分、Lequesne指数、WOMAC评分均明显降低（P均＜0.05）,治疗后观察组各项评分明显低于对照组（P均＜0.05）。治疗后两组病人关节液中Coll2-1、COMP的水平均比治疗前显著下降（P均＜0.05）,观察组下降程度明显优于对照组（P均＜0.05）。结论 体外冲击波联合康复治疗对膝骨关节炎病人的疗效较好,可明显减轻关节疼痛,改善膝关节活动功能,且明显降低病人关节液中的Coll2-1、COMP水平。     

多层螺旋CT与MRI在膝关节隐匿性骨折伴半月板及韧带损伤中的诊断比较

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT(multislice spiral CT,MSCT)和MRI对膝关节隐匿性骨折伴半月板及韧带损伤的诊断价值。方法:自2020年1月至2021年3月,经关节镜或手术定性确诊膝关节隐匿性骨折伴半月板及韧带损伤患者63例,男41例,女22例,年龄21~67(44.35±8.77)岁,病程1~6(4.64±1.75) d;体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)(19.85±2.78) kg/m²。收集63例患者的MSCT和MRI检查资料,统计分析相关数据并评价二者的诊断价值。结果:MRI对膝关节隐匿性骨折伴半月板及韧带损伤、关节腔积液、骨髓水肿和关节面损伤的检出率分别为100.00%(63/63),95.24%(60/63),42.86%(27/63)和36.51%(23/63),MSCT的检出率分别为49.21%(31/63),41.27%(26/63),0.00%(0/63)和1.59%(1/63),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);MRI的诊断灵敏度、特异度和准确度高于MSCT(P<0.05)。结论:MRI对膝关节隐匿性骨折伴半月板及韧带损伤的诊断灵敏度、特异度和准确度明显优于多层螺旋CT,对关节腔、关节面及骨髓等周围组织病变诊断准确性较高,可降低临床误诊风险。     

关节镜下软骨成形术在胫骨高位截骨术治疗内翻型膝骨关节炎中的应用

目的 探讨关节镜下软骨成形术结合胫骨高位截骨术（high tibial osteotomy,HTO）治疗内翻型膝骨关节炎的临床疗效。方法 选取2018年5月至2020年5月我科收治的39例施行HTO的内翻型膝骨关节炎病人,其中在关节镜下对损伤的软骨行成形术的18例纳入观察组,另外21例未在关节镜下对软骨损伤进行处理的病人作为对照组,比较两组病人手术前后的西安大略和麦克马斯特大学（WOMAC）关节炎指数、疼痛视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分、胫骨近端内侧角（medial proximal tibial angle,MPTA）和股胫角（femora tibial angle,FTA）,以及两组病人手术前后屈伸角度和屈曲达90°所用时间。结果 两组病人手术后WOMAC指数、VAS评分和FTA均较术前显著降低,MPTA较术前明显增大,与术前比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。另外,两组病人之间术前和术后随访中,MPTA、FTA并无明显差异（P＞0.05）,而观察组术后WOMAC指数及VAS评分显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）。观察组术后末次随访时屈曲和伸直角度明显优于对照组（P＜0.05）,并且观察组屈曲角度达90°所用时间明显少于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论 关节镜下软骨成形术结合HTO治疗内翻型膝骨关节炎,疗效肯定,可以显著缓解病人疼痛症状,使病人能够早期高效地开始功能锻炼,获得更好的功能状态。     

软骨下骨髓水肿与膝骨关节炎疼痛相关性的影像学研究

目的探讨MRI显示的软骨下骨髓水肿程度与膝骨关节炎疼痛程度的相关性。方法膝骨关节炎患者共264例,按疼痛程度分为三组:无疼痛组47例,轻度疼痛组184例,中重度疼痛组33例;根据X线检查Kellgren-Lawrence(K-L)分级标准将膝骨关节炎分为三度:轻度(K-L分级Ⅱ级)52例,中度(K-L分级Ⅲ级)142例,重度(K-L分级Ⅳ级)70例;将MRI诊断的骨髓水肿分为三级:0级(无骨髓水肿)69例,1级(轻度骨髓水肿)127例,2级(较重骨髓水肿)68例。将疼痛程度分别与膝骨关节炎分度和骨髓水肿分级进行列联表资料字2检验及多个独立样本比较的秩和检验。结果疼痛程度与膝骨关节炎分度间无明显相关性(字2=5.251,P=0.263),但中重度疼痛组中重度骨关节炎的比例高于无疼痛组和轻度疼痛组(42.4%∶23.4%和24.5%)。疼痛程度与骨髓水肿分级间存在相关性(字2=28.175,P<0.001);虽然两疼痛组的骨髓水肿发生率之间的差异无统计学意义(字2=4.632,P=0.099),但中重度疼痛组的2级骨髓水肿的比例高于轻度疼痛组(42.4%∶27.2%)。秩和检验显示,三组疼痛病例的骨关节炎比例差异无统计学意义(P=0.152);而骨髓水肿的差异则有统计学意义(P<0.001),随疼痛程度的加重,骨髓水肿的程度也加重。结论膝骨关节炎疼痛与软骨下骨髓水肿相关,且存在疼痛越重,则骨髓水肿越严重的趋势;膝骨关节炎疼痛程度与病变的X线分级无关。     

膝骨关节炎病人生活质量与疼痛信念的相关性分析

目的 了解膝骨关节炎（KOA）病人生活质量与疼痛信念的现状及其相关性，并对其生活质量的影响因素进行分析，为提高膝骨关节炎病人的生活质量提供依据。方法 选取2022年1月至8月贵州省人民医院骨科门诊确诊的146例膝骨关节炎病人为调查对象，运用一般情况调查表、疼痛信念与感知量表（PBPI）及健康调查简表（SF-36）进行调查。结果 膝骨关节炎病人疼痛信念得分为-16~25（M=3.00）分，认为感到疼痛很神秘、自责感及疼痛信念总分与生活质量各维度呈负相关（P＜0.05，P＜0.01）；多元线性回归分析显示其生活质量与疼痛程度、年龄和家庭人均月收入有关（P＜0.05）。结论 膝骨关节炎大部分病人存在负性疼痛信念且生活质量较低，医务人员应重视病人疼痛信念，及时采取针对性措施，并结合其生活质量的影响因素进行针对性干预，从而提高病人的生活质量。     

关节镜手术治疗对早期膝骨关节炎的中期临床疗效

目的：比较关节镜手术治疗与保守治疗对中老年人早期膝关节骨关节炎（early knee osteoarthritis,EKOA）的中期临床疗效,为中老年EKOA的个体化治疗提供临床依据。方法：回顾性纳入2015年1月至2016年12月行关节镜手术治疗或保守治疗的145例（182膝）中老年EKOA患者,其中男35例、女110例,年龄47~79（57.6±6.9）岁,病程6~48（14.6±8.9）个月。根据治疗方式分为关节镜治疗组（47例,58膝）和保守治疗组（98例,124膝）。治疗前患者主要临床症状包括膝关节疼痛、肿胀、交锁、屈伸受限及膝关节无力等,膝关节X线主要表现为关节间隙无狭窄或可疑狭窄、少量骨赘形成,膝关节MRI主要表现为关节软骨和半月板退变或损伤、关节内游离体及滑膜充血水肿等。收集两组患者治疗前的膝关节症状持续时间、半月板是否合并损伤、是否合并关节内游离体、是否存在膝关节交锁等机械性症状,以及治疗前和治疗后的疼痛视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale,VAS）和Lysholm膝关节功能评分。统计分析组内和组间治疗前后VAS和Lysholm评分差异。结果：两组患者均获随访,时间60~76个月;关节镜手术组患者切口愈合良好,未发生手术并发症。两组间的年龄、性别、身体质量指数（body mass index,BMI）及随访时间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。治疗前,关节镜治疗组与保守治疗组相比,关节镜治疗组的症状持续时间更长（P<0.001）,合并半月板损伤（P<0.001）、游离体（P=0.001）及机械性症状（P<0.001）的比例更高,VAS评分（P<0.001）及Lysholm评分（P<0.001）更差。治疗后末次随访时,各组VAS评分、Lysholm评分均较治疗前明显改善（P<0.05）。末次随访时,VAS评分,关节镜治疗组（1.5±1.2）分,保守治疗组（1.6±1.0）分（P=0.549）;Lysholm评分,关节镜治疗组（84.9±12.5）分,保守治疗组（84.2±9.9）分（P=0.676）。结论：对中老年EKOA患者,关节镜手术治疗与保守治疗均具有较满意的中期临床疗效。尽管两组末次随访时疗效差异无统计学意义,但关节镜手术治疗组术前症状较重,多合并半月板损伤或游离体所导致的机械性交锁症状,故对于合并机械性交锁症状或保守治疗效果较差的中老年EKOA患者可考虑关节镜手术治疗。     

加速康复外科在关节镜下半月板损伤修复围术期护理中的应用

目的 探讨加速康复外科（enhanced recovery after surgery, ERAS）优化方案在关节镜下半月板损伤修复围术期护理的应用效果。方法 选取2017年1月至6月在北京积水潭医院运动医学科收治的膝关节半月板损伤病人90例,按照随机数字表法分为ERAS组和常规组,每组45例。ERAS组围术期在常规护理方法的基础上,给予改进的ERAS优化护理方案。比较两组病人术后疼痛视觉模拟量表（visual analogue score, VAS）评分、膝关节活动度恢复时间、Lysholm膝关节评分（Lysholm knee score scale, LKSS）、住院时间和费用、术后并发症及术后满意度情况。结果 两组病人术前至术后48 h各时间点的VAS评分均呈下降趋势（F_ERAS组=14.355,F_常规组=5.728,P均＜0.05）,从各个时间点看,ERAS组的VAS评分值显著低于常规组（F_组间=11.937,P_组间=0.001）,不同时间点与分组之间存在交互作用（F_交互=16.571,P_交互＜0.001）;ERAS组术后膝关节活动度恢复至30°、60°、90°及120°时间明显早于常规组（P＜0.001）,且病人住院时间短（t=-5.181,P＜0.001）、住院费用低（t=-3.263,P=0.002）、术后Lysholm膝关节评分更佳（t=10.682,P＜0.001）;ERAS组病人术后恶心、呕吐、尿潴留、关节积液等并发症发生率较常规组低（P＜0.05）,总体满意度明显高于常规组（Z=-2.455,P=0.014）。结论 ERAS优化方案应用于关节镜下半月板损伤修复的围术期护理中效果显著,可明显降低病人术后疼痛程度,缩短住院时间,减少住院总费用和并发症发生率,有效改善病人早期及远期膝关节活动情况,提高病人治疗综合满意度。     

Penetrating ballistic-like frontal brain injury caused by a metallic rod

Summary  Penetrating non-missile intracranial injuries caused by metallic foreign bodies are very rare among the civilian population. We present a unique instance of a severe, high-energy, penetrating orbitocranial injury caused by a solid metallic rod that corresponded to the spray valve lever handle of a kitchen sink pre-rinse spray tap, which was fractured and projected at high speed for an unknown reason. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a high-energy, penetrating brain injury caused by such an object. After careful radiological evaluation of the shape and position of the foreign object, a combined right frontal craniotomy and supraorbital osteotomy was performed in order to achieve safe removal of the metal bar. Successful surgical treatment of an orbitocranial injury caused by a similar object has not previously been reported.     

Abdominal vascular injuries: Blunt vs. penetrating

Introduction: Abdominal vascular injuries (AVIs) remain a great challenge since they are associated with significant mortality. Penetrating injury is the most common cause of AVIs; however, some AVI series had more blunt injuries. There is little information regarding differences between penetrating and blunt AVIs. The objective of the present study was to identify the differences between these two mechanisms in civilian AVI patients in terms of patient’s characteristics, injury details, and outcomes.Method: From January 2007 to January 2016, we retrospectively collected the data of AVI patients at King Chulalongkorn Memorial hospital, including demographic data, details of injury, the operative managements, and outcomes in terms of morbidity and mortality. The comparison of the data between blunt and penetrating AVI patients was performed.Results: There were 55 AVI patients (28 blunt and 27 penetrating). Majority (78%) of the patients in both groups were in shock on arrival. Blunt AVI patients had significantly higher injury severity score (mean(SD) ISS, 36(20) vs. 25(9), p?=?0.019) and more internal iliac artery injuries (8 vs. 1, p?=?0.028). On the other hand, penetrating AVI patients had more aortic injuries (5 vs. 0, p?=?0.046), and inferior vena cava injuries (7 vs. 0, p?=?0.009). Damage control surgery (DCS) was performed in 45 patients (82%), 25 in blunt and 20 in penetrating. The overall mortality rate was 40% (50% in blunt vs. 30% in penetrating, p?=?0.205).Conclusions: Blunt AVI patients had higher ISS and more internal iliac artery injuries, while penetrating AVI patients had more aortic injuries and vena cava injuries. Majority of AVI patients in both groups presented with shock and required DCS.     

Lisfranc injuries: Incidence,mechanisms of injury and predictors of instability

BackgroundIn Lisfranc injuries the stability of the tarsometatarsal joints guides the treatment of the injury. Determining the stability, especially in the subtle Lisfranc injuries, can be challenging. The purpose of this study was to identify incidence, mechanisms of injury and predictors for instability in Lisfranc injuries.MethodsEighty-four Lisfranc injuries presenting at Oslo University Hospital between September 2014 and August 2015 were included. The diagnosis was based on radiologically verified injuries to the tarsometatarsal joints. Associations between radiographic findings and stability were examined.ResultsThe incidence of Lisfranc injuries was 14/100,000 person-years, and only 31% were high-energy injuries. The incidence of unstable injuries was 6/100,000 person–years, and these were more common in women than men (P = 0.016). Intraarticular fractures in the two lateral tarsometatarsal joints increased the risk of instability (P = 0.007). The height of the second tarsometatarsal joint was less in the unstable injuries than in the stable injuries (P = 0.036).ConclusionThe incidence of Lisfranc injuries in the present study is higher than previously published. The most common mechanism of injury is low-energy trauma. Intraarticular fractures in the two lateral tarsometatarsal joints, female gender and shorter second tarsometatarsal joint height increase the risk of an unstable injury.Level of EvidenceLevel III, cross-sectional study.     

Penetrating Neck Injury: A Case Report and Review of Management

Penetrating neck injury constitutes 5–10 % of all cases seen in the emergency room. As surgeons we must be prepared to manage these cases. After stabilizing the general condition of the patient the neck injuries are assessed. Management has changed from routine exploration to selective exploration. Injury to aerodigestive tract and vessels are commonly seen.     

Genitourinary trauma

Genitourinary trauma occurs in about 10–20% of multiply injured patients and occurs in conjunction with other life-threatening injuries that require immediate attention. Initial assessment should include securing the airway, controlling external bleeding and resuscitation of shock. In many cases the patient is attended by a team where examination and resuscitation is carried out simultaneously. Recognition of genitourinary trauma with appropriate investigations is necessary to select patients for immediate intervention or conservative measures. We discuss the assessment and management of these patients.     

Primary brain stem lesions caused by closed head injuries

Traumatic lesions of the brain stem are of two types: primary, which are considered to be caused at the moment of impact, and secondary, associated with supratentorial mass lesion. Of the 239 patients with a serious head injury who showed a severe disturbance of consciousness upon admisision and who had CT scan carried out immediately, 21 cases were considered to have a primary brain stem lesion with initial CT scan. A primary brain stem lesion was found in 21 of 239 (8.8%) of patients with serious head injury. Their injuries were caused primarily by traffic accidents. Sixteen of the 21 cases showed not only brain stem lesions but also other brain injuries such as cerebral contusion of the white and gray matter, callosal injury, intraventricular hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage, which are considered to be caused by a diffuse shearing injury. Five cases who showed a single injury to the brain stem with no other brain lesions were considered to have a pure brain stem lesion. Primary brain stem lesions were observed on the dorsal side of the midbrain, where they can be differentiated from secondary brain stem lesions. These lesions are considered to result from the shearing mechanism in and around the brain stem very close to the tentorial edge, or to an injury of the lower brain stem by hyperextension of the cervical vertebrae. The prognosis of patients with a primary brain stem lesion was usually unfavorable, except in those with a single brain stem lesion.     

Glutaraldehyde-induced bowel injury after laparoscopy

We document the sequelae of the inadvertent introduction of glutaraldehyde into the peritoneal cavity. It describes the clinical course, progressive histological changes to the bowel at different periods over the course of 1 year, and what long-term morbidity remains. The chemical structure, effects, and pathogenesis of glutaraldehyde are described as well as suggestions for avoiding similar problems in the future.