GFAP和Fos蛋白在戊四氮致痫大鼠前脑中的表达变化

目的 研究大鼠在戊四氮导致癫痫发作时前脑内星形胶质细胞和神经元的形态学反应及其相互关系。方法 应用免疫组织化学单标记法分别显示前脑内GFAP和Fos蛋白表达的时间规律，并用免疫组织化学双重标记显示GFAP和Fos蛋白表达的相互关系。结果 在戊四氮导致大鼠癫痫发作早期，前脑的星形胶质细胞被激活，细胞体积增大，突起粗大，GFAP表达阳性，随着存活时间的变化，星形胶质细胞的反应经历先逐渐升高后降低的过程。被激活的星形胶质细胞和神经元表达Fos蛋白阳性，也呈现逐渐升高又降低的变化；另外，GFAP阳性星形胶质细胞和Fos阳性神经元在前脑主要分布在大脑皮层、海马、杏仁核等部位，二者的分布特征基本一致。结论 星形胶质细胞可能和神经元一起参与了戊四氮所致癫痫发作的变化。     

不同剂量神经生长因子对神经源性疼痛大鼠脊髓Fos蛋白的影响

背景：神经生长因子对神经元的存活、生长发育、分化、再生和功能维持起到调控作用。 目的：进一步验证不同剂量神经生长因子对神经源性痛大鼠的治疗作用以及对脊髓中Fos蛋白的影响。 设计、地点：随机对照动物实验，在上海第九人民医院完成。 材料：健康成年雄性Wistar大鼠72只,体质量180~200 g，随机分为4组，模型组及腹腔注射神经生长因子4， 8，16 μg组，每组18只。 方法：72只大鼠结扎左侧坐骨神经制备坐骨神经慢性缩窄性损伤模型；腹腔注射神经生长因子4， 8，16 μg组，造模后分别腹腔注射神经生长因子4，8，16 μg/(kg•d)。 主要观察指标：①于术前和术后第1，2，3，5，7，10，14天进行行为学观察和机械性痛阈测定。②于术后第2，7，14天各组分别处死大鼠各6只，取脊髓，应用免疫组织化学方法和图像分析系统检测脊髓中Fos蛋白的表达。 结果：模型组大鼠术后出现自发抬足、舔足等自发痛表现，术后第3天起开始出现痛阈下降，第14天达最低值，而注射神经生长因子组大鼠没有自发痛表现，没有出现机械性痛阈的低常期，第10，14天模型组大鼠痛阈与其余各组比较差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。4组大鼠术后第1天机械性痛阈普遍升高；注射神经生长因子16 μg组大鼠术后第1天机械性痛阈比其他各组低(P < 0.01)，第2天机械性痛阈恢复至术前水平，低于注射神经生长因子4 μg组(P < 0.05)。术后模型组大鼠脊髓Fos蛋白表达进行性升高，而其他各组大鼠脊髓中仅有少量Fos阳性神经元，模型组与其余各组比较差异显著(P < 0.01)。术后第2天注射神经生长因子16 μg组大鼠脊髓Fos蛋白表达最低，与模型组和注射神经生长因子4 μg组比较，差异有显著性意义(P < 0.01)。 结论：神经生长因子对大鼠神经源性痛有治疗作用，且大剂量较小剂量作用更为明显，其机制可能与抑制脊髓中Fos蛋白表达有关。     

福尔马林皮下注入引起大鼠脊髓背角表层神经元Fos蛋白和蛋白激酶Cβ亚型的共同表达：免疫细胞化学双标法研究

目的：研究慢性伤害性模型大鼠脊髓背角表层神经元中Fos蛋白和蛋白激酶Cβ亚型的表达间的关系。方法：用免疫细胞化学双标技术，观察了大鼠一侧后脚掌注射福尔马林1h后，脊髓腰段背角神经元中Fos蛋白和蛋白激酶Cβ亚型(PKCβ)的表达及二者的共存情况。结果：1)注射侧背角表层中有大量Fos蛋白样免疫组化染色阳性神经元出现，且其中一半以上同时有PKCβ样免疫反应的增强，而背角表层中有PKCβ样免疫反应增强的神经元中，只有l／5同时有Fos蛋白样阳性反应出现；2)在注射侧背角V-Ⅶ层中也有少量Fos蛋白样阳性反应神经元出现，但它们都不出现PKCβ—LI反应的增强。结论：背角表层中的双标免疫阳性神经元可能与慢性伤害性输人引起的脊髓过敏状态的形成有关。     

Fos蛋白和Jun蛋白在犬颅脑枪弹伤局部脑组织的表达

目的　研究犬颅脑枪弹伤后脑神经元早期快反应基因c fos和c jun表达产物Fos蛋白和Jun蛋白的变化规律。方法　 2 0只杂种犬 ,随机分为正常对照组、损伤组。以德国小口径步枪子弹致犬颅脑贯通伤 (PCI)模型为对象 ,采用免疫组化法检测脑组织伤后 30min、2h、6h弹道挫伤区、震荡区及脑干神经元中Fos和Jun蛋白的表达。结果　对照组脑皮质神经元中Fos和Jun蛋白弱表达 ,弹道挫伤区、震荡区及脑干神经元中Fos和Jun蛋白表达于伤后 30min开始增加 ,2h达到高峰 ,6h逐渐下降。且Fos和Jun蛋白表达在弹道震荡区较挫伤区更为明显 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　Fos蛋白和Jun蛋白在弹道挫伤区、震荡区及脑干神经元均有表达 ,c jun在脑组织内表达的分布范围及变化趋势与c fos基本一致 ,其表达是对损伤刺激的早期反应 ,可能是由Leao播散性抑制引起 ,并与细胞内外信号转导和细胞凋亡有关。     

红藻氨酸致痫大鼠海马Fos和GFAP的共同表达

目的 研究红藻氨酸（kainic acid,KA)诱导大鼠癫痫发作后海马（hippocampus,HI)内神经元和星形胶质细胞的时空效应性反应变化。方法 大鼠侧脑室内注射KA，用抗即刻早期基因Fos蛋白和抗胶质原纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）的双重免疫荧光组织化学方法结合激光共聚焦显微镜技术，显示痫性发作后HI同一部位内反应性神经元与星形胶质细胞的分布。结果 KA诱导大鼠癫痫发作，HI内的Fos阳性神经元和GFAP阳性星形胶质细胞明显增多。两分布范围基本一致，且癫痫诱发30min后GFAP开始增多，1h达高峰；1h后Fos阳性产物开始增多；2h达高峰；部分Fos阳性神经元周围有GFAP免疫反应产物包绕，显示反应性神经元（Fos阳性）与反应性星形胶质细胞（GFAP阳性）之间关系密切。结论 HI内的神经元和星形胶质细胞与癫痫发作直接相关且存在相互关系。可能共同参与癫痫的发生及其调节。     

福尔马林皮下注入引起大鼠脊髓背角表层神经元Fos蛋白和蛋白激酶Cβ亚型的共同表达:免疫细胞化学双标法研究

目的:研究慢性伤害性模型大鼠脊髓背角表层神经元中Fos蛋白和蛋白激酶C β亚型的表达间的关系.方法:用免疫细胞化学双标技术,观察了大鼠一侧后脚掌注射福尔马林1 h后,脊髓腰段背角神经元中Fos蛋白和蛋白激酶C β亚型(PKCβ)的表达及二者的共存情况.结果:1)注射侧背角表层中有大量Fos蛋白样免疫组化染色阳性神经元出现,且其中一半以上同时有PKCβ样免疫反应的增强,而背角表层中有PKCβ样免疫反应增强的神经元中,只有1/5同时有Fos蛋白样阳性反应出现;2)在注射侧背角Ⅴ～Ⅶ层中也有少量Fos蛋白样阳性反应神经元出现,但它们都不出现PKCβ-LI反应的增强.结论:背角表层中的双标免疫阳性神经元可能与慢性伤害性输入引起的脊髓过敏状态的形成有关.     

雌激素对癫癎大鼠中枢神经系统Fos蛋白表达的影响及其作用部位的研究

目的 :了解雌激素致作用的部位。方法 :利用红藻氨酸和 6 氟二乙酯致的两种大鼠癫模型 ,应用免疫组化法检测单纯致及给予雌激素后再致大鼠海马 ,大脑皮质 ,纹状体的Fos表达。结果 :两种模型单纯致组海马、皮质、纹状体Fos表达较正常组显著增高 (P <0 0 1)。给予雌二醇 (E2 )后再致 ,红藻氨酸模型中海马 ,皮质Fos表达较单纯致组增加 (P <0 0 1,P <0 0 5 ) ;而 6 氟二乙酯模型中无变化。结论 :E2 促进癫发作的敏感性不是普遍增加全脑神经元兴奋的结果 ,而是与海马有关     

侧脑室注射IL-1β、IL-1ra对癫痫大鼠脑皮层、海马Fos蛋白表达的影响

目的　了解外源性和内源性白细胞介素 - 1(IL- 1)对戊四氮 (PTZ)致痫大鼠脑皮层、海马神经元兴奋性的影响。方法　应用流式细胞免疫荧光技术对大鼠大脑皮层、海马 Fos表达进行定量分析。结果　 IL- 1β和IL - 1ra侧脑室注射后再致痫大鼠分别较单纯 PTZ致痫大鼠皮层海马 Fos表达显著增高和下降 (P<0 .0 1,P<0 .0 5)。结论　内源性和外源性 IL- 1β均有增高癫痫大鼠脑皮层及海马神经元兴奋性的作用。     

慢性左旋多巴治疗对帕金森病大鼠行为及基底节Fos表达的影响

目的：研究帕金森病大鼠左旋多巴诱导异动症模型的行为学特征及其基底节区神经元活性的变化。方法：帕金森病大鼠给予左旋多巴治疗28d，观察其行为学，并用免疫组织化学方法观察纹状体、苍白球区Fos表达情况。结果：慢性左旋多巴治疗后，帕金森病大鼠出现异常不自主运动，包括刻板运动和增加的对侧旋转行为。急性左旋多巴治疗帕金森病大鼠损毁侧尾壳核和苍白球区Fos表达均增加，慢性左旋多巴治疗与急性治疗组比较损毁侧尾壳核区Fos明显减少，而苍白球区表达增加。结论：慢性间断性左旋多巴治疗诱导帕金森病大鼠异常不自主运动是帕金森病患者左旋多巴诱导异动症的啮齿类动物模型，纹状体苍白球神经元活性增强可能参与其发生机制。     

The Effect of Pinealectomy on Osmotically Stimulated Vasopressin and Oxytocin Release and Fos Protein Production within the Hypothalamus of the Rat

Osmotically stimulated vasopressin and oxytocin release were measured in pinealectomized and sham operated male rats infused with hypertonic sodium chloride. Neuronal activation in the hypothalamic regions associated with oxytocin and vasopressin release was investigated by quantitative assessment of Fos protein production. The osmotically stimulated release of both vasopressin and oxytocin was significantly lower in pinealectomized animals as compared to sham operated controls. The slope of regression lines between plasma osmolality and hormone concentrations in the sham animals showed a 1.0±0.1  pmol per mosm/kg rise in vasopressin and 2.0±0.4  pmol per mosm/kg rise in oxytocin whilst in the pinealectomized animals these values were significantly lower at 0.4±0.1  pmol vasopressin per mosm/kg and 0.8±0.2pmol oxytocin per mosm/kg. The osmotic thresholds for hormone release were unaffected by pinealectomy. Fos production was also significantly lower in the supraoptic nucleus and organ vasculosum of the lamina terminalis in the pinealectomized rat at 62±20 and 59±9 Fos immunoreactive cells/section as compared to corresponding values of 202±31 and 123±20 Fos immunoreactive cells/section in the shams. These observations suggest that reduced hormone release in the pinealectomized animal is due to lowered responsiveness of central osmoregulatory mechanisms and that melatonin may therefore influence the activation of the magnocellular system.     

Effect of Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition on Fos Expression in the Hypothalamus of Female Rats Following Central Oxytocin and Systemic Urethane Administration

Three experiments were carried out to investigate the pattern of neuronal activation induced by central oxytocin administration and its modulation by nitric oxide (NO). First, we compared the induction of Fos-like immunoreactivity (lir) in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei and medial preoptic area (MPOA) after central oxytocin administration between nonlactating and lactating rats. Next, we investigated whether NO modulated Fos induction following central oxytocin administration using a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Finally, to determine whether the effects of NOS inhibition on Fos induction would generalize to stimuli other than oxytocin, we compared Fos-lir in the SON and PVN of lactating and nonlactating rats following L-NAME and urethane administration. In the first two experiments, oxytocin (50 ng in 2 microl) or vehicle was administered into the third ventricle. L-NAME (50 mg/kg) was given by an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection 30 min before oxytocin administration (experiment 2) or an i.p. injection of urethane (1.4 g/kg) (experiment 3). In all experiments, lactating rats were tested on day 12 or 13 postpartum and nonlactating females at least 11 days after surgery or the start of the experiment. Central oxytocin infusion induced Fos expression in the SON and PVN in lactating and nonlactating rats and in the MPOA and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in lactating rats. Overall, lactating rats that received L-NAME and oxytocin had a greater number of cells showing Fos-lir in both the SON and PVN. Conversely, L-NAME administration reduced Fos-lir in the SON and PVN in oxytocin-stimulated nonlactating rats. In urethane-treated rats, L-NAME administration did not change Fos-lir in lactating rats but reduced Fos-lir in nonlactating rats. These data suggest that the role of NO in modulating the activity of neurones in discrete nuclei in the hypothalamus varies across reproductive state and with the stimulus presented.     

Neuronal expression of Fos protein in the hypothalamus of rats with heart failure

We sought to identify the areas that have altered neuronal activity within the hypothalamus of rats with heart failure (HF) by mapping neuronal staining of c-Fos protein (Fos) 6-8 weeks following coronary artery ligation (HF group; n=17) or sham surgery (sham-operated control group, n=15). Fos-like immunoreactivity was observed in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), supraoptic nucleus (SON), median preoptic nucleus (MnPO), anterior hypothalamus (AH) and posterior hypothalamus (PH) using a standard ABC immunocytochemical protocol. The rats in the HF group displayed infarcts averaging 34+/-2% of the outer circumference and 41+/-1% of the inner circumference of the left ventricular wall. Sham-operated control rats had no observable damage to the myocardium. Rats with chronic heart failure (n=5) but no manipulation (no surgery) had a similar number of Fos-staining cells in PVN SON, MnPO, AH and PH compared to sham-operated rats. Acute surgery for isolation of vagus nerves and anesthesia for 90 min increased the number of Fos positive cells in PVN, SON and MnPO of both sham-operated rats and rats with HF. Furthermore, rats with heart failure (n=5) had significantly higher number of Fos-staining cells in PVN (four times), SON (4.5 times) and MnPO (1.5 times) compared to sham-operated rats after acute surgery for isolation of the vagus. The number of Fos-staining cells remained unaltered in AH and PH in both groups of rats. However, in a third series of experiments vagotomy reduced the number of Fos-staining cells in the PVN, SON or MnPO of rats with HF (n=5) to those observed in sham-operated vagotomized rats. This study shows that: (1) there is augmented neuronal activity as indicated by increased number of Fos staining neurons in the PVN, SON and MnPO due to acute surgical stress in rats with HF, and (2) vagal afferents are responsible for the increased neuronal activity in PVN, SON and MnPO of rats with HF during acute surgical stress. These data support the conclusion that vasopressin producing neurons and autonomic areas within the hypothalamus influenced by vagal afferents are activated during HF and are sensitive to 'acute surgical stress' and may contribute to the elevated levels of vasopressin and sympatho-excitation commonly observed in heart failure.     

c‐Fos Expression After Chronic Electrical Stimulation of Sensorimotor Cortex in Rats

Objectives. Motor cortex stimulation has been used as a treatment for intractable pain. However, the mechanisms underlying its effects remain unclear. In this study, neuroplasticity induced by chronic sensorimotor cortex stimulation was investigated experimentally on the basis of c‐Fos expression. Materials and Methods. The experimental animals employed were adult male Wistar rats. A quadripolar stimulation electrode was positioned over the sensorimotor cortex. We examined the neural activation in response to chronic stimulation using c‐Fos immunopositivity. Results. The results are as follows: 1) c‐Fos was significantly expressed immediately after the stimulation compared with that in the control; 2) c‐Fos expression became extensive over the various regions with an increase in stimulation duration; and 3) after two months of stimulation, c‐Fos was expressed not only on the stimulation side, but also within the contralateral cerebral hemisphere. Conclusions. Changes in c‐Fos expression induced by long‐term stimulation indicate the existence of a time‐dependent neural plasticity.     

γ刀照射对荷胶质瘤大鼠C-myc蛋白表达的抑制

目的观察荷胶质瘤大鼠γ刀照射后,C-myc蛋白表达的变化。方法建立颅内种植胶质瘤C6细胞的荷瘤大鼠模型。3周后,实验组给予γ刀治疗。计数荷瘤大鼠生存时间。免疫组化SP染色及计算机图像分析检测C-myc基因蛋白水平表达。结果实验组及对照组荷瘤大鼠生存时间分别为(36.5±3.1)d和(28.0±2.4)d,两组相较,差异显著(P<0.01)。实验组及对照组荷瘤大鼠C-myc基因蛋白阳性表达率分别为(40.98±15.46)%和(77.62±12.11)%,二者差异显著(P<0.01)。结论γ刀诱导胶质瘤凋亡的机制可能与抑制肿瘤细胞C-myc基因蛋白水平表达有关。     

Expression of Fos protein in rat brain following administration of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist epibatidine

Epibatidine (exo-2-(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)-7-azabicyclo-[2.2.1]heptane), an extract of frog skin, is a novel and highly potent agonist for the nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor. The present study was undertaken to examine the expression of Fos protein in several rat brain regions following an acute administration of epibatidine. Furthermore, we also studied the role of the dopamine D₁ and D₂ receptors and the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, and nicotinic ACh receptor in the expression of Fos protein by epibatidine. A single administration of epibatidine (5, 10, 50 μg/kg) caused a marked induction of Fos-immunoreactivity in the prefrontal cortex, medial striatum, nucleus accumbens, amygdala and superior colliculus of rat brain. In these regions, pretreatment with SCH 23390 (1.0 mg/kg), a dopamine D₁ receptor antagonist, MK-801 (1.0 mg/kg), a NMDA receptor antagonist, and mecamylamine (5.0 mg/kg), a nicotinic Ach receptor antagonist, inhibited the induction of Fos protein by epibatidine (10 μg/kg). Pretreatment with sulpiride, a dopamine D₂ receptor antagonist, blocked the induction of Fos protein in the prefrontal cortex and the core region of accumbens nucleus, but not in the medial striatum and the shell division of nucleus accumbens of rat brain. These results suggest that epibatidine induced the expression of Fos protein in several regions of rat brain, and that dopamine D₁ receptor, NMDA receptor, and nicotinic ACh receptor may play a role in the expression of Fos protein by epibatidine in rat brain. Furthermore, dopamine D₂ receptor may, in part, play a role in epibatidine induced expression of Fos protein in the prefrontal cortex and the core region of nucleus accumbens, but not in the medial striatum and the shell division of nucleus accumbens of rat brain.     

牛磺酸对小鼠脑提取物酶活性的影响

探讨牛磺酸（Tau）对小鼠脑提取物中单胺氧化酶-B（MAO－B）和胆碱酯酶（AChE）活性的影响。结果显示Tau以10mmol／L浓度作用时，MAO－B活性无明显变化（P＞005）；当浓度上升至20、40和80mmol／L后，MAO－B活性显著下降（P＜0．05和P＜0．01）。Tau以0．1、1．0和10mmol／L浓度作用时，AChE活性与对照组无显著差异（P＞0．05）。推测Tau可降低MAO－B的活性，从而减少脑内多巴胺（DA）的降解，但对AChE无明显影响。提示Tau有可能用于治疗某些神经系统疾病，如帕金森病和抑郁症等，并初步探讨了其可能的作用机制。     

Effects of Intraamygdaloid Injection of Taurine and Valyltaurine on Amygdaloid Kindled Seizure in Rats

Abstract: Antiepileptic effects of intracerebral injections of taurine and valyltaurine were examined in amygdaloid kindled rats. The effects were assessed whether the animals can evoke generalized seizures by a 10,μA higher stimulation intensity than triggering thresholds. In all fully-kindled animals that have received intraamygdaloid injection of 500 nmol taurine, the kindled seizure was completely abolished. Such a significant seizure suppression (p < 0.05) was observed 12–24 h after the taurine injection. Valyltaurine (500 nmol) also suppressed the seizure in 60% of animals tested, but the effect was not statistically significant. The results indicate that taurine may effectively suppress epileptic seizures when it acts directly at the stimulation site amygdala.     

BCL—2蛋白在癫痫过程中海马细胞内的变化

癫痫全面性强直阵挛发作（ＧＴＣＳ）可诱导脑细胞的损伤与修复过程。ＢＣＬ—２蛋白是具有介导多种细胞外信号保护细胞存活的重要的细胞浆蛋白之一。应用流式细胞免疫荧光技术对马桑内酯（ＣＬ）致痫大鼠海马细胞中ＢＣＬ—２蛋白进行检测。结果显示：ＣＬ诱导癫痫发作海马细胞中ＢＣＬ—２蛋白表达增高，发作６小时以内荧光指数（ＦＩ）（１．１２９±０．０４７，ｎ＝７）明显高于对照组（０．９９９±０．０９６，ｎ＝９），Ｐ＜０．００５，６～２４小时组（１．０２６±０．０６５，ｎ＝３）及２４小时以后组（０．９８２±０．０４３，ｎ＝６）ＦＩ回落，Ｐ＞０．０５。提示这种ＢＣＬ—２变化可能对损伤和凋亡细胞具有保护作用。