脑干海绵状血管瘤的显微手术治疗

目的探讨脑干海绵状血管瘤的诊断和治疗经验。方法本组18例脑干海绵状血管瘤中,病灶位于一侧大脑脚3例,桥脑及桥脑臂9例,桥脑一延髓4例,延髓2例。分别采用经幕下小脑上人路、一侧颞枕小脑幕人路、桥小脑角人路和枕后正巾人路显微手术治疗。结果血管瘤镜下全切17例,次全切除1例。眩晕病人术后症状明显减轻,除1例术后新出现复视外,其余颅神经损害患者症状减轻,或无变化。结论显微手术治疗脑干海绵状血管瘤是可行的,早期手术可能取得较好的效果。     

显微手术治疗脑干海绵状血管瘤的临床分析

目的 探讨脑干海绵状血管瘤的显微手术治疗方法及其疗效。方法 回顾性分析2011年10月至2015年9月显微手术治疗的19例脑干海绵状血管瘤的临床资料,其中桥脑12例,中脑4例,延髓2例,桥脑延髓交界区1例。经坐位枕下后正中小脑延髓裂入路12例,坐位乙状窦后入路4例,坐位后正中幕下小脑上入路2例,翼点入路1例。结果 病灶全切除17例,次全切除2例。术后症状改善16例,无明显变化3例,无手术死亡病例。术后随访14~58个月,次全切除2例均复发并行二次手术;术前KPS评分为（75±6）分,术后KPS评分为（84±8）分,随访1年KPS评分为（90±5）分。结论 应根据术前影像学检查以及术者经验及习惯选择手术方式,坐位可以作为大部分脑干海绵状血管瘤的常规手术体位;显微手术治疗脑干海绵状血管瘤应在保证安全的前提下做到全切除,使患者获得良好预后。     

脑干海绵状血管瘤的综合治疗

脑干海绵状血管瘤是导致脑干出血,尤其是不伴发昏迷的脑干出血的重要原因。1928年,Dandy首先采用手术治疗脑干海绵状血管瘤。近数十年来,随着MRI、神经电生理监护以及神经导航的应用,手术治疗脑干海绵状血管瘤的报道越来越多,而且取得了较显著的疗效[1,2]。目前,手术已成为脑干海绵状血管瘤的治疗首选。1概述     

脑干海绵状血管瘤显微外科治疗

目的探讨显微外科治疗脑干海绵状血管瘤(BSCM)患者的临床效果。方法回顾性分析我院神经外科2010-01—2012-01收治的22例脑干海绵状血管瘤患者的临床资料,分析治疗结果,并进行为期24个月的随访观察,内容包括周围神经功能缺损评分及生活质量评分的改善状况、MRI检查结果等。结果术后72h进行镜下及MRI检查证实,21例全切除,1例次全切,手术无死亡,术后病理检查证实均为海绵状血管瘤。出现术后颅内感染1例,颅内低压性头痛1例,经积极治疗好转;非手术性并发症包括:深静脉血栓形成1例,肺部感染1例,经治疗均治愈,未形成永久性致残。术后所有患者均随访观察24个月,均经MRI检查未发现病变残留、复发、出血等情况。Karnofsky评分及神经功能缺损评分术后第6个月、第12个月、第24个月较术前均有显著好转,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),Karnofsky评分较术前显著升高,神经功能缺损评分较术前显著降低。结论对具有手术适应证的脑干海绵状血管瘤患者采用显微外科治疗能够显著改善患者的生活质量及神经功能症状。     

颅内海绵状血管瘤的显微外科治疗

目的探讨颅内海绵状血管瘤的诊断和治疗的进展。方法对我院连续收治的31例颅内海绵状血管瘤患者的资料进行回顾性分析。病灶位于额叶6例,额顶区皮层至室管膜下巨大病灶1例,顶叶功能区4例,岛叶基底节1例,颞后1例,一侧大脑脚3例,桥脑及桥脑臂9例,桥脑一延髓4例,延髓2例。病灶大小1～7cm,半球病灶采用最近的骨瓣开颅;脑干病灶采用4种手术入路：经幕下小脑上入路、经一侧颞枕小脑幕入路、桥小脑角入路、枕后正中入路。结果全切30例,次全切除1例。偏瘫5例术后4例肌力增加,1例无变化;癫痫4例3例术后1个月内无发作,1例有1次轻微发作;眩晕患者症状明显减轻,除1例术后新出现复视外,其余颅神经损害或减轻,或保持原状。病理结果：海绵状血管瘤。结论显微手术治疗颅内海绵状血管瘤是可行的,早期手术可能取得较好的效果。     

脑干海绵状血管瘤的影像学诊断和显微外科治疗

目的 探讨脑干海绵状血管瘤的影像学特点与显微外科治疗效果. 方法 第四军医大学唐都医院全军微创神经外科中心自2006年5月至2011年9月共行显微外科手术切除术治疗脑干海绵状血管瘤患者15例,回顾性分析患者的影像学资料和治疗效果. 结果 脑干海绵状血管瘤在MRI上有特征性的表现,可见“桑椹状”或“网格状”结构,肿瘤周边可见低信号环,以T2WI像更为明显,提示有含铁血黄素沉积的陈旧性出血.本组肿瘤全切14例,1例次全切.术后1周,12例较术前症状有明显改善,2例无明显变化,1例延髓病变者出现饮水呛咳加重.术后3月,随访13例症状较术前明显改善,2例无明显改善.术后12月,随访12例,11例症状较术前明显改善,1例无明显改善. 结论 MRI及其增强显影可准确地显示海绵状血管瘤的大小位置,显微外科手术治疗是有效的治疗脑干海绵状血管瘤的方法.     

伽玛刀治疗脑干海绵状血管瘤34例

目的分析脑干海棉状血管瘤的诊断及应用伽玛刀治疗指标.方法对34例脑干海绵状血管瘤,直径为0.8～1.8cm(平均1.28cm),病变中心剂量为22～45Gy(平均32.45Gy),周边剂量为9～14Gy(平均12.67Gy),进行治疗.结果随访5月-6年,经MRI复查19例,1例基本消失,10例病灶明显缩小,5例病灶大小不变无增大.1例术后半年局部出血,症状加重在外院行手术治疗,2例出现迟发性脑水肿,其余病例未见有症状加重.结论伽玛刀治疗脑干绵状血管瘤,对控制肿瘤生长,降低出血率,缓解临床症状起到一定积极作用.     

脑干海绵状血管瘤手术治疗13例临床分析

目的 探讨脑干海绵状血管瘤的手术方法、技巧和效果.方法 回顾性分析13例脑干海绵状血管瘤患者的临床表现、手术方式、治疗效果及随访资料.结果 全部病灶均于显微镜下全切,术中运用神经电生理监测,无手术死亡.术后病理学检查证实海绵状血管瘤.8例患者术后神经功能障碍得到改善,2例无变化,3例症状加重.术后随访6-24个月,13例患者复查均无复发,其中8例恢复正常生活,2例生活基本自理,3例偏瘫.结论 脑干海绵状血管瘤采用显微外科技术切除,效果良好.     

脑干海绵状血管瘤的临床治疗决策

脑干海绵状血管瘤(BSCM)位于脑干,毗邻锥体束、脑神经核团等重要脑功能结构,破裂出血可引起破坏性极大的临床事件。目前治疗方式分为手术切除、放射外科和保守治疗。神经外科医生需要对脑干海绵状血管瘤自然史充分了解,同时结合自己的丰富经验去加以权衡从而做出治疗决策。本文对脑干海绵状血管瘤的治疗及并发症的防治指导临床决策进行综述,同时指出目前研究存在的不足,并就如何进一步形成规范治疗进行展望。     

脑干海绵状血管瘤影像学

目的：结合临床表现特点，对４８例有组织学结果的脑干海绵状血管瘤的影像学表现进行分析。方法：４８例依发作方式分为两种类型。一类表现为突然发作的颅神经及传导束症状，部分为反复类似发作；另一种为静止性发作。所有病人均进行了ＣＴ及ＭＲＩ检查。并通过手术得到病理证实。结果：所有病例ＣＴ及ＭＲＩ均表现出海绵状血管瘤的特点。在非增强ＣＴ扫描表现为等或稍高密度，在增强ＣＴ扫描，病灶表现为轻至中度强化，水肿及占位效应均不明显。ＭＲＩ扫描表现为高信号或混杂信号，代表不同时相的出血及胶质样变。部分病例可见典型的桑椹样或网络样结构。除１８例病灶位于延髓或中脑外，大多病灶位于桥脑。３例在梯度回波扫描可见多发病灶。有１例组织学可见海绵状血管瘤的血管腔内存在弹性纤维；４例可见引流静脉及供血动脉。结论：桥脑是脑干海绵状血管瘤最常见部位；影像学特别是ＭＲＩ表现与病程及病变构成有关；部分组织病理学具有与其它血管畸形重叠的特点。手术彻底切除病灶对防止复发非常重要。     

脑干海绵状血管畸形的手术治疗

目的 明确脑干海绵状血管畸形(CM)的解剖位置,探讨相应的手术入路和手术技巧.方法 回顾性分析53例脑干CM的病例资料.其中主体位于中脑10例(中脑腹侧1例,中脑背侧2例,中脑侧方7例);主体位于脑桥32例(脑桥侧方28例,脑桥背侧4例);主体位于延髓11例(延髓侧方2例,延髓背侧9例).病变均行手术切除.共使用7种手术入路:额眶颧入路1例、枕下-经小脑幕入路(Poppen入路)2例、颞下-经小脑幕入路27例、颞下-岩前经小脑幕入路6例、枕下-乙状窦后入路2例、枕下后正中入路13例、远外侧入路2例.结果 病变全切除53例(100％).术后随访:症状明显改善18例(34％),症状无变化28例(53％),新增症状7例(13％).结论 对于脑干CM,选择适合的手术入路和精湛的手术技巧,术中配合使用辅助技术,是减少手术损伤、获得良好手术质量及预后的关键.     

Limited positive predictive value of diffusion tensor tractography in determining clinically relevant white matter damage in brain stem cavernous malformations: A retrospective study in a single center surgical cohort

PurposeDiffusion tensor tractography (DTT) might reflect the postoperative clinical outcome of the patients with brain stem (BS) tumors correlating well with the neurological symptoms, but cavernous malformation (CM) is a hemorrhagic tumor prone to artifacts that may limit DTT. We set out to determine the correlation of DTT findings with the neurological examination before and after surgical resection in patients with BSCMs.Materials and methodsDTT findings were evaluated bilaterally for fiber tract displacement or deviation, deformation and interruption in every patient before and after the surgery. Neurological examination was performed at admission, discharge and outpatient follow-up visit. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of DTT were calculated both pre- and post-operatively.ResultsThere were 25 patients (9 men 16 women) with a mean age of 39.5 ± 13.9 years. The mean size of the CMs was 6909 ± 8374 mm³ (range: 180–38,220 mm³) The mean follow-up time was 42.7 ± 23.2 months (range: 8 to 112 months). Preoperatively, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of DTT for corticospinal tracts (CST) and medial lemnisci (ML) were 100%, 60%, 38.4%, 100% and 87.5%, 11.7%, 31.8%, 66.6%, respectively. Postoperatively, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of DTT for CSTs and ML were 100%, 64.7%, 40%, 100% and 100%, 0%, 33.3%, 66.6%, respectively.ConclusionPositive findings on DTT such as fiber tract deviation, deformation, disruption or interruption should be taken cautiously before drawing conclusions of a clinically relevant damage of white matter tracts.     

Long-term seizure outcomes following resection of supratentorial cavernous malformations

Objective

Symptomatic supratentorial cavernous malformations may present with seizure, headache, neurological deficit, or a combination thereof. Factors that contribute to treatment algorithms commonly include patient age, lesion size and location, lesion multiplicity, hemorrhage history, and the ability to control seizure activity with medication. A better appreciation of the impact of patient and lesion characteristics on post-operative seizure control may provide insight into management strategies. To determine long-term seizure outcomes following surgical resection of supratentorial cavernous malformations, the predictive value of characteristics including seizure duration and number, presence of generalized seizures, and lesion multiplicity and size on seizure control rate was evaluated.

Methods

We performed a single institution retrospective review of consecutive patients with supratentorial cavernous malformations presenting with at least one seizure between 1995 and 2008. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine the influence of patient and lesion characteristics on postoperative seizure control.

Results

Fifty-six patients met inclusion criteria. Mean follow-up duration was 87.9 months. At last follow-up there were 46 patients (82.1%) that were free from impairing seizures (Engel Class 1). Ten patients (17.9%) were classified as Engel Class 2–4. Univariate analysis demonstrated that only the presence of multiple cavernomas was associated with worse post-operative seizure outcome (p = 0.006). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that multiple cavernomas remained a significant predictor for development of worse seizure outcome controlling for number and duration of seizures prior to operation, presence of generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and size (odds ratio, 0.17; 95% confidence interval, 0.03, 0.99).

Conclusion

Resection of supratentorial cavernomas is associated with a high rate of postoperative seizure freedom. The presence of multiple cavernomas is predictive of seizure persistence following surgery.     

皮层脑电图监测在伴有癫痫的颞叶海绵状血管瘤手术中的作用

目的 探讨皮层脑电图（ECoG）监测在伴有癫痫的颞叶海绵状血管瘤手术中的作用。方法 2006年1月至2015年3月手术治疗伴有癫痫的颞叶海绵状血管瘤98例,术中采用ECoG监测53例,未用ECoG监测45例。术后随访1~8年,平均3.5年。结果 术后无死亡及永久性功能障碍。术后Engle Ⅰ级72例（73.5%） ,Ⅱ级18例（18.4%）,Ⅲ级5例（5.1%）,Ⅳ级3例（3.1%）。癫痫病史<1年的36例中,术后Engle Ⅰ级31例（86.1%）;>1年的62中,术后Engle Ⅰ级41例（66.1%）;两组差异显著（P<0.05）。ecog监测下手术的53例中,术后engle ⅰ级44例（83.0%）;未监测的45例中,术后engleⅰ级28例（62.2%）;两组亦差异显著（P<0.05）。>结论 伴有癫痫的颞叶海绵状血管瘤应尽早手术治疗;在ECoG监测下做病灶扩大切除或脑叶切除将获得更理想的癫痫控制率。     

Brainstem cavernous malformations: Natural history versus surgical management

While brainstem cavernous malformations were once considered inoperable, improvements in patient selection, surgical exposures, intraoperative MRI-guidance, MR tractography, and neurophysiologic monitoring have resulted in good outcomes in the majority of operated patients. In a consecutive series of 104 patients with brainstem cavernous malformations, only 14% of patients experienced cranial nerve or motor dysfunction that was worse at late follow-up, relative to their preoperative condition. Outcomes were predicted by several factors, including larger lesion size, lesions that crossed the midline, the presence of a developmental venous anomaly, older age, and greater time interval from lesion hemorrhage to surgery. The 14% of patients who experienced a persistent neurological deficit as a result of surgery, while substantial from any perspective, compares favorably with the risks of observation based on a recent meta-analysis. Curative resection is a safe and effective treatment for brainstem cavernous malformations that will prevent re-hemorrhage in symptomatic patients.     

Role of aspirin and statin therapy in patients with cerebral cavernous malformations

Stagnant blood flow and organizing thrombus are intralesional components of patients with cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM). Stasis and inflammation are mechanisms of growth, lesional instability and acute hemorrhages with or w/o symptoms. We evaluate the association of pre-diagnostic aspirin and/or statin use with acute hemorrhages at diagnosis. Patients with a CCM diagnosis were identified and categorized according to their medications on admission into four groups (no therapy, statin, aspirin, combined). The primary outcome was an acute hemorrhage (with or w/o symptoms) at diagnosis reported in a standardized manner from the T2 weighted magnetic resonance image. A multivariate generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) was utilized to conduct per-lesion analysis. We identified 446 patients with 635 lesions. An acute hemorrhage at diagnosis was observed in 31% of the patients. There were 328 patients without statin or aspirin therapy, 34% of whom presented with acute hemorrhage. Of patients on aspirin therapy at diagnosis, 25% presented with hemorrhage. Of patients on statin therapy, 26% had a hemorrhage at diagnosis. Combined therapy in 44 patients demonstrated a lower proportion of patients with acute hemorrhages (7 patients, 16% incidence). A GLMM showed that patients in the combined therapy group to have significantly lower odds of having an acute hemorrhage at diagnosis compared to the reference group of no therapy (OR 0.24; 95% CI 0.09–0.59; P = 0.002). Patients with a CCM receiving therapy with both aspirin and statins were less likely to present at diagnosis with acute hemorrhage.     

脑干海绵状血管瘤手术入路选择

目的探讨脑干海绵状血管瘤手术适应证和手术入路的选择。方法回顾分析70例手术治疗的脑干海绵状血管瘤，其中位于：中脑15例、中脑-桥脑交界8例、桥脑34例、桥脑-延髓交界5例、延髓8例。我们共采用8种手术入路：经菱形窝27例、颞下或颞-枕入路14例、远外侧经髁7例、外侧小脑上幕下7例、中线小脑上幕下8例、枕经天幕4例、乳突后2例，以及眶颧1例。结果本组病例的年出血率为2．9％（77／2364），占同期颅内海绵状血管瘤的44％（70／159）；97％的病例手术选择在亚急性或慢性期、且所有患者均有颅神经症状和（或）运动功能障碍、感觉障碍、共济失调（包括失平衡）。中脑病变手术入路选择以中线小脑上（46．7％，7／15）、颞下或颞-枕（26．7％，4／15）为主；桥脑病变多选择菱形窝（58．8％，20／34）、颞下或颞-枕（23．5％，8／34）；而病变位于延髓者以远外侧经髁（62．5％，5／8）和菱形窝入路（37．5％，3／8）为主。结论脑干海绵状血管瘤表现为进行性神经功能缺失、具有占位效应、接近脑干表面者可考虑手术治疗；个体化地选择手术入路、术中神经电生理监测以及直接的电刺激是手术成功的关键。     

脑干海绵状血管瘤的显微外科治疗(附10例报告)

目的分析脑干海绵状血管瘤的显微外科治疗方法和预后。方法显微手术切除脑干海绵状血管瘤10例,病灶位于桥脑8例,延髓2例。6例桥脑、延髓背侧的海绵状血管瘤,采用枕下正中经四脑室底入路切除; 4例桥脑外侧和腹外侧的海绵状血管瘤,采用枕下乙状窦后入路切除。结果病灶均镜下全切除,病理证实为海绵状血管瘤。4例患者术后症状明显改善,5例患者出现不同程度并发症,在1周至3个月内恢复,1例患者术后因肺内感染死亡。患者术后随访3-58个月,复查MRI均未发现病灶复发,无其他并发症出现。结论在正确选择适应证的前提下,脑干海绵状血管瘤的显微外科治疗效果良好。     

脑多发海绵状血管畸形的手术治疗

目的脑多发海绵状血管畸形手术治疗报道少见,探讨脑多发海绵状血管畸形患者的临床特征及手术治疗效果。方法回顾分析39例手术治疗脑多发海绵状血管畸形病例,采用改良MRS评分对患者神经功能状态进行评估。配对T检验对术前与随访时MRS评分进行比较,用Pearson相关分析对年龄、病变数量、术前MRS评分等对预后的影响因素进行相关性分析。结果 1例小脑脚海绵状血管畸形患者术后出现不全性面瘫,1例桥脑病变患者术后出现肢体偏瘫,经治疗后均逐渐好转。平均随访29.5月,无再次出血患者。随访时16例(41%)患者神经功能状态较术前明显改善,23例(59%)较前无变化,无病情加重患者。经统计学分析,术前与随访时MRS评分比较P=0.01,有统计学意义。性别、年龄、首发症状距手术时间、病变数量、出血次数、随访时间与预后不相关。手术病变部位(P=0.02)及术前MRS(P=0.01)与预后相关。结论脑多发海绵状血管畸形患者行致病病变切除多数患者效果良好,手术病变部位及术前MRS是影响预后的相关因素。     

脑海绵状血管畸形与动静脉畸形对放疗的不同反应

目的 探究脑海绵状血管畸形(CMs)与动静脉畸形(AVMs)的结构差异和对于放射外科治疗反应的不同.方法 实验样本共33例,包括放射外科治疗后的CMs 3例,放射外科治疗后的AVMs 3例,未经照射的CMs 6例,未经照射的AVMs 17例和健康对照4例.取材后立即处理,并应用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察5组间的超微结构差异.结果 CMs显示管腔直径与血管壁的厚度较大而且缺乏内皮下成纤维细胞,肌成纤维细胞和平滑肌细胞.CMs放射外科治疗后形成部分蛋白质凝块(管腔的19％ ～22％),在放射治疗后长达6年后也未出现完整的血管闭塞.AVMs观察到由纤维蛋白血栓组成永久性的血栓,使血管完整的闭塞(管腔的91％ ～ 98％).照射诱导病灶周围的脑组织发生神经元丢失和神经原纤维变性.结论 CMs与AVMs的血管结构及细胞成分的不同导致它们对放射外科治疗的反应不同.