正常血压高值与肾功能的相关性研究

目的:观察正常血压高值患者肾功能的变化,以探讨正常血压高值患者是否存在与血压升高相关的靶器官损害,以指导其治疗和预防.方法:根据JNC-7诊断标准筛选病例并分为3组:正常血压组(NT组)56例;正常血压高值组(PH组)51例;高血压组(EH组)54例.留取晨尿,抽取静脉血,离心后采用放免法和酶法测定尿β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)、尿微量白蛋白(mAIb)及血尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Cr).结果:与NT组相比,PH组和EH组尿β2-MG、mAIb水平明显升高(P＜0.05;P＜0.01);BUN、Cr在EH组明显升高,与NT组比较P＜0.01;在PH组BUN轻度升高,与NT组比较无显著性差异;血Cr明显升高, 与NT组比较P＜0.01.直线相关分析显示:血压水平与尿β2-MG、mAIb及BUN、Cr的水平均呈显著正相关.多因素回归分析显示:校正年龄、体质指数、血糖、胆固醇、TG,血压水平仍与尿β2-MG、mAIb有显著的相关性.结论:PH组患者尿β2- MG 、 mAIb 、 Cr 出现了异常变化.且血压水平与尿β2-MG、mAIb及BUN、Cr的水平均呈显著正相关.提示正常血压高值患者可能存在与血压升高相关的肾损害.血压水平是导致尿β2-MG、尿mAIb增加的独立危险因素.     

尿微量蛋白检测对老年高血压病肾损害的早期诊断价值

目的：探讨尿微量蛋白水平检测对老年高血压肾损害的早期诊断价值。方法：收集95例老年原发性高血压（EH）患晨尿、空腹静脉血、采用酶联免疫法测定尿微量白蛋白（micro-albumin,MA)及血、尿β2微球蛋白（β2－MG），并测定血尿素氮（BUN），肌酸（Cr)，肾联检阳性为尿MA，血，尿β2－MG中任何一项指标高于正常值。结果：单项指标阳性率：β2－MG71．57％，尿β2－MG68．42％，尿MA53．68％，多项指标联检阳性率85．26％均高于尿常规（14．73％）和BUN，Cr阳性率（29．47％），差异非常显（P＜0．001）。EH2、3级极高危患血、尿微量蛋白肾联检总阳性率100％。结论：血、尿微量蛋白在老年性高血压病肾功能受损时较肾功能指标BUN、Cr改变出现早，是诊断肾功能早期损害的敏感指标。     

老年杓型高血压患者晨峰血压现象与尿微量白蛋白/肌酐的关系

目的：研究老年杓型高血压患者的晨峰血压（MBPS）现象与尿微量白蛋白/肌酐（UmAlb/Cr）的关系,明确其对肾脏功能的潜在损害。
　　方法：收集225例老年杓型高血压患者,根据动态血压监测（ABPM）结果分为观察组（有晨峰血压的102例）及对照组（无晨峰血压的123例）,均行UmAlb/Cr、血尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Cr）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、甘油三酯（TG）、胆固醇（TC）检测,分析两组间UmAlb/Cr的差异。
　　结果：两组患者之间的性别例数比、病程、年龄、血BUN、Cr、HDL-C、LDL-C、TG、TC差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。观察组较对照组的血压晨峰变异幅度显著升高[（△晨峰血压mmHg（：33.82±8.26）比（14.01±6.15）,P=0.01）]。不同性别观察组UmAlb/Cr均高于对照组[mg/mmol：男性（4.92±1.91）比（2.48±1.95）,P=0.001,女性（5.49±2.04）比（3.95±2.37）,P=0.03]。
　　结论：具有MBPS现象的老年杓型高血压患者较无MBPS现象者更易出现早期肾功能损害。     

老年高血压患者动态血压与微量蛋白尿的相关性分析

目的研究老年高血压微量白蛋白尿患者动态血压特点。方法将138例老年原发性高血压患者分成两组,尿微量白蛋白阴性组98例,阳性组40例,比较两组非杓型与杓型动态血压节律情况及各时段平均血压。结果老年高血压患者中非杓型动态血压节律发生率微量白蛋白尿阳性者高于阴性者(χ2=4.54,P<0.05),老年高血压患者动态血压呈非杓型者平均尿微量白蛋白明显大于呈杓型者(t=4.39,P<0.01)。白昼平均收缩压尿微量白蛋白阴性组明显低于阳性组(t=-1.73,P<0.05);夜间平均收缩压(nSBP)尿微量白蛋白阴性组明显低于阳性组(t=-1.93,P<0.05),余各组间相比无统计学差异。结论老年高血压病患者微量蛋白尿的产生可能与杓型动态血压节律消失有关。     

高血压病患者昼夜血压节律对心脏结构和功能的影响

目的　观察高血压病患者昼夜血压节律对心脏结构和功能的影响。方法　根据夜间血压下降率将患者分为年龄、性别匹配的两组 ,夜间血压下降率 <10 %为非杓型组 ,≥ 10 %为杓型组。应用 2 4小时动态血压监测和超声心动图方法观察并比较 3 3 8例初诊高血压病患者的动态血压节律及心脏结构、功能的特点。结果　非杓型组 2 4h收缩压、2 4h舒张压、夜间收缩压、夜间舒张压明显高于杓型组 ,非杓型组较杓型组左室心肌质量及左室心肌质量指数明显增加 ,舒张早期血流的峰值流速减慢 ;心房收缩期血流的峰值流速、流速积分及A/E比值加大。结论　非杓型血压节律的高血压病患者较杓型血压节律者更易导致左心室肥厚及左室舒张功能减退     

老年高血压患者血压昼夜曲线对靶器官的影响

目的 研究老年高血压患者血压昼夜波动曲线对心、脑、肾靶器官损害的影响.方法 根据动态血压监测结果,将患者按血压昼夜曲线分为杓型曲线组(96例)与非杓型曲线组(91例).应用活动平板试验、超声心动图、CT/磁共振成像(MRI)、眼底检查、血肌酐及尿蛋白等指标,判断心、脑、肾靶器官损害情况.结果 非杓型曲线组与杓型曲线组者对比,舒张期室间隔厚度(IVS)及左室后壁厚度(LVPW)增加,舒张早期血流与心房收缩期血流比值(E/A)减小,左室射血分数(LVEF)及左室短轴缩短率(FS)降低,活动平板阳性率增加,脑梗死及腔隙性梗死增多,高血压眼底视网膜病变增多且严重,尿β2微球蛋白(β2MG)及尿白蛋白(ALB)增加(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 动态血压杓型曲线消失是导致老年高血压患者心、脑、肾靶器官损害的独立危险因子.     

高血压病患者昼夜血压及性别与左室肥厚的关系

目的：研究高血压病（EH）患者昼夜血压变化和性别与左室肥厚（LVH）之间的关系，并探讨其临床意义。方法：对54例EH患者进行24h动态血压监测和超声心动图检查，男女性患者分成杓型和非杓型两组，比较昼夜血压变化与室间隔厚度、左室舒张末期内径、左室后壁厚度、左室重量等指标。结果：女性非杓型组LVH的程度及24h平均收缩压、夜间收缩压、睡眠时最低收缩压均较杓型组显著增加（P＜0．05和0．01）。而男性杓型与非杓型组之间各指标均无明显差异（均P＞0．05）。结论：女性EH患者LVH的程度非杓型者比杓型者更严重。     

早期慢性肾病患者动态血压变化与微量白蛋白尿的关系

目的分析早期慢性肾脏病（CKD）患者24h动态血压变化与尿微量白蛋白排泄率（UMAER）的关系。方法以25例正常人作为对照组（N组）,71例肾功能稳定的CKD1期患者作为疾病组（D组）。收集24h动态血压监测（ABPM）资料及肾功能、尿微量白蛋白（UMA）、尿肌酐（UCr）等临床资料,计算UMAER及其对数,分析早期D组24h动态血压变化特点及其与微量白蛋白尿（MAU）的关系。结果与N组相比,D组夜问收缩压、昼、夜及24小时平均舒张压均升高（P均〈0．05）;夜间收缩压下降率及舒张压下降率均低下（P均〈0．05）。D组高血压及非杓型血压发生率分别达47．9％、62．0％。与杓刭血压组相比,非杓型血压组Ln（UMAER）值及MAU发生率均增高（P均〈0．01）。相关性分析显示UMAER与夜间收缩压呈正相关（P〈0．05）、与夜间收缩压下降率及夜间舒张压下降率均呈负相关（P均〈0．05）。结论早期CKD患者即已出现血压升高及血压节律改变;MAU产生与早期CKD患者夜间高血压及非杓型血压关系更密切。     

褪黑素与血压昼夜节律的相关性研究

目的研究褪黑素（MLT）与血压昼夜节律的关系。方法选门诊、住院患者及健康查体者88例分为非杓型高血压组、杓型高血压组及对照组；行24小时动态血压监测；同期测定患者白昼和黑夜尿6羟基硫酸褪黑素（6-SMT）含量，并计算黑夜／白昼尿6-SMT比值。结果（1）非杓型高血压组的夜间收缩压、舒张压及平均动脉压下降率均低于杓型高血压组和对照组（P〈0．01）；杓型高血压组和对照组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。（2）各组患者的黑夜尿6-SMT含量高于白昼（P〈0．01）；非杓型高血压组的黑夜尿6-SMT含量和黑夜／白昼尿6-SMT比值低于杓型高血压组和对照组（P〈0．01）。（3）在各组内，各黑夜／白昼尿6-SMT比值与其组夜间血压下降率均存在正相关（P〈0．05）。结论血压节律呈现杓型分布的杓型高血压组和对照组，其MLT在黑夜分泌较多；非杓型高血压组MLT黑夜分泌明显减少，与血压昼夜节律异常存在密切关系。     

高龄高血压患者反杓型血压与白蛋白尿的相关性

目的探讨高龄高血压患者白蛋白尿与血压节律异常的关系。方法选取2012年6月至2013年6月在北京友谊医院住院的70例高龄高血压患者,收集临床资料、尿白蛋白排泄率以及动态血压监测结果。根据尿检结果将其分为白蛋白尿组（n=32）和非白蛋白尿组（n=38）。比较两组之间的白昼平均收缩压（dSBP）和舒张压（dDBP）、夜间平均收缩压（nSBP）和舒张压（nDBP）,以及夜间收缩压和舒张压下降率、血压变异曲线。结果白蛋白尿组与非白蛋白尿组问比较,年龄、性别、糖尿病发生率、超敏C反应蛋白、左室射血分数等方面均无明显差异（P〉0．05）。与非白蛋白尿组比较,白蛋白尿组患者估测肾小球滤过率（eGFR）明显下降（P〈0．05）。动态血压监测结果显示两组患者dSBP和dDBP均在正常范围,且无明显差异（P〉0．05）,但白蛋白尿组nSBP明显升高（P〈0．01）。两组患者非杓型血压节律的发生率无显著差异,白蛋白尿组患者的反杓型曲线比例更高（P〈0．01）。结论夜间收缩压升高,即反杓型血压节律,与高龄高血压患者白蛋白尿和eGFR下降高度相关。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.