人类白细胞抗原新等位基因HLA-A*3020的鉴定及确认

目的 鉴定及确认1名中国人的人类白细胞抗原(human leukocyte antigen,HLA)新等位基因.方法 应用聚合酶链式反应-序列特异性寡核苷酸探针(polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific oligonucleotide probes,PCR-SSOP)方法基因分型、PCR产物测序和基因克隆DNA测序方法,通过软件分析该基因序列及与最相近HLA等位基因序列的差异.结果 PCR-SSOP基因分型结果显示该样品HLA-A谱型为与已知HLA-A等位基因谱型不一致的新谱型;测序结果显示该样品HLA-A位点第2外显子序列与所有已知HLA-A等位基因序列不一致.软件分析表明该基因序列与序列最相近的等位基因A*300101,在所检测的第1～3外显子中的差异只是在第2外显子区域产生了nt 294 C→A一个碱基替代,并导致相应的密码子98由GAC(D)→GAA(E).结论 该基因为HLA新等位基因,被世界卫生组织HLA因子专用术语命名委员会正式命名为HLA-A*3020.     

新等位基因HLA-A*01:130的序列分析及HLA分子三维结构模拟

目的:确认HLA新等位基因HLA-A*01:130并分析其有异常反应格局的核苷酸序列。方法:应用DNA测序分型技术(PCR-SBT)进行HLA分型,对可疑新等位基因采用单链测序基因分型技术直接测定基因序列,分析其与同源性最高的HLA等位基因序列的差异。最后,经Swiss-Model对HLA分子进行三维结构模拟。结果:新基因与所有已知的HLA-A等位基因序列均不相同,与HLA-A*01:66基因序列相比在第3外显子368位碱基由A→G,导致第99位密码子改变,酪氨酸→半胱氨酸。替代氨基酸位于抗原肽结合区β片层上。结论:发现一个新的HLA-A等位基因,现已被世界卫生组织HLA因子命名委员会正式命名为HLA-A*01:130。     

新等位基因HLA-A*24:233与HLA-A*26:89的分析确认

背景：分子生物学新技术的发展和大量应用加快了中国发现HLA 新等位基因的步伐。新等位基因的发现不仅给HLA家族增加了新成员,同时也为研究民族或地区的优势基因或消失基因(不适合客观环境的基因)找到了突破点。 目的：确认2个新的HLA等位基因,并分析其核苷酸序列。 方法：应用PCR-SBT、GSSP测序基因分型技术对两份中华骨髓库供者样本进行HLA高分辨分型,发现2个样本HLA-A位点均为异常基因,与已知同源性最高的等位基因型进行序列比对,分析核苷酸序列的差异。 结果与结论：2个样本HLA-A位点与目前已知的相应HLA-A等位基因序列均不一致,样本1与其同源性最高的A*24:02:01的差异表现在第3外显子区域中的第360位碱基由G > C,导致第96位密码子由谷氨酰胺变为组氨酸,样本2与其同源性最高的A*26:01:01比较差异表现在第2外显子区域中第97位碱基由T>C,导致编码的第9位密码子由酪氨酸变为组氨酸。结果表明两个样本为HLA-A位点的新等位基因,已提交GenBank进行注册,并已被WHO HLA因子命名委员会正式命名为HLA-A*24:233与HLA-A*26:89。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程全文链接：     

HLA新等位基因HLA-DRB1*0453的认定

目的鉴定一个HLA-DRB1＊04的新等位基因。方法从外周血中提取基因组DNA．应用PCR-SSO技术进行中低分辨率的HLA基因分型，PCR产物直接测序技术检测基因序列，通过软件和数据库中的同源等位基因进行序列比对，对先证者进行家系分析。结果样本HLA-DRB1位点的第2外显子序列与所有已知HLA-DRB1等位基因序列不同，该基因序列与同源性最高的等位基因DRB1＊0447相比有3个碱基替代，在外显子2区域中的286位碱基发生了C→A替代，导致相应的67密码子由亮氨酸（L）→异亮氨酸（I），344和345位碱基发生了GT→TG替代，并导致相应的86密码子由甘氨酸（G）→缬氨酸（V）。家系分析结果显示，先证者的新等位基因HLA-DRB1＊0453遗传自父亲。结论该等位基因是HLA-DRB1＊04新的等位基因，被WHO HLA因子命名委员会正式命名为HLA-DRB1＊0453。     

一例HLA-A新等位基因A*3308的测序分析

目的研究HLA新的等位基因HLA-A＊3308的分子机制。方法样本DNA抽提采用PEL-FREEZ抽提试剂盒，应用PCR方法扩增先证者HLA-A基因的第1～8外显子，PCR产物直接经TOPO转染克隆到质粒载体中获得等位基因的单链，对所得克隆进行第2、3、4外显子双向测序分析。结果先证者样本克隆测序得到两个等位基因，其中1个等位基因为A＊0201，另一个经BIAST验证其为新的等位基因，新的等位基因序列已递交GenBank（DQ089631，DQ089632，DQ089633）。与最接近的A＊3303等位基因序列相比，新的等位基因在第2外显子上有5个核苷酸不同，即第240位A→T，第256位C→G，第259位A→G，第261位C→G和第270位T→A；这导致3个氨基酸改变：第62位Arg→Gly、第63位Asn→Glu和第66位Asn→Lys。结论该等位基因为新的HLA-A等位基因，被世界卫生组织HLA因子命名委员会正式命名为HLA-A＊3308．     

DNA测序鉴定新等位基因HLA-DRB1*1609

目的 鉴定HLA新等位基因DRB1＊1609。方法 应用分子克隆和DNA测序的技术测定HLA新等位基因的核苷酸序列，进行HLA等位基因序列比对分析和新等位基因的血清学分型及家系分析。结果 新等位基因DRB1第二外显子（exon2，Ex2）序列与所有已知的HLA等位基因序列均不相同，与同源性最高的HLA-DRB1＊160101相比，第127位碱基由A→T，引起相应编码第47位氨基酸由酪氨酸Tyr（Y）→苯丙氨酸Phe（F）。血清学分型表明抗原特异性为DR16。家系分析提示该志愿者DRB1＊1609等位基因遗传自母亲。结论 DNA测序表明被测标本含有HLA-DRB1新等位基因，被WHOHLA因子命名委员会正式命名为HLA-DRB1＊1609。     

一例HLA-A新等位基因HLA-A*9206的测序分析

目的 研究人类白细胞抗原(human leukocyte antigen,HLA)新的等位基因HLA-A*9206的序列及其分子机制.方法 样本DNA抽提采用PEL-FREEZ抽提试剂盒,应用PCR方法扩增先证者HLA-A等位基因的第1～8外显子,进行第2-4外显子双向测序分析,发现突变位点.应用序列特异性引物PCR方法获得等位基因的单链,测序后确定双链测序所发现的突变.结果 先证者样本单链测序得到两个等位基因,其中一个等位基因为A*1101,另一个经Blast验证其为新的等位基因,新的等位基因序列已递交GenBank(EFD62306).与最接近的A*0206等位基因序列相比,新的等位基因在第3外显子上有1个核苷酸不同,第530位C→T,导致第153位丙氨酸→缬氨酸.结论 该等位基因为新的HLA-A等位基因,被世界卫生组织HLA因子命名委员会正式命名为HLA-A*9206.     

人类白细胞抗原新等位基因HLA-A*31∶22的序列分析及确认

目的 序列分析及确认一例中国人群中的人类白细胞抗原(human leukocyte antigen,HLA)新等位基因.方法 应用基于Luminex平台的聚合酶链反应-序列特异性寡核苷酸探针(PCR-SSOP)基因分型法、PCR产物测序法和组特异性引物测序法,通过软件分析该样本DNA基因序列及与最相近HLA等位基因序列的差异.结果 PCR-SSOP结果显示该样本HLA-A基因座的反应格局与已知HLA-A等位基因均不一致;DNA序列分析显示,在所检测的第2～4外显子中,该样本HLA-A基因座序列与所有已知HLA-A等位基因序列均不一致,与同源性最高的等位基因A*31∶01∶02的差异只在外显子2区域中产生了nt 245 A—C一个碱基取代,并导致相应的82位密码子由GAG→GCG,编码的氨基酸由谷氨酸(Glu)变为丙氨酸(Ala).结论 该基因为HLA新等位基因,被世界卫生组织HLA因子命名委员会正式命名为HLA-A*31∶22.     

DNA序列分析鉴定HLA新等位基因B*4446

目的鉴定中国人群的HLA新等位基因。方法使用PCR-序列特异性引物及PCR-序列特异性寡核苷酸探针技术进行HLA分型。发现1个与HLA-B*44相关的未知基因,使用DNA序列分析技术鉴定并分析该基因与同源性最高的B*4409基因序列的差异。结果新基因第3外显子区域序列与所有已知的HLA-B等位基因序列均不相同,与同源性最高的HLA-B*4409基因序列相比有3个碱基发生替代。第538位碱基由G→C,第539位碱基A→T以及第540位碱基C→G,使编码产物180位氨基酸由天冬氨酸变成亮氨酸。结论发现一个新的HLA-B等位基因,于2005年9月由WHOHLA因子命名委员会正式命名为HLA-B*4446。     

新的HLA-DRB1等位基因DRB1*1212的核苷酸序列分析

目的验证一个新的HLA等位基因HLA—DRB1＊1212的序列。方法采用盐析法抽提样本基因组DNA，利用HLA—DRB1组特异性引物PCR扩增先证者HLA—DRB1等位基因的第2外显子，PCR产物经割胶回收后进行测序分析，通过聚合酶链反应-序列特异性寡核苷酸探针方法验证测序发现突变点。结果先证者有两个HLA—DRB1等位基因，其中一个为HLA—DRB1＊090102，另一个HLA—DRB1等位基因，经BLAST验证为新的等位基因，新的等位基因序列已递交GenBank（AY899825）。与最接近的DRB1＊120101等位基因序列相比，新的等位基因仅在第2外显子上有1个核苷酸不同，即第199位A→C，导致第67位氨基酸Ile—Leu。结论该等化基因为新的HLA—DRB1等位基因，被世界卫生组织HLA因子命名委员会正式命名为HLA-DRB1＊1212。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.