检测日本血吸虫感染者血清中特异性IgG4的诊断价值

为评价日本血吸虫感染者血清中特异性IgG4的诊断和疗效价值，本研究以SEA为抗原，胶体金．抗人IgG4单抗结合物为检测标记物，以金标免疫渗滤法（DIGFA）检测急性和慢性血吸虫病患者治疗前后血清中特异性IgG4抗体。结果显示，急性和慢性血吸虫病病人血清中IgG4阳性率分别为90．9％（30／33）和98．0％（98／100）；检测非疫区健康者血清及其他寄生虫（包括肺吸虫、华支睾吸虫、囊虫等）感染者血清共235人份，未有阳性出现（特异性为100％）；检测急性血吸虫病病人治疗后6个月和12个月血清，IgG4抗体的阴转率分别为52．0％（13／25）和87．5％（21／24），均明显高于IgG阴转率；检测血吸虫病病人治后6个月血清，慢性病人与急性病人IgG4抗体阴转率无差异。结果表明DIGFA法检测病人血清特异性IgG4诊断血吸虫病敏感性高，与IgG相比有更高的特异性，具有一定的疗效考核价值。     

化学发光法检测受血者梅毒螺旋体特异性抗体的方法学评价

目的 通过与梅毒螺旋体微量血凝试验(TPHA)和蛋白印迹试验法(WB)比较评估梅毒血清学筛查法化学发光法(CLIA)的性能.方法 回顾性研究18 494例受血者血清标本CLIA和TPHA检测梅毒螺旋体特异性抗体结果,对CLIA和(或)TPHA结果阳性177例标本用WB检测确认.同时用CLIA、TPHA和WB检测了81例各期梅毒患者血清、55例有潜在干扰的患者血清和250例阴性对照血清梅毒抗体.结果 以WB检测结果为金标准,CLIA方法的灵敏度为98.4％,显著高于TPHA(94.4％)(x2=5.76,P＜0.05);CLIA方法特异性为100％,高于TPHA方法特异性(99.7％),但差异无统计学意义(x2=1.0,P＞0.05).结论 CLIA法具有高度敏感性和特异性,适合于临床实验室进行梅毒筛查.     

系统性红斑狼疮和梅毒患者抗磷脂抗体比较及意义

目的：比较系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）和梅毒患者血清抗磷脂抗体（APA）的异同及其意义。方法：应用ELISA和快速血浆反应素环状卡片试验（RPR）法检测32例SLE和77例梅毒患者血中6种抗心磷脂（CL）、抗磷脂酸（PA）、抗磷脂酰丝氨酸（PS）、抗磷脂酰乙醇胺（PE）、抗磷脂酰胆碱（PC）、抗磷脂酰肌醇抗体（PI）的APA。结果：（1）梅毒患者血清RPR的滴度为1：16、1：8和1：1（抗PE抗体除外）及RPR的滴度为1：4的6种APA IgG的吸光度（A）值，以及RPR的滴度为1：1的抗PA IgG抗体、滴度为1：8的抗PC IgG抗体和滴度为1：32、1：16及1：8的抗PI IgG抗体的阳性率，均显著低于SLE患者；（2）梅毒患者血清RPR的滴度为1：4的4种APA IgM和滴度为1：1的5种APA IgM的A值，以及RPR滴度为1：1梅毒患者抗CL、抗PS和抗PC IgM抗体及滴度为1：32的抗PA IgM的阳性率，均显著低于SLE患者。结论：SLE和梅毒患者血清的A值和阳性率均有所不同，检测A值有助于SLE与梅毒患者的鉴别。     

特异性体液免疫与传染性非典型肺炎患者病情的关系研究

目的：研究传染性非典型肺炎患者特异性体液免疫与其病情的关系。方法：采用间接酶联免疫法和双抗原夹心法检测不同病情SARS患者血清中特异性抗体。结果：间接法重症组SARS患者IgG的效价比轻症组高2．9倍，IgM的效价比轻症组高1．7倍；双抗原夹心法重症组SARS患者特异性抗体的效价比轻症组高2．6倍。可见两种血清学方法的检测结果均是重症组血清特异性抗体的效价显著高于轻症组；间接法重症组SARS患者IgG的阳性检出率比轻症组高58．2％，IgM高22．1％；双抗原夹心法重症组SARS患者特异性抗体阳性检出率比轻症组高53.9％。结论：SARS重症组血清特异性抗体效价显著高于轻症组；重症组血清特异性抗体阳性检出率显著高于轻症组。     

化学发光酶联免疫法检测汉坦病毒IgM抗体的研究

目的建立化学发光酶联免疫分析法（CLEIA）检测肾综合征出血热（HFRS）患者血清中IgM抗体。方法以抗人IgM-μ链抗体包被黑色不透明聚乙烯板，辣根过氧化物酶标记汉坦病毒核蛋白作为检测抗原以及luminol-H2O2作为发光底物，建立CLEIA法并对CLEIA与IgM抗体捕获酶联免疫吸附法（MacELISA）进行比较。结果CLEIA与MacELISA相关系数0．97；对于51份确诊的HFRS患者急性期血清CLEIA检测敏感度100％，MacELISA为90．2％；对48份正常人血清两种方法检测特异度均为100％；CLEIA次内变异系数范围5．02％-12．7％，次间变异系数范围0．4％～7．0％，与MacELISA相当。结论化学发光酶联免疫分析法是一种更为灵敏，准确和稳定的方法，适用于检测HFRS早期患者血清中IgM抗体。     

滴金免疫渗滤法检测广州管圆线虫抗体的实验研究

目的建立一种检测广州管圆线虫抗体的简便、快速、敏感、特异的新方法。方法以广州管圆线虫成虫抗原为包被抗原，金标记SPA为显色剂，建立检测广州管圆线虫抗体的滴金免疫渗滤法（DIGFA）；并以ELISA平行检测比较。结果用DIGFA检测广州管圆线虫实验感染鼠血清50份，其阳性检出率为96．0％，50份正常鼠血清的阴性符合率达100％。DIGFA分别检测蛲虫阳性鼠血清13份。绦虫阳性鼠血清11份和粪类圆线虫阳性鼠血清18份，前二者均为阴性，后者交叉反应率为5．6％；DIGFA与ELISA平行检测30份广州管圆线虫阳性鼠血清，两法符合率达96，7％。结论DIGFA与ELISA有相似的敏感性和特异性。且具有简便、快速、不需特殊仪器设备等优点。是一种检测广州管圆线虫抗体的新方法。     

胃肠道癌患者血清中抗胚抗原（CEA）抗体的检测及意义

目的：探讨循环中抗癌胚抗原（CEA）特异性抗体的情况，评价CEA及抗体的联合检测在胃肠道癌诊断中的作用。方法：用放免法检测血清中CEA含量，用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测抗CEAIgG抗体，用竞争抑制法检测抗体的特异性。结果；胃肠疲乏癌患者血清CEA含量高者（≥15ng/ml）为30．9％（21／68），抗CEAIgG抗体阳性者为35．3％（24／68），CEA及抗CEA抗体的联合检测可使阳性率提高到54．3％（37／68）；胃肠道良性疾病患者（多发性息肉、溃疡、胰腺炎等）血清CEA升高者为3．3％（1／30）；抗CEAIgG抗体阳性者为3．3％（1／30）；健康对照缓血清CEA升高者为0，抗CEAIgG抗体阳性者为2．5％（1／40）。结论：胃肠道癌患者血清中抗癌胚还原（CEA）抗体的检出率较高，这些抗体可作为胃肠道癌的一种肿瘤标志物。     

应用双抗原夹心ELISA法筛查献血员梅毒螺旋体抗体

目的：优选一种适宜于献血员梅毒筛查的试验方法。方法：采用检测梅毒特异性抗体的双抗原夹心ELISA法对献血员进行抗体检测，并与RPR检测结果进行比较，对两种方法检测结果不一致的标本，再用TPHA法进行确证。结果：ELISA法阳性检出率0．36％(41／1271)、RPR法阳性检出率0．26％(29／11271)。ELISA法与TPHA法总符合率97．5％(40／41)、RPR法与TPHA总符合率63．41％(26／41)。结论：ELISA法优于RPR法，具有较高的灵敏度和特异性，适宜于献血员的筛查．有利于控制和减少梅毒的输血传播。     

用重组SAG1抗原检测弓形虫抗体

目的探讨重组SAG1抗原对弓形虫IgG和IgM抗体的检测效果。方法用rSAG1作抗原建立免疫印迹方法（rSAG1-WB）,与玻片虫体过氧化物酶免疫染色试验（TSHE）平行检测不同来源血清。结果15例病原学检查阳性小鼠血清和5例免疫兔血清的IgG抗体均为阳性,30例正常小鼠血清和10例正常兔血清均未出现阳性反应。rSAG1-WB检测可疑弓形虫病患者血清阳性率为60．3％（38／63）,献血员血清阳性率为6％（3／50）,与TSHE检测结果（65．1％和4％）均无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。1例IgM强阳性血清和13例IgM弱阳性血清在Western—blot检测中分别出现相应的强阳性与弱阳性反应,50例献血员血清均未出现IgM阳性反应,结果与TSHE一致。结论rSAG1-WB检测弓形虫IgG和IgM抗体均具有高度的敏感性和特异性．与TSHE的符合率高。     

烟台地区肾综合征出血热患者血清抗体检测和汉坦病毒序列测定

目的 了解烟台地区肾综合征出血热(HFRS)患者血清中IgG、IgM抗体水平，确定引起该地区HFRS流行的汉坦病毒的型别分布。方法 收集临床HFRS急性期和恢复期患者血清；用EMSA检测IgG、IgM抗体；用交叉空斑减少中和试验检测中和抗体；采用Trizol法提取患者血清中HFRS病毒RNA，用套式PCR产物做TA试验，测定核苷酸序列。结果 HFRS患者血清IgM阳性率为82．2％(88／107)，IgG阳性率为85．7％(66／77)。该地区两城市38份HFRS患者血清中，有32份属家鼠型病毒(SE0)感染，另6份未能定型；另一城市16份HFRS患者血清中，有15份属姬鼠型病毒感染，1份未定型。该地区HFRS病毒与SE0的同源性达90％以上。结论 引起烟台地区HFRS流行的汉坦病毒，属于以SE0为主的混合型病毒。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.