PI3K/Akt与染料木黄酮增敏阿霉素体外化疗人乳腺癌 MDA-MB-453 细胞的关系研究

目的观察染料木黄酮（GEN）对HER2／neu高表达人乳腺癌MDA-MB-453细胞P13K／Akt信号途径的抑制作用，探讨其在GEN增敏阿霉素（DOX）体外化疗乳腺癌MDA-MB-453细胞中的作用。方法GEN、P13K特异性抑制剂渥曼青霉素（WT）和DOX单独或联合处理体外培养的MDA-MB-453细胞，免疫细胞化学法检测HER-2／neu蛋白表达，免疫印迹法检测总Akt和磷酸化Akt蛋白（p-Akt）表达。结果GEN对MDA-MB-453．细胞HER2／neu和总Akt蛋白没有明显影响，但可明显降低p-Akt蛋白水平；同时WT也能明显降低p-Akt蛋白，并显著增强DOX抑制MDA-MB-453细胞生长的作用。结论GEN增敏DOX体外化疗乳腺癌MDA-MB-453细胞株可能与其抑制P13K／Akt信号途径有关。     

周络通提取物Z-6对高糖所致Schwann细胞损伤和PI3K/Akt/nNOS通路的影响

 目的:探讨磷酯酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B/神经元型一氧化氮合酶（PI3K/Akt/nNOS）信号通路在周络通提取物抗糖尿病周围神经病变中的作用。方法:将体外培养的雪旺（Schwann）细胞分为正常组（D-葡萄糖25 mmol/L）、高糖模型组（D-葡萄糖100 mmol/L）、周络通提取物活性部位5（Z-5）+高糖组、周络通提取物活性部位6（Z-6）+高糖组、周络通+高糖组和甲钴胺+高糖组。采用CCK-8试剂盒检测各组细胞的生存活性,相关试剂盒分析培养上清中NO含量和细胞内Ca2+-ATPase活性的变化,流式细胞仪分析细胞的凋亡情况, Western blotting方法检测 Bcl-2、 Bcl-xL、 Bax、 Bak和caspase-3蛋白表达及nNOS和Akt的磷酸化情况。利用PI3K和Akt的显性负性突变体瞬时转染Schwann细胞,探讨PI3K/Akt信号通路在周络通提取物抗糖尿病周围神经病变中的作用。结果:与模型组比较,周络通提取物Z-6能显著提高高糖损伤后Schwann细胞的存活率,提高NO分泌量并明显上调Bcl-2、 Bcl-xL蛋白的表达及Akt、nNOS 的磷酸化水平,同时显著降低细胞凋亡率及Bax、 Bak、 caspase-3蛋白的水平,利用PI3K的显性负性突变体（δp85）阻断nNOS的上游信号通路PI3K/Akt后,NO分泌量减少,但未对Z-6上调nNOS 和Akt磷酸化的作用产生明显影响。结论: 在高糖损伤条件下,周络通提取物Z-6上调nNOS蛋白磷酸化水平,促进抗凋亡因子的表达,抑制促凋亡因子及caspase-3关键蛋白酶的表达,降低Schwann细胞凋亡率,从而提高高糖损伤细胞的存活率,这些作用与PI3K/Akt/nNOS通路的关系有待进一步研究。     

基于网络药理学探讨趋化因子-13对间充质干细胞增殖和迁移的影响

目的 以网络药理学技术探讨趋化因子-13（CXCL-13）对人骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）增殖和迁移的影响。 方法 在线数据库预测CXCL-13作用于BMSCs的靶点。Metascape数据库对靶点的基因本体论和京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG）信号通路进行富集分析。STRING 11.0数据库进行蛋白质相互作用分析,Cytoscape 3.8的cytoHubba 0.1插件筛选核心基因编码的蛋白质。BMSCs分为对照组、CXCL-13组和PI3K抑制剂组。分别以MTT、流式细胞术和Transwell细胞小室迁移实验检测各组BMSCs的吸光度（A）值、细胞凋亡率和细胞迁移数目情况;ELISA检测各组BMSCs上清液表皮生长因子(EGF)和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)蛋白含量。Western blotting检测各组BMSCs的Akt、磷酸化Akt（p-Akt）蛋白的表达。 结果 CXCL-13作用于BMSCs 21个靶点。与细胞增殖相关的生物学过程包括干细胞增殖、调节内皮细胞增殖、正向调控平滑肌细胞增殖等32条;与细胞迁移相关的生物学过程包括调节细胞迁移、阿米巴状细胞迁移、调节内皮细胞迁移等22条。KEGG通路包括癌症途径、PI3K-Akt信号通路、MAPK信号通路等40条。核心蛋白包括肿瘤蛋白P53（TP53）、表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）、90kD热休克蛋白αB1（HSP90AB1）、蛋白激酶Cα（PRKCA）、雌激素受体2（ESR2）及前列腺素E受体4（PTGER4）。与其他组相比,CXCL-13组BMSCs的吸光度（A）值和细胞迁移数目均显著增高（P＜0.01,n=15）,细胞凋亡率明显降低（P＜0.01,n=15）;PI3K抑制剂组BMSCs的A值、细胞凋亡率和细胞迁移数目与CXCL-13组相比均呈相反变化（P＜0.01,n=15）。相对于对照组,CXCL-13组BMSCs的EGF和VEGF蛋白含量显著提高（P＜0.01,n=15）,Akt和p-Akt相对表达均明显升高（P＜0.01,n=9）;而PI3K抑制剂组EGF和VEGF蛋白含量、Akt和p-Akt相对表达呈相反变化。 结论 CXCL-13激活PI3K-Akt通路促进BMSCs旁分泌EGF和VEGF蛋白,提高BMSCs增殖和迁移,抑制BMSCs凋亡。     

13-MTD通过激活MAPK途径和抑制Akt存活途径诱导乳腺癌MCF-7细胞凋亡

目的： 探讨侧链饱和脂肪酸13-甲基十四烷酸(13-MTD)诱导人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞凋亡的作用机制。方法：140 mg/L 13-MTD处理体外培养的人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞和人乳腺正常细胞,采用流式细胞仪检测技术观察13-MTD对人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞凋亡的影响,免疫印迹法检测13-MTD处理后细胞内c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK）,p38, Fas 相关死亡结构域蛋白(FADD)和丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶(Akt)等蛋白磷酸化变化。结果：流式细胞仪实验结果显示13-MTD能有效地诱导人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞凋亡,但不引起正常人乳腺上皮细胞凋亡。免疫印迹检测显示经13-MTD处理后的人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞JNK和p38磷酸化蛋白明显增加,Akt磷酸化蛋白明显减少。结论：13-MTD是一个新的安全高效抗肿瘤药物,其作用机制可能是通过激活MAPK途径和抑制Akt存活途径来诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。     

CD40配基化调节小鼠树突状细胞上B7-H3分子表达的研究

目的 探讨CD40配基化对小鼠骨髓来源树突状细胞上B7-H3分子表达的调节作用及其生物学意义。方法 采用GM-CSF和IL-4联合方案体外诱导小鼠髓系DC，并利用mCD40-CHO和TNF-α分别刺激凋亡肿瘤细胞负载的Dc制备成熟DC；采用间接免疫荧光标记法检测成熟Dc上B7-H3分子的表达；RT-PCR检测B7-H3 mRNA转录水平；混合淋巴细胞反应（MLR）和B7-H3单抗阻断实验分析CD40配基化的DC表面B7-H3分子在T细胞活化中的作用；^3H-TdR掺入试验检测DC对T淋巴细胞的促增殖效应；ELISA测定各组MLR反应和DC培养上清中IFN-γ分泌水平。结果 B7-H3分子在DC不同分化发育阶段均有表达，CD40配基化能显著上调凋亡肿瘤细胞负载的DC中B7-H3表达，TNF-α激发的DC弱表达（P〈0．05）；阻断CD40配基化的DC上B7-H3分子能抑制T细胞增殖和IFN-γ分泌；CD40配基化促进凋亡肿瘤细胞负载的DC分泌IFN-γ量也明显高于TNF-α组（P〈0．05）。结论 体外CD0配基化DC的B7-H3分子上调性表达有助于其刺激T细胞增殖和IFN-γ的产生。     

小鼠CCR7基因重组腺病毒的构建及其在DC2.4的表达

目的构建含有小鼠趋化因子受体-7(CCR7)基因的重组腺病毒(AdCCR7),观察其体外感染DC2.4细胞效率。方法将小鼠CCR7基因克隆到穿梭质粒pAdTrack-CMV,在BJ5l83菌内和骨架质粒pAdeasy-1同源重组,筛选阳性克隆;经线性化后转染HEK293细胞,获得含小鼠CCR7基因的重组腺病毒AdCCR7;TCID50方法检测病毒滴度,PCR法鉴定病毒DNA。带绿色荧光蛋白腺病毒(AdGFP)和AdCCR7分别感染DC2.4(GFP-DC2.4和CCR7-DC2.4),同时设未处理DC2.4为空白对照。流式细胞术(FCM)检测各组细胞表面分子CD11c,MHCⅡ,CD86及CCR7表达,趋化实验检测CCR7的功能。结果获得滴度约为l.4×1010pfu/ml重组腺病毒AdCCR7。AdCCR7感染DC2.4后,CCR7-DC2.4组与另外两组细胞比较CD11c、MHCⅡ及CD86的表达均无明显差异,但CCR7表达升高;其对趋化因子CCL19的趋化率可达44.7%~60.0%,明显高于其它两组。结论成功构建含小鼠CCR7基因的重组腺病毒AdCCR7,该病毒可感染细胞株DC2.4,增加细胞表面CCR7表达以及细胞对CCL19的趋化性,为进一步体内实验研究携带CCR7基因的未成熟DCs功能提供了工作基础。     

苦参碱对人髓母细胞瘤D341细胞凋亡及相关蛋白表达的影响*

 目的：  探讨苦参碱在体外对人髓母细胞瘤D341细胞凋亡及Bax、Bcl-2、丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶Akt和磷酸化Akt（p-Akt）表达的影响。方法: 体外培养的D341细胞分为实验组（加不同浓度的苦参碱）和对照组（不加苦参碱）,用CCK-8法检测苦参碱对D341细胞增殖的影响,Annexin V-FITC/PI双染法检测细胞凋亡,Western blotting检测苦参碱对D341细胞Bax、Bcl-2、Akt和p-Akt蛋白表达的影响。结果: 苦参碱在体外能明显地抑制D341细胞的生长,作用呈量效与时效关系;随着作用药物浓度的增高和作用时间的延长,其凋亡率逐渐升高,在透射电镜下观察,细胞可见染色质趋边固缩,胞浆中空泡增多、变大,并且出现凋亡小体;Western blotting结果表明,随着药物浓度的增加,药物能使瘤细胞Bax蛋白的表达水平增强,却使Bcl-2和p-Akt蛋白的表达水平下降。结论: 苦参碱可诱导D341细胞的凋亡而发挥体外抗肿瘤作用,其诱导瘤细胞的凋亡与上调Bax蛋白、下调Bcl-2及PI3K /Akt 信号通路中p-Akt蛋白的表达水平有关。     

Apelin-13通过PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制尼古丁诱导的H9c2细胞凋亡

目的:研究小分子活性肽apelin-13对尼古丁诱导的心肌细胞凋亡的作用,探讨其可能的调节机制。方法:建立尼古丁诱导的大鼠H9c2细胞凋亡模型,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,Western blot法检测凋亡相关蛋白的表达。结果:(1)与正常对照组相比,尼古丁组细胞凋亡率明显增加(P0.01),凋亡相关蛋白Bax和cleaved caspase-3的表达显著上调, Bcl-2、p-Akt、p-PI3K和APJ蛋白的表达显著下调(P0.01);(2)与尼古丁组相比,apelin-13+尼古丁组细胞的凋亡率明显降低(P0.01),Bax和cleaved caspase-3的表达显著降低(P0.01), Bcl-2、p-Akt、p-PI3K和APJ蛋白的表达显著升高(P0.01);(3)与apelin-13+尼古丁组相比,apelin-13+尼古丁+PI3K/Akt抑制剂LY294002组细胞凋亡率明显增加(P0.01),Bax和cleaved caspase-3的表达显著增加(P0.01), Bcl-2、p-Akt和p-PI3K蛋白的表达显著下调(P0.01)。结论:Apelin-13通过PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制尼古丁诱导的H9c2细胞凋亡。     

重组IL-12对人乳腺癌细胞自噬的研究

目的 探讨重组人IL-12（rIL-12）对乳腺癌细胞自噬的影响。方法 两株乳腺癌细胞（MDA-MB-231和MCF7）分别用rIL-12处理,经免疫蛋白印迹技术和细胞免疫荧光技术检测其自噬微管相关蛋白轻链3（LC3）的变化,以观察自噬情况;另外,用透射电镜观察rIL-12处理乳腺癌细胞前后自噬小体的变化。分别用胰岛素样生长因子1（IGF-1）激活磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶/蛋白激酶B（PI3K/Akt）通路,再加入rIL-12处理后,蛋白免疫印迹法检测相关通路蛋白PI3K/Akt, 哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶点（TOR）磷酸化变化及LC3的表达。结果 与空白组相比,rIL-12组细胞的自噬标志蛋白LC3表达增高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,且增加程度呈时间和浓度依赖性;荧光显微镜观察自噬体形成的结果显示,与空白组相比,rIL-12处理组的细胞核周点状聚集的绿色荧光增多;使用电镜观察到rIL-12处理组明显有自噬小体形成。与rIL-12组相比,IGF-1+rIL-12组的LC3Ⅱ表达减少,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 rIL-12可以激活乳腺癌细胞自噬,并通过抑制PI3K/Akt信号通路的机制,促进自噬标志蛋白LC3,特别是LC3Ⅱ的表达。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.