罗勒多糖对树突状细胞表面分子表达的影响

目的：观察罗勒多糖对人外周血单核细胞来源的树突状细胞（Dendritic cell，DC）表面分子表达的影响，探讨其抗肿瘤免疫机制。方法：从正常人外周血分离获得单核细胞，加入含10％胎牛血清、CM-CSF及IL-4的RPMI1640，37℃培养5天，实验组加入罗勒多糖，对照组加入PBS，流式细胞仪检测细胞表面分子的表达。结果：在细胞因子的诱导下，CD14^＋单核细胞逐渐分化为DC，罗勒多糖作用组与对照组DC均表达CD209、CD80、CD83、CD86、CD1a和HLA-DR，与对照组相比，罗勒多糖组DC表面分子CD80和HLA-DR的表达均明显上调。结论：罗勒多糖能够调节DC表面分子CD80和HLA-DR的表达，这可能是罗勒多糖发挥其抗肿瘤免疫的机制之一。     

Gp130分子的活化在树突状细胞分化和成熟中的意义

目的 :研究激发型抗gp130分子单抗B S12对树突状细胞 (DC)分化成熟和功能的影响。方法 :人外周血单核细胞在GM CSF和IL 4作用下分化为未成熟DC后 ,加入B S12单抗 ,观察它对DC表型、摄取抗原的能力以及DC分泌IL 12、进行混合淋巴细胞反应及趋化T细胞能力的影响 ;同时比较B S12和激发型抗CD4 0单抗 5C11对DC的作用。结果 :激发型抗gp130分子单抗B S12作用于未成熟DC ,可以上调DC上CD1a和共刺激分子CD80、CD86以及成熟DC的标志CD83分子的表达 ,下调CD14的表达 ,降低DC摄取抗原的能力 ,增强DC分泌IL 12、进行混合淋巴细胞反应及趋化T细胞的能力 ,但这些作用都稍弱于 5C11对DC的作用。结论 :未成熟DC上gp130分子的直接活化可以诱导DC的分化和功能成熟。     

钙离子载体对外周血单核细胞来源的树突状细胞的影响

目的：探讨钙离子载体（calcium ionophore,CI)对外周血单核细胞来源的树突状细胞（DC）的影响。方法：分离分离献血者外周血单核细胞。分别加入重组人粒/单集落刺激因子（rhGM-CSF)100μg/L，rhGM-CSF100μg/L CI10μg/L及rhGM-CSF CI各100μg/L，体外培养40h后，于光镜及电镜下观察细胞的形态，流式细胞仪检测细胞的表面标志，MTT比色法检测上述分子对自体T细胞的刺激增殖作用。结果：外周血单核细胞在GM-CSF CI各100μg/L的条件下培养40h，就可看到典型的DC形态，其表面CD14分子表达减少。HLA-DR，CD40，CD83及CD86分子的表达明显增高，且具有明显刺激自体T细胞增殖的能力。结论：CI有显著加速GM-CSF诱导的外周血单核细胞向DC转化的作用。     

MBL对树突状细胞体外分化成熟的影响

目的: 探讨甘露聚糖结合凝集素 (MBL)对人外周血单核细胞来源的树突状细胞 (MoDC)分化成熟的影响。方法: 以天然人MBL刺激MoDC, 在倒置显微镜下观察DC的形态; 用FACS分析DC的表型; 用 3H- TdR掺入法测定DC刺激同种异体T细胞增殖的能力; 以酵母多糖颗粒吞噬试验评估DC的抗原摄取能力; 用ELISA检测DC培养上清中IL- 12和TNF- α的含量。结果: MBL刺激的DC表面分子CD1a、CD83、CD40、CD80、CD86和MHC DR的表达均上调,摄取酵母多糖颗粒的能力降低, 激发初始T细胞增殖的能力加强, 分泌的IL- 12增多但几乎不分泌TNF- α。结论: MBL能诱导DC分化成熟, 提示其可能通过调节DC的功能而参与获得性免疫应答。     

B7-H3单抗交联作用对Mo-DC体外生物学功能的影响

探讨B7-H3分子对人外周血单核细胞来源树突状细胞(Mo-DC)体外成熟和生物学功能的影响。采用常规方法从健康人外周血单核细胞诱导DC,在诱导过程中,加入B7-H3单抗21D4共培养,经流式细胞术检测Mo-DC上B7-H3分子和其他共刺激分子的表达,ELISA试剂盒检测培养上清中细胞因子IL-10和IFN-γ的分泌量,并采用3H-TdR掺入法测定T细胞的增殖。结果:B7-H3分子在未成熟和成熟Mo-DC上均有高水平表达,抗人B7-H3单抗21D4能上调Mo-DC表面CD80、CD86和CD83的表达,提高Mo-DC的共刺激能力,促进T细胞的体外增殖,并能显著促进T细胞分泌IL-10。由此表明,B7-H3单抗21D4交联作用可以促进Mo-DC体外成熟,上调其共刺激T细胞的能力。     

紫草素对人外周血单核细胞来源的树突状细胞表型及功能的影响

目的探讨紫草素对人外周血单核细胞来源的树突状细胞表型及功能的影响。方法从健康人外周血中分离获得单个核细胞,经过夜贴壁后获得单核细胞,体外采用多种细胞因子联合诱导,获得了分化与功能相对成熟的树突状细胞。采用流式细胞仪检测技术观察不同质量浓度紫草素对DC表面分子表达的影响,采用CCK-8法观察紫草素对树突状细胞促淋巴细胞增殖以及ELISA法检测其对树突状细胞分泌细胞因子IL-23的干预作用。结果 TNF-α25 ng/ml刺激树突状细胞,细胞表面分子CD80、CD83表达升高,刺激同种异体淋巴细胞增殖能力增强;100μg/ml紫草素可抑制CD80及CD86的表达,50μg/ml紫草素可抑制CD86的表达;100μg/ml紫草素和50μg/ml紫草素均可抑制树突状细胞促淋巴细胞增殖的能力;100μg/ml紫草素和50μg/ml紫草素均可抑制LPS和INF-γ联合诱导的树突状细胞IL-23的分泌。结论紫草素具有一定的抑制树突状细胞成熟及抑制其分泌IL-23的作用。     

脐血CD123+髓系树突状细胞的生物学特性研究

探讨人脐血单核细胞在髓系树突状细胞（DC）体外诱导体系中获得的CD123^＋髓系DC的生物学特性。分离脐血单核细胞，用人重组的粒／单核细胞集落刺激因子（GMCSF）和IL-4将其诱导为IX2。用流式细胞仪检测DC表面共刺激分子、CD123和CDllc的表达，并用间接免疫磁珠法将其中CD123^＋ DC加以分离纯化；激光共聚焦显微镜、扫描电镜和倒置显微镜观察CD123^＋ DC形态；^3H-TdR渗入法检测CD123^＋ DC对同种异体T细胞的刺激能力。脐血单核细胞经GM-CSF和IL4诱导7d后，细胞表面高度表达HLA-DR、CD86、CDllc和CD123，低表达CD83，丧失CD14的表达，其中CD123和CDllc均匀分布于DC表面。免疫磁珠纯化后的CD123^＋ DC呈现不成熟DC形态，除细胞体积较小外，其表面突起类似于CD123DC。CD123^＋ DC能明显刺激同种异体T细胞增殖，但其刺激能力较CD123 DC组低（P〈0．05）。GM-CSF和IL-4培养体系中的CD123^＋DC可能是DC分化发育过程中更早期的未成熟髓系DC，具有独特的生物学特性。     

脐血CD123+髓系树突状细胞的生物学特性研究

探讨人脐血单核细胞在髓系树突状细胞(DC)体外诱导体系中获得的CD123 髓系DC的生物学特性。分离脐血单核细胞,用人重组的粒/单核细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)和IL-4将其诱导为DC。用流式细胞仪检测DC表面共刺激分子、CD123和CD11c的表达,并用间接免疫磁珠法将其中CD123 DC加以分离纯化;激光共聚焦显微镜、扫描电镜和倒置显微镜观察CD123 DC形态;3H-TdR渗入法检测CD123 DC对同种异体T细胞的刺激能力。脐血单核细胞经GM-CSF和IL-4诱导7 d后,细胞表面高度表达HLA-DR、CD86、CD11c和CD123,低表达CD83,丧失CD14的表达,其中CD123和CD11c均匀分布于DC表面。免疫磁珠纯化后的CD123 DC呈现不成熟DC形态,除细胞体积较小外,其表面突起类似于CD123?DC。CD123 DC能明显刺激同种异体T细胞增殖,但其刺激能力较CD123?DC组低(P<0.05)。GM-CSF和IL-4培养体系中的CD123 DC可能是DC分化发育过程中更早期的未成熟髓系DC,具有独特的生物学特性。     

大剂量过敏原对致敏小鼠DC表面共刺激分子表达及调节性T细胞极化的作用

目的观察和比较致敏小鼠及正常小鼠DC表面共刺激分子表达及CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T数量的差异及大剂量过敏原在体外的作用。方法流式细胞仪检测致敏及正常对照小鼠脾脏DC表面分子CD11c、MHCⅡ、CD80、CD86表达。分离致敏及正常对照小鼠CD4+T细胞,流式细胞仪检测CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T细胞的数量。致敏小鼠脾脏DC、CD4+T细胞与10 mg/ml OVA或生理盐水共培养后,流式细胞仪检测并比较CD80、CD86等共刺激分子的表达及CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T细胞的数量。结果致敏小鼠脾脏DC表面共刺激分子CD80、CD86、MHCⅡ表达显著高于正常对照小鼠。10 mg/ml的OVA作用后,致敏小鼠脾脏DC表面共刺激分子CD80、CD86的表达明显降低。致敏小鼠脾脏细胞中CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T细胞数量显著低于正常对照小鼠。10 mg/ml的OVA作用后,致敏小鼠CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T细胞数量显著上升。结论大剂量过敏原在体外诱导致敏小鼠T细胞的不反应性,其机制与降低致敏小鼠DC共刺激分子表达,诱导调节性T细胞极化等有关。     

外周血单核细胞诱导的CD123＋髓系树突状细胞的特性研究

目的:探讨体外髓系培养体系中外周血单核细胞来源的CD123+髓系树突状细胞(mDC)的生物学特性.方法:分离健康人外周血单核细胞,用重组的粒/单核细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)和白细胞介素4(IL-4)将其诱导为树突状细胞(DC).用流式细胞术(FCM)检测DC表面共刺激分子、 CD304 、 CD123和CD11C的表达,并用间接免疫磁珠法将其中CD123+DC加以分离纯化; 激光共聚焦显微镜、扫描电镜观察CD123+DC形态; ELISA法检测CD123+DC的IL-12 分泌量; 葡聚糖吞噬试验和3H-TdR渗入法分别检测CD123+DC的吞噬功能和对同种异体T细胞的刺激能力.结果:外周血单核细胞经GM-CSF和IL-4诱导7 d后,细胞表面高度表达CD86和CD11C,中等量表达CD1a和CD123,低表达CD83,丧失CD14的表达,其中,CD123和CD11C均匀分布于DC表面.免疫磁珠纯化后的CD123+DC呈现典型的不成熟DC形态,除细胞体积较小外,其表面突起类似于CD123-DC.CD123+DC仅微量分泌IL-12,其吞噬能力强于CD123-DC(P<0.05),但抗原刺激功能低于后者(P<0.05).结论:GM-CSF和IL-4培养体系中的CD123+DC可能是DC分化发育过程中更早期的未成熟mDC,具有独特的生物学特性.     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008