A systematic review on antibacterial activity of zinc against Streptococcus mutans

Objectives

The aim of this study was to systematically review the growth inhibition effectiveness of zinc against Streptococcus mutans. The main question was, “Does the zinc inhibit the growth of oral Streptococcus mutans in vitro?

The antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine digluconate against Streptococcus mutans biofilms follows sigmoidal patterns

The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of the antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) against mature Streptococcus mutans biofilms. Streptococcus mutans biofilms were formed on saliva‐coated hydroxyapatite discs and then treated with 0–20% CHX, once, three times, or five times (1 min per treatment) during the period of mature biofilm formation (beyond 46 h). After the treatments, the colony‐forming unit (CFU) counts of the treated biofilms were determined. The pH values of the spent culture medium were also determined to investigate the change in pH resulting from the antibacterial activity of CHX. The relationships between the concentration of CHX and the CFU counts and the concentration of CHX and culture medium pH, relative to the number of treatments performed, were evaluated using a sigmoidal curve‐fitting procedure. The changes in CFU counts and culture medium pH followed sigmoidal curves and were dependent on the concentration of CHX (R² = 0.99). The sigmoidal curves were left‐shifted with increasing number of treatments. Furthermore, the culture‐medium pH of the treated biofilms increased as their CFU counts decreased. The lowest CHX concentration to increase culture‐medium pH above the critical pH also decreased as the number of treatments increased. These results may provide fundamental information for selecting the appropriate CHX concentrations to treat S. mutans biofilms.     

Antimicrobial traits of tea- and cranberry-derived polyphenols against Streptococcus mutans

There are over 750 species of bacteria that inhabit the human oral cavity, but only a small fraction of those are attributed to causing plaque-related diseases such as caries. Streptococcus mutans is accepted as the main cariogenic agent and there is substantial knowledge regarding the specific virulence factors that render the organism a pathogen. There has been rising interest in alternative, target-specific treatment options as opposed to nonspecific mechanical plaque removal or application of broad-spectrum antibacterials that are currently in use. The impact of diet on oral health is undeniable, and this is directly observable in populations that consume high quantities of polyphenol-rich foods or beverages. Such populations have low caries incidence and better overall oral health. Camellia sinensis, the plant from which various forms of tea are derived, and Vaccinium macrocarpon (American cranberry fruit) have received notable attention both for their prevalence in the human diet as well as for their unique composition of polyphenols. The biologically active constituents of these plants have demonstrated potent enzyme-inhibitory properties without being bactericidal, a key quality that is important in developing therapies that will not cause microorganisms to develop resistance. The aim of this review is to consider studies that have investigated the feasibility of tea, cranberry, and other select plant derivatives as a potential basis for alternative therapeutic agents against Streptococcus mutans and to evaluate their current and future clinical relevance.     

Inhibitory effect of antibacterial resin composite against Streptococcus mutans.

Dental resin composites with antibacterial activity may be useful for preventing the secondary caries frequently seen around restorations. Three types of silver-supported antibacterial materials (Novaron, Amenitop and AIS) inhibited the growth of the major oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans. Minimum inhibitory amounts in suspensions of Novaron, Amenitop and AIS against S. mutans were 40, 30 and 400 microg/ml, respectively. These antibacterial materials were incorporated into TEGDMA-UDMA-based light-activated resin composite, and the antibacterial activities of these composites were examined. Composites incorporating 5 wt% (N-5) or more of Novaron and 7 wt% (AM-7) or more of Amenitop inhibited the growth of S. mutans, whereas composites incorporating up to 10 wt% of AIS did not. No significant difference in either compressive or flexural strength was observed between the control and N-5 composites after 1 day and 6 months of storage in water. However, for AM-5 composite, there was a significant difference in either strength parameter between the two immersion periods. There was no or extremely little release of silver ions from the N-5 and AM-5 composites after 1 day or 6 months of immersion in water. These results indicated that a light-activated resin composite incorporating silver-supported antibacterial material such as Novaron may be clinically useful due to its inhibitory effect against S. mutans and favorable mechanical properties.     

The effect of antibacterial compounds on glucosyltransferase activity from Streptococcus mutans.

The effect of several plaque-inhibiting and/or antibacterial compounds on glucan synthesis by glucosyltransferases purified from the cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans strain 6715 was determined. Drugs were tested at concentrations of 0.2–2.0 mM at pH values between 6.5 and 6.8. Bis-biguanides, quaternary ammonium salts and aliphatic amines were found to be potent inhibitors of enzyme activity. The strong anionic detergent, sodium lauryl sulphate and the phenol derivative, hexylresorcinol, also caused significant inhibition. Basic nitrogen compounds lacking a functional hydrophobic group were less inhibitory or stimulated enzyme activity. Both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions appear to be occurring between the cationic test-agents and the glucosyltransferases, with hydrophobic interaction being more important for enzyme inhibition.     

In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity of an herbal dentifrice against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus.

Antibacterial activity of a herbal dentifrice Arodent against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus was evaluated using Colgate as standard. Both bacterial strains were isolated from the oral cavity on selective media and identified by standard methods. The antibacterial activity was assayed by cup-well method. The bacterial lawn of facultative anaerobe S. mutans was established between two layers of agar under microaerophilic conditions. Five and a half millimeters and 10 mm zones of inhibition were produced by Arodent against S. mutans and L. acidophilus , respectively, under microaerophilic conditions. On the other hand, the standard dentifrice Colgate produced 5.83 mm and 10.17 mm zones of inhibition against S. mutans and L. acidophilus , respectively, under microaerophilic condition. The results suggest that Arodent is an effective antibacterial herbal dentifrice.     

不同形貌氧化锌对复合树脂抗变异链球菌活性的影响

目的研究3种不同形貌氧化锌（ZnO）对复合树脂抗菌性能的影响。方法液体稀释法测试纳米级ZnO粉、四针状氧化锌晶须（T-ZnOw）和微米级ZnO粉对变异链球菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）。然后按5％的比例分别将3种ZnO添加于化学固化型复合树脂粉剂中,用薄膜覆盖法测定老化处理前后树脂的抗菌率,并比较其差异。结果纳米级ZnO粉、T-ZnOw和微米级ZnO粉的MIC分别为78.13、312.50、1 250.00 μg/mL;MBC分别为156.25、625.00、1 250.00 μg/mL。添加了纳米级ZnO粉、T-ZnOw和微米级ZnO粉的复合树脂老化处理前的抗菌率分别为（93.58±5.95）％、（89.42±4.11）％、（78.97±3.90）％;老化处理后的抗菌率分别为（89.01±7.91）％、（84.63±4.72）％、（72.27±3.89）％。结论添加3种不同形貌的ZnO均能增强复合树脂的抗菌活性,其中纳米级ZnO的抗菌性最强,微米级ZnO最弱,而T-ZnOw在比表面积较小的情况下仍表现出较强的抗菌作用。     

Studies of the antibacterial activity of plant extracts and their constituents against periodontopathic bacteria

Plant extracts and their constituents were tested for antibacterial activity against periodontopathic bacteria, including Actinobacillus, Capnocytophaga, Fusobacterium, Eikenella and Bacteroides species. The essential oils of two labiatae plants, Mosla chinensis Maxim. and Pogostemon cablin Benth., and five terpenoids, hinokitiol, thymol, carvacrol, patchoulialcohol and pogostone, showed antibacterial activity. The terpenoids were especially effective against Bacteroides species.     

载银纳米二氧化钛树脂基托对变异链球菌和白色假丝酵母菌抗菌性的体外研究

目的采用体外法研究载银纳米二氧化钛（Ag-TiO2）树脂基托对口腔常见条件致病菌的单一游离菌体及菌斑生物膜的抗菌性能。方法将不同质量分数的Ag-TiO2抗菌粉剂添加到树脂基托材料中,制成抗菌树脂基托。采用薄膜密贴法分别检测该抗菌树脂基托对变异链球菌、白色假丝酵母菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌率,并用扫描电镜观察抗菌树脂基托表面变异链球菌、白色假丝酵母菌的生长情况。结果与未添加抗菌剂相比,抗菌剂质量分数为0.7%时,抗菌树脂基托对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌率达93.3%;抗菌剂质量分数为1.5%时,抗菌树脂基托对变异链球菌的抗菌率达90.2%;抗菌剂质量分数为2.5%时,抗菌树脂基托对白色假丝酵母菌的抗菌率也达91.2%。与未添加抗菌剂相比,抗菌树脂基托表面变异链球菌、白色假丝酵母菌的黏附数量明显减少。结论Ag-TiO2可以显著提高树脂基托的抗菌性能。     

含尿素酶基因的重组变链菌JH1140变链素对变链菌UA159的抑制作用

目的:检测重组变形链球菌JH1140的变链素抑制其他变形链球菌(变形链球菌UA159)的效果.方法:以变形链球菌UA159为指示菌,选取野生型变形链球菌JH1]40和重组变形链球菌JH1140(各20例)与变形链球菌UA159共同培养,观察记录抑菌环直径.采用SAS9.1软件包进行方差分析,比较2种细菌的抑菌环直径,分析抑菌能力.以不同浓度变形链球菌UA159为指示菌,取野生型变形链球菌JH1140和重组变形链球菌JH1140(各20例)与变形链球菌UA159共同培养,观察记录抑菌环直径.采用SAS9.1软件包进行方差分析,比较不同浓度指示菌条件下,重组变形链球菌JH1140的抑菌环直径.结果:相同指示菌浓度下,野生型变形链球菌与重组变形链球菌的抑菌环直径之间未见显著差别,P＞0.05.不同浓度指示菌条件下,重组变形链球菌JH1140的抑菌环直径未见显著差别,P＞0.05.结论:重组重组变形链球菌JH1140与野生型变形链球菌JH1140相比,抑菌能力未见改变.重组细菌在表达新基因的同时,其变链素分泌未受影响.     

变异链球菌葡糖基转移酶植物表达质粒p2355-gtfB的构建

目的构建含变异链球菌葡糖基转移酶多个免疫显性抗原表位的植物表达质粒p2355-gtfB,为其转化植物研究奠定物质基础,为可食防龋疫苗研究提供条件。方法以真核表达质粒pcDNA3-gtfB为模板,通过聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)扩增含编码变异链球菌葡糖基转移酶抗原表位的目的基因gtfB。将回收纯化的PCR产物经T-A克隆技术克隆于中间载体pMD18-T,双酶切鉴定插入方向后,将目的基因从中间载体释放,再克隆至高效的植物表达载体p2355,用电转化法转化根癌农杆菌EHA105,对重组质粒阳性克隆株进行筛选与鉴定。结果通过对重组质粒T-gtfB进行酶切图谱分析,获得2.9 kb和3.7 kb的2个片断,将重组质粒p2355-gtfB进行酶切、PCR及测序分析,显示p2355-gtfB中插入基因长度为3 675 bp,基因序列与双脱氧链终止法的测定结果相同,证明植物表达质粒p2355-gtfB构建成功,开放阅读框架正确。结论本研究成功构建了含变异链球菌多个葡糖基转移酶免疫显性抗原表位编码基因的植物表达质粒p2355-gtfB,为可食性防龋疫苗的研究奠定了基础。     

柠檬提取物对变形链球菌乳酸脱氢酶和蔗糖酶活性的影响

目的 观察柠檬提取物对变形链球菌(Streptococcus mutans,Sm)乳酸脱氢酶、蔗糖酶活性的影响,探讨柠檬酸提取物抑制Sm致龋活力的相关机制.方法 采用二倍稀释法,用含2%蔗糖的胰蛋白胨大豆肉汤将柠檬提取物的抑菌浓度稀释为0.64、0.32、0.16、0.08及0.04 g/L共5个质量浓度的溶液(5个实验组),以胰蛋白胨大豆肉汤液体培养基作为空白对照组.加入Sm菌液,厌氧培养6、18、24及48 h,采用还原性辅酶Ⅰ氧化法测定乳酸脱氢酶活性、用pH计测定培养液的pH变化值(△pH),同时采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸显色法测定蔗糖酶的活性.结果 随着柠檬提取物浓度的升高(0.04～0.64 g/L),乳酸脱氢酶、蔗糖酶活性和△pH均逐渐降低(P＜0.01):加入Sm厌氧培养24 h后,Sm乳酸脱氢酶活性从(0.8025±0.0913)×103 U/L降至(0.2099±0.0283)×103 U/L,Sm蔗糖酶活性从(-0.0107±0.0003)×103U/L降至(-0.0078±0.0002)×103 U/L,Sm △pH从2.8067±0.0404降至2.5033±0.0416(24 h).各实验组之间及与空白对照组之间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);柠檬提取物对Sm产酸的抑制作用与对乳酸脱氢酶活性的抑制作用之间呈正相关(r=0.8120～0.9918,P＜0.01).结论 低于抑菌浓度的柠檬提取物对Sm乳酸脱氢酶活性和蔗糖酶活性及产酸能力都具有显著抑制作用,作用强度具有浓度依赖性,对对数期细菌抑制作用强于其他生长周期,具有防龋药物的潜能.     

Antibacterial activity of polyphenol components in oolong tea extract against Streptococcus mutans

The purpose of the present study was to determine the antibacterial activity of oolong tea extract on oral streptococci, including Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, and to identify the response to its components. Antibacterial activity was found when the extract was added to S. mutans cells in chemically defined medium but not in complex broth media. Further, pretreatment with bovine serum albumin reduced the antibacterial activity. The extract showed antibacterial activity against all of the oral streptococci examined, with the highest activity against S. mutans MT8148R. This activity was found to originate from a monomeric polyphenol-rich fraction, and it was stronger than that of pure polyphenols. Moreover, some combinations of monomeric polyphenols showed the highest level of antibacterial activity. These results suggest that the antibacterial activity of oolong tea extract is caused by a synergistic effect of monomeric polyphenols, which can easily bind to proteins.     

Anti‐adherence and bactericidal activity of sphingolipids against Streptococcus mutans

This study evaluated the anti‐biofilm activity of sphingosine, phytosphingosine (PHS), and sphinganine for: (i) anti‐adherence activity on hydroxyapatite (HA) surfaces; and (ii) bactericidal activity on different Streptococcus mutans phenotypes (i.e. planktonic cells and cells from a disrupted biofilm). For this, HA discs treated with sphingolipids were incubated with S. mutans and the number of adherent cells was evaluated by both culture and confocal microscopy. Sphinganine strongly inhibited bacterial adherence by 1000‐fold compared with an untreated surface. Phytosphingosine and sphingosine inhibited bacterial adherence by eight‐ and five‐fold, respectively, compared with an untreated surface. On saliva‐coated HA, sphinganine and PHS inhibited bacterial adherence by 10‐fold. Bactericidal activity of sphingolipids was evaluated by culture. For biofilms, the strongest bactericidal activity was exhibited by sphingosine compared with PHS and sphinganine. At a concentration of 12.5 μg ml^?1, PHS and sphingosine were profoundly effective against planktonic and disrupted biofilms; and sphinganine reduced the number of cells in planktonic form by 100‐fold and those derived from a disrupted biofilm by 1000‐fold. Atomic force microscopy studies suggested that mechanical stability does not appear to be a factor relevant for anti‐fouling activity. The results suggest that sphingolipids may be used to control oral biofilms, especially those loaded with S. mutans.     

Invertase activity in Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis

Toluene treatment of intact cells revealed invertase-like activity in Streptococcus mutans K1-R (cariogenic) and in Streptococcus sanguis 903–1600 (noncariogenic). The activity was identified as a β-d-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase (invertase; EC. 3.2.1.26) by its hydrolysis of sucrose and raffinose and its failure to act on melezitose and other glucoside derivatives. The invertase was induced by sucrose in Strep, sanguis but was a constituent in Strep. mutans. Amylomaltase, a transferase acting on maltosaccharide, was also detected in both organisms.     

Antibacterial effect of myeloperoxidase against Streptococcus mutans

Myeloperoxidase-chloride-H₂O₂ antimicrobial system is an integral part of leukocyte defense against pathogenic microorganisms. The system is present in gingival crevicular fluid and in whole saliva and, thus, possibly contributes to the non-antibody defense in the human mouth. In fact, at physiological concentrations myeloperoxidase-Cl⁻-H₂O₂ system effectively killed Streptococcus mutans both at acid and neutral pH. However, thiocyanate (SCN⁻) ions at concentrations similar to those in human saliva abolished this bactericidal action indicating that SCN⁻ rather than Cl⁻ is the physiologic substrate of myeloperoxidase in whole saliva. The peroxidation of SCN⁻ (by myeloperoxidase or salivary peroxidase) yields oxidation products which inhibit the growth and metabolism of S. mutans without notable loss of cell viability. Our results suggest that the presence of SCN⁻ in saliva protects human oral tissues (and bacteria) from highly cytotoxic oxidation products of Cl⁻ and, instead, bacteriostatic and non-toxic oxidation products of SCN⁻ are generated. In the gingival crevices, however, the SCN⁻/ Cl⁻ ratio may be too small for effective block of Cl⁻ oxidation by myeloperoxidase, and the oxidation products of Cl⁻, such as hypochlorite or hypochlorous acid, may contribute to the breakdown of periodontal tissues during inflammation.     

lgY牙膏对口腔变形链球菌的抑制作用

目的研究含生物活性物IgY牙膏对口腔变形链球菌的抑制作用.方法将140位受试者随机分成实验组和对照组.每位受试者经过2个月洗脱期后,分别使用实验牙膏和空白对照牙膏.采用Dentocult SM方法分别测出基线值和使用1d、3d、7d、1个月后以及停止使用牙膏后2周的口腔变形链球菌水平.结果①实验组受试者口腔中变形链球菌水平的下降发生在使用实验牙膏刷牙后第1天,而对照组则发生在刷牙后的第3天.②随着刷牙时间延长,2组受试者口腔中变形链球菌水平逐步下降.③实验组停止使用实验牙膏刷牙后2周,仍有抑制变形链球菌的作用.结论与对照组相比,实验组牙膏有增强抑制口腔变形链球菌的作用.